在自主驾驶的背景下,已知迭代线性二次调节器(ILQR)是在运动计划问题中处理非线性车辆模型的有效方法。特别是,受约束的ILQR算法在不同类型的一般限制下实现运动计划任务方面表现出了值得注意的计算效率结果。但是,受约束的ILQR方法需要在使用对数屏障函数时在第一次迭代时作为先决条件进行可行的轨迹。同样,该方法为纳入快速,高效和有效的优化方法开辟了可能性,以进一步加快优化过程,从而可以成功地满足实时实施的要求。在本文中,定义明确的运动计划问题是在非线性车辆动力学和各种约束下提出的,并利用了乘数的交替方向方法来确定利用ILQR的最佳控制动作。该方法能够在第一次迭代时规避轨迹的可行性要求。然后研究了自动驾驶汽车运动计划的说明性示例。拟议的开发实现了高度计算效率的值得注意的成就。与基于对数屏障函数的约束ILQR算法进行比较,我们提出的方法在三种驾驶场景中,平均计算时间降低了31.93%,38.52%和44.57%;与优化求解器IPOPT相比,我们提出的方法将平均计算时间降低了46.02%,53.26%和88.43%。结果,可以通过我们提出的框架实现实时计算和实施,因此它为公路驾驶任务提供了额外的安全性。
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延迟在迅速变化的环境中运行的自主系统的危害安全性,例如在自动驾驶和高速赛车方面的交通参与者的非确定性。不幸的是,在传统的控制器设计或在物理世界中部署之前,通常不考虑延迟。在本文中,从非线性优化到运动计划和控制以及执行器引起的其他不可避免的延迟的计算延迟被系统地和统一解决。为了处理所有这些延迟,在我们的框架中:1)我们提出了一种新的过滤方法,而没有事先了解动态和干扰分布的知识,以适应,安全地估算时间变化的计算延迟; 2)我们为转向延迟建模驱动动力学; 3)所有约束优化均在强大的管模型预测控制器中实现。对于应用的优点,我们证明我们的方法适合自动驾驶和自动赛车。我们的方法是独立延迟补偿控制器的新型设计。此外,在假设无延迟作为主要控制器的学习控制器的情况下,我们的方法是主要控制器的安全保护器。
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本文提出了一种新的规划和控制策略,用于赛车场景中的多辆车竞争。所提出的赛车策略在两种模式之间切换。当没有周围的车辆时,使用基于学习的模型预测控制(MPC)轨迹策划器用于保证自助车辆更好地实现了更好的搭接定时。当EGO车辆与其他围绕车辆竞争以超车时,基于优化的策划器通过并行计算产生多个动态可行的轨迹。每个轨迹在MPC配方下进行优化,其具有不同的同型贝塞尔曲线参考路径,横向于周围的车辆之间。选择这些不同的同型轨迹之间的时间最佳轨迹,并使用具有障碍物避免约束的低级MPC控制器来保证系统的安全性能。所提出的算法具有能够生成无碰撞轨迹并跟踪它们,同时提高杠杆定时性能,稳定的低计算复杂性,优于汽车赛车环境的时序和性能中的现有方法。为了展示我们的赛车策略的表现,我们在轨道上模拟了多个随机生成的移动车辆,并测试自我车辆的超越机动。
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Motion planning is challenging for autonomous systems in multi-obstacle environments due to nonconvex collision avoidance constraints. Directly applying numerical solvers to these nonconvex formulations fails to exploit the constraint structures, resulting in excessive computation time. In this paper, we present an accelerated collision-free motion planner, namely regularized dual alternating direction method of multipliers (RDADMM or RDA for short), for the model predictive control (MPC) based motion planning problem. The proposed RDA addresses nonconvex motion planning via solving a smooth biconvex reformulation via duality and allows the collision avoidance constraints to be computed in parallel for each obstacle to reduce computation time significantly. We validate the performance of the RDA planner through path-tracking experiments with car-like robots in simulation and real world setting. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can generate smooth collision-free trajectories with less computation time compared with other benchmarks and perform robustly in cluttered environments.
