基于神经网络的深层语言模型(LMS)越来越多地应用于大规模蛋白质序列数据以预测蛋白质功能。然而,作为黑框模型,当前的蛋白质LM方法并不促进对序列功能映射的基本理解,而阻碍了基于规则的生物治疗药物开发,因此目前的蛋白质LM方法不大。我们认为,从语言学中得出的指导是从自然语言数据中提取分析规则的领域,可以帮助构建学习相关领域特定规则的更容易解释的蛋白质LM。与自然语言LMS相比,蛋白质序列数据和语言序列数据之间的差异需要在蛋白质LMS中集成更多的域特异性知识。在这里,我们为培训数据,令牌化,令牌嵌入,序列嵌入和模型解释提供了基于语言学的路线图。将语言学与蛋白质LMS结合起来,可以发展下一代可解释的机器学习模型,并有可能发现序列功能关系基础的生物学机制。
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自然语言和生物学序列之间的明显相似之处已导致最新的深层语言模型(LMS)在抗体和其他生物学序列分析中的应用激增。但是,缺乏对生物序列语言的严格语言形式化,这些语言将定义基本组成部分,例如词典(即语言的离散单元)和语法(即,将序列序列良好的规则,结构和结构和结构和结构和结构链接的规则链接在一起含义)导致了LMS的主要域无规定应用,这些应用未考虑研究的生物序列的基础结构。另一方面,语言形式化为LM应用建立了语言信息,因此适应域的组件。它将有助于更好地理解自然语言和生物序列之间的差异和相似性如何影响LMS的质量,这对于具有可解释的模型具有可解释的模型至关重要。解密抗体特异性规则对于加速有理和硅生物治疗药物设计至关重要。在这里,我们将抗体语言的特性形式化,因此不仅建立了语言工具在适应性免疫受体分析中应用的基础,而且还为免疫受体特异性的系统免疫语言学研究提供了基础。
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基于变压器的语言模型最近在许多自然语言任务中取得了显着的结果。但是,通常通过利用大量培训数据来实现排行榜的性能,并且很少通过将明确的语言知识编码为神经模型。这使许多人质疑语言学对现代自然语言处理的相关性。在本文中,我介绍了几个案例研究,以说明理论语言学和神经语言模型仍然相互关联。首先,语言模型通过提供一个客观的工具来测量语义距离,这对语言学家很有用,语义距离很难使用传统方法。另一方面,语言理论通过提供框架和数据源来探究我们的语言模型,以了解语言理解的特定方面,从而有助于语言建模研究。本论文贡献了三项研究,探讨了语言模型中语法 - 听觉界面的不同方面。在论文的第一部分中,我将语言模型应用于单词类灵活性的问题。我将Mbert作为语义距离测量的来源,我提供了有利于将单词类灵活性分析为方向过程的证据。在论文的第二部分中,我提出了一种方法来测量语言模型中间层的惊奇方法。我的实验表明,包含形态句法异常的句子触发了语言模型早期的惊喜,而不是语义和常识异常。最后,在论文的第三部分中,我适应了一些心理语言学研究,以表明语言模型包含了论证结构结构的知识。总而言之,我的论文在自然语言处理,语言理论和心理语言学之间建立了新的联系,以为语言模型的解释提供新的观点。
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The prediction of protein structures from sequences is an important task for function prediction, drug design, and related biological processes understanding. Recent advances have proved the power of language models (LMs) in processing the protein sequence databases, which inherit the advantages of attention networks and capture useful information in learning representations for proteins. The past two years have witnessed remarkable success in tertiary protein structure prediction (PSP), including evolution-based and single-sequence-based PSP. It seems that instead of using energy-based models and sampling procedures, protein language model (pLM)-based pipelines have emerged as mainstream paradigms in PSP. Despite the fruitful progress, the PSP community needs a systematic and up-to-date survey to help bridge the gap between LMs in the natural language processing (NLP) and PSP domains and introduce their methodologies, advancements and practical applications. To this end, in this paper, we first introduce the similarities between protein and human languages that allow LMs extended to pLMs, and applied to protein databases. Then, we systematically review recent advances in LMs and pLMs from the perspectives of network architectures, pre-training strategies, applications, and commonly-used protein databases. Next, different types of methods for PSP are discussed, particularly how the pLM-based architectures function in the process of protein folding. Finally, we identify challenges faced by the PSP community and foresee promising research directions along with the advances of pLMs. This survey aims to be a hands-on guide for researchers to understand PSP methods, develop pLMs and tackle challenging problems in this field for practical purposes.