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作为自动驾驶系统的核心部分,运动计划已受到学术界和行业的广泛关注。但是,由于非体力学动力学,尤其是在存在非结构化的环境和动态障碍的情况下,没有能够有效的轨迹计划解决方案能够为空间周期关节优化。为了弥合差距,我们提出了一种多功能和实时轨迹优化方法,该方法可以在任意约束下使用完整的车辆模型生成高质量的可行轨迹。通过利用类似汽车的机器人的差异平坦性能,我们使用平坦的输出来分析所有可行性约束,以简化轨迹计划问题。此外,通过全尺寸多边形实现避免障碍物,以产生较少的保守轨迹,并具有安全保证,尤其是在紧密约束的空间中。我们通过最先进的方法介绍了全面的基准测试,这证明了所提出的方法在效率和轨迹质量方面的重要性。现实世界实验验证了我们算法的实用性。我们将发布我们的代码作为开源软件包,目的是参考研究社区。
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Although extensive research in planning has been carried out for normal scenarios, path planning in emergencies has not been thoroughly explored, especially when vehicles move at a higher speed and have less space for avoiding a collision. For emergency collision avoidance, the controller should have the ability to deal with complicated environments and take collision mitigation into consideration since the problem may have no feasible solution. We propose a safety controller by using model predictive control and artificial potential function. A new artificial potential function inspired by line charge is proposed as the cost function for our model predictive controller. The new artificial potential function takes the shape of all objects into consideration. In particular, the artificial potential function that we proposed has the flexibility to fit the shape of the road structures such as the intersection, while the artificial potential function in most of the previous work could only be used in a highway scenario. Moreover, we could realize collision mitigation for a specific part of the vehicle by increasing the quantity of the charge at the corresponding place. We have tested our methods in 192 cases from 8 different scenarios in simulation. The simulation results show that the success rate of the proposed safety controller is 20% higher than using HJ-reachability with system decomposition. It could also decrease 43% of collision that happens at the pre-assigned part.
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Designing a local planner to control tractor-trailer vehicles in forward and backward maneuvering is a challenging control problem in the research community of autonomous driving systems. Considering a critical situation in the stability of tractor-trailer systems, a practical and novel approach is presented to design a non-linear MPC(NMPC) local planner for tractor-trailer autonomous vehicles in both forward and backward maneuvering. The tractor velocity and steering angle are considered to be control variables. The proposed NMPC local planner is designed to handle jackknife situations, avoiding multiple static obstacles, and path following in both forward and backward maneuvering. The challenges mentioned above are converted into a constrained problem that can be handled simultaneously by the proposed NMPC local planner. The direct multiple shooting approach is used to convert the optimal control problem(OCP) into a non-linear programming problem(NLP) that IPOPT solvers can solve in CasADi. The controller performance is evaluated through different backup and forward maneuvering scenarios in the Gazebo simulation environment in real-time. It achieves asymptotic stability in avoiding static obstacles and accurate tracking performance while respecting path constraints. Finally, the proposed NMPC local planner is integrated with an open-source autonomous driving software stack called AutowareAi.
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迭代线性二次调节器(ILQR)在解决非线性系统模型的轨迹优化问题方面已广泛普及。但是,作为一种基于模型的拍摄方法,它在很大程度上依赖于准确的系统模型来更新最佳控制动作和通过正向集成确定的轨迹,从而变得容易受到不可避免的模型的影响。最近,针对最佳控制问题的基于学习的方法进行的大量研究工作在解决未知系统模型方面已经取得了显着发展,尤其是当系统与环境具有复杂的相互作用时。然而,通常需要一个深层的神经网络来拟合大量的采样数据。在这项工作中,我们提出了神经-ILQR,这是一种在不受约束的控制空间上进行学习的拍摄方法,其中使用简单结构的神经网络代表局部系统模型。在此框架中,通过同时完善最佳策略和神经网络迭代,可以实现轨迹优化任务,而无需依靠系统模型的先验知识。通过对两项说明性控制任务的全面评估,在系统模型中存在不准确性的情况下,提出的方法显示出胜过常规ILQR。
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Autonomous driving has a natural bi-level structure. The goal of the upper behavioural layer is to provide appropriate lane change, speeding up, and braking decisions to optimize a given driving task. However, this layer can only indirectly influence the driving efficiency through the lower-level trajectory planner, which takes in the behavioural inputs to produce motion commands. Existing sampling-based approaches do not fully exploit the strong coupling between the behavioural and planning layer. On the other hand, end-to-end Reinforcement Learning (RL) can learn a behavioural layer while incorporating feedback from the lower-level planner. However, purely data-driven approaches often fail in safety metrics in unseen environments. This paper presents a novel alternative; a parameterized bi-level optimization that jointly computes the optimal behavioural decisions and the resulting downstream trajectory. Our approach runs in real-time using a custom GPU-accelerated batch optimizer, and a Conditional Variational Autoencoder learnt warm-start strategy. Extensive simulations show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art model predictive control and RL approaches in terms of collision rate while being competitive in driving efficiency.
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路径规划是自治车辆运动规划中的关键组成部分。路径指定车辆将旅行的几何形状,因此,对安全和舒适的车辆运动至关重要。对于城市驾驶场景,自治车辆需要能够在杂乱的环境中导航,例如,道路部分被侧面挡住的车辆/障碍物。如何生成运动学上可行和平滑的路径,可以避免复杂环境中的碰撞,使路径规划有挑战性的问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型二次编程方法,可以产生分辨率完全碰撞避免能力的最佳路径。
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具有许多移动代理的城市环境的运动计划可以看作是组合问题。通过在左右之后,左右或左后通过障碍物,自动驾驶汽车可以选择执行多个选项。这些组合方面需要在计划框架中考虑到。我们通过提出一种结合轨迹计划和操纵推理的新型计划方法来解决这个问题。我们定义了沿参考曲线的动态障碍的分类,使我们能够提取战术决策序列。我们将纵向和横向运动分开,以加快基于优化的轨迹计划。为了将获得的轨迹集绘制为操纵变体,我们定义了一种语义来描述它们。这使我们能够选择最佳轨迹,同时还可以确保随着时间的推移操纵的一致性。我们证明了我们的方法的能力,即仍被普遍认为是具有挑战性的场景。
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交叉点是自主行驶中最复杂和事故的城市场景之一,其中制造安全和计算有效的决策是非微不足道的。目前的研究主要关注简化的交通状况,同时忽略了混合交通流量的存在,即车辆,骑自行车者和行人。对于城市道路而言,不同的参与者导致了一个非常动态和复杂的互动,从而冒着学习智能政策的困难。本文在集成决策和控制框架中开发动态置换状态表示,以处理与混合业务流的信号化交集。特别地,该表示引入了编码功能和总和运算符,以构建来自环境观察的驱动状态,能够处理不同类型和变体的交通参与者。构建了受约束的最佳控制问题,其中目标涉及跟踪性能,并且不同参与者和信号灯的约束分别设计以确保安全性。我们通过离线优化编码函数,值函数和策略函数来解决这个问题,其中编码函数给出合理的状态表示,然后用作策略和值函数的输入。禁止策略培训旨在重用从驾驶环境中的观察,并且使用时间通过时间来利用策略函数和编码功能联合。验证结果表明,动态置换状态表示可以增强IDC的驱动性能,包括具有大边距的舒适性,决策合规性和安全性。训练有素的驾驶政策可以实现复杂交叉口的高效和平滑通过,同时保证驾驶智能和安全性。
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本文介绍了一种新的方法,为入境驾驶场景的自动车辆产生最佳轨迹。该方法使用两相优化过程计算轨迹。在第一阶段中,优化过程产生具有不同的曲率的闭形驾驶导向线。在第二阶段,该过程将驱动导向线作为输入输出,输出沿着导向线驾驶的车辆的动态可行,混蛋和时间最佳轨迹。该方法对于在弯曲道路上产生轨迹特别有用,其中车辆需要频繁加速和减速以适应离心机加速限制。
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本文提出了一种模型预测控制(MPC)静态跟踪静态和动态障碍物的算法。我们的主要贡献在于提高了潜在的非凸轨道优化的计算途径和可靠性。结果是MPC算法,在笔记本电脑和嵌入式硬件设备(如Jetson TX2)上运行实时运行。我们的方法依赖于在由此产生的轨迹优化中引起多凸结构的跟踪,碰撞和遮挡约束的新颖重新装配。我们利用拆分Bregman迭代技术利用这些数学结构,最终将我们的MPC减少到几毫秒内可解决的一系列凸二次程序。即使考虑到目标轨迹和动态障碍物的简单恒定速度预测,我们的快速重新计划允许在复杂环境中遮挡和无碰撞跟踪。我们在现实物理发动机中进行广泛的台面标记,并表明我们的MPC在可视性,平滑度和计算时度量中表现出最先进的算法。
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由于资源限制,高效的计算系统长期以来一直是设计自动驾驶汽车的人的关键需求。此外,传感器成本和尺寸限制了自动驾驶汽车的开发。本文为基于视觉的自动车辆运行提供了有效的框架;前置摄像头和一些便宜的雷达是驱动环境感知的所需传感器。所提出的算法包括一个多任务UNET(MTUNET)网络,用于提取图像特征和约束的迭代迭代线性二次调节器(CILQR)模块,用于快速侧向运动和纵向运动计划。 MTUNET旨在同时求解车道线分割,自我车辆标题角度回归,道路类型分类和交通对象检测任务时,当尺寸228 x 228的RGB图像被送入其中时,其速度约为40 fps。然后,CILQR算法将处理的MTUNET输出和雷达数据作为输入,以产生驾驶命令,以进行侧向和纵向车辆自动化指导;两个最佳控制问题都可以在1 ms内解决。所提出的CILQR控制器比顺序二次编程(SQP)方法更有效,并且可以与MTUNET合作以在未看到的模拟环境中自动驾驶汽车,以实现泳道和汽车保护操作。我们的实验表明,提出的自主驾驶系统适用于现代汽车。
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In order for automated mobile vehicles to navigate in the real world with minimal collision risks, it is necessary for their planning algorithms to consider uncertainties from measurements and environmental disturbances. In this paper, we consider analytical solutions for a conservative approximation of the mutual probability of collision between two robotic vehicles in the presence of such uncertainties. Therein, we present two methods, which we call unitary scaling and principal axes rotation, for decoupling the bivariate integral required for efficient approximation of the probability of collision between two vehicles including orientation effects. We compare the conservatism of these methods analytically and numerically. By closing a control loop through a model predictive guidance scheme, we observe through Monte-Carlo simulations that directly implementing collision avoidance constraints from the conservative approximations remains infeasible for real-time planning. We then propose and implement a convexification approach based on the tightened collision constraints that significantly improves the computational efficiency and robustness of the predictive guidance scheme.
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In recent years, nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) has been extensively used for solving automotive motion control and planning tasks. In order to formulate the NMPC problem, different coordinate systems can be used with different advantages. We propose and compare formulations for the NMPC related optimization problem, involving a Cartesian and a Frenet coordinate frame (CCF/ FCF) in a single nonlinear program (NLP). We specify costs and collision avoidance constraints in the more advantageous coordinate frame, derive appropriate formulations and compare different obstacle constraints. With this approach, we exploit the simpler formulation of opponent vehicle constraints in the CCF, as well as road aligned costs and constraints related to the FCF. Comparisons to other approaches in a simulation framework highlight the advantages of the proposed approaches.
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Edge-assisted vehicle-to-everything (V2X) motion planning is an emerging paradigm to achieve safe and efficient autonomous driving, since it leverages the global position information shared among multiple vehicles. However, due to the imperfect channel state information (CSI), the position information of vehicles may become outdated and inaccurate. Conventional methods ignoring the communication delays could severely jeopardize driving safety. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a robust V2X motion planning policy that adapts between competitive driving under a low communication delay and conservative driving under a high communication delay, and guarantees small communication delays at key waypoints via power control. This is achieved by integrating the vehicle mobility and communication delay models and solving a joint design of motion planning and power control problem via the block coordinate descent framework. Simulation results show that the proposed driving policy achieves the smallest collision ratio compared with other benchmark policies.
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历史上,轨迹计划和控制已分为自动驾驶堆栈中的两个模块。轨迹计划的重点是更高级别的任务,例如避免障碍物并保持在路面上,而控制器则尽最大努力遵循有史以来不断变化的参考轨迹。我们认为,由于计划中的轨迹与控制器可以执行的内容不匹配,因此这种分离是有缺陷的,并且(2)由于模型预测性控制(MPC)范式的灵活性而不必要。取而代之的是,在本文中,我们提出了一个基于统一的MPC轨迹计划和控制计划,该计划可确保在道路边界,静态和动态环境方面的可行性,并实施乘客舒适性限制。在各种方案中,对该方案进行了严格的评估,这些方案旨在证明最佳控制问题(OCP)设计和实时解决方案方法的有效性。原型代码将在https://github.com/watonomous/control上发布。
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然而,由于各种交通/道路结构方案以及人类驾驶员行为的长时间分布,自动驾驶的感应,感知和本地化取得了重大进展,因此,对于智能车辆来说,这仍然是一个持开放态度的挑战始终知道如何在有可用的传感 /感知 /本地化信息的道路上做出和执行最佳决定。在本章中,我们讨论了人工智能,更具体地说,强化学习如何利用运营知识和安全反射来做出战略性和战术决策。我们讨论了一些与强化学习解决方案的鲁棒性及其对自动驾驶驾驶策略的实践设计有关的具有挑战性的问题。我们专注于在高速公路上自动驾驶以及增强学习,车辆运动控制和控制屏障功能的整合,从而实现了可靠的AI驾驶策略,可以安全地学习和适应。
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