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我们想要模型的文本单位是什么?从字节到多字表达式,可以在许多粒度下分析和生成文本。直到最近,大多数自然语言处理(NLP)模型通过单词操作,将那些作为离散和原子令牌处理,但从字节对编码(BPE)开始,基于次字的方法在许多领域都变得占主导地位,使得仍然存在小词汇表允许快速推断。是道路字符级模型的结束或字节级处理吗?在这项调查中,我们通过展示和评估基于学习分割的词语和字符以及基于子字的方法的混合方法以及基于学习的分割的杂交方法,连接多行工作。我们得出结论,对于所有应用来说,并且可能永远不会成为所有应用的银子弹奇异解决方案,并且严重思考令牌化对许多应用仍然很重要。
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自然语言处理(NLP)已成为当前人工智能繁荣中的主要应用领域之一。转移学习已经启用了大量深入学习的神经网络,接受了语言建模任务,以大大提高了所有语言任务的性能。有趣的是,当模型培训使用包含软件代码的数据培训时,它们在从自然语言规范中生成功能计算机代码时展示了显着的能力。我们认为这是一种难题,用于神经模型为生成词组结构语法提供了一种替代理论,以说明语言有效。由于编程语言的语法由短语结构语法决定,因此成功的神经模型显然是对编程语言的理论基础的理论基础,以及通过扩展,自然语言来实现。我们认为语言模型的术语模型是误导性的,因为深度学习模型不是语言的理论模型,并提出采用语料库模型,这更好地反映了模型的成因和内容。
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多语言语言模型(\ mllms),如mbert,xlm,xlm-r,\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择,使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中,在(i)建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言(ii)创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜(iii)分析单音零点,零拍摄交叉和双语任务(iv)对Monolingual的性能,了解\ mllms〜(v)增强(通常)学习的通用语言模式(如果有的话)有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中,我们审查了现有的文学,涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查,我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。
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自然语言处理的机器学习快速进步有可能改变有关人类学习语言的辩论。但是,当前人工学习者和人类的学习环境和偏见以削弱从学习模拟获得的证据的影响的方式分歧。例如,当今最有效的神经语言模型接受了典型儿童可用的语言数据量的大约一千倍。为了增加计算模型的可学习性结果的相关性,我们需要培训模型学习者,而没有比人类具有显着优势的学习者。如果合适的模型成功地获得了一些目标语言知识,则可以提供一个概念证明,即在假设的人类学习方案中可以学习目标。合理的模型学习者将使我们能够进行实验操作,以对学习环境中的变量进行因果推断,并严格测试史密斯风格的贫困声明,主张根据人类对人类的先天语言知识,基于有关可学习性的猜测。由于实用和道德的考虑因素,人类受试者将永远无法实现可比的实验,从而使模型学习者成为必不可少的资源。到目前为止,试图剥夺当前模型的不公平优势,为关键语法行为(例如可接受性判断)获得亚人类结果。但是,在我们可以合理地得出结论,语言学习需要比当前模型拥有更多的特定领域知识,我们必须首先以多模式刺激和多代理互动的形式探索非语言意见,以使学习者更有效地学习学习者来自有限的语言输入。
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自然语言处理(NLP)是一个人工智能领域,它应用信息技术来处理人类语言,在一定程度上理解并在各种应用中使用它。在过去的几年中,该领域已经迅速发展,现在采用了深层神经网络的现代变体来从大型文本语料库中提取相关模式。这项工作的主要目的是调查NLP在药理学领域的最新使用。正如我们的工作所表明的那样,NLP是药理学高度相关的信息提取和处理方法。它已被广泛使用,从智能搜索到成千上万的医疗文件到在社交媒体中找到对抗性药物相互作用的痕迹。我们将覆盖范围分为五个类别,以调查现代NLP方法论,常见的任务,相关的文本数据,知识库和有用的编程库。我们将这五个类别分为适当的子类别,描述其主要属性和想法,并以表格形式进行总结。最终的调查介绍了该领域的全面概述,对从业者和感兴趣的观察者有用。
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The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.
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内容的离散和连续表示(例如,语言或图像)具有有趣的属性,以便通过机器的理解或推理此内容来探索或推理。该职位论文提出了我们关于离散和持续陈述的作用及其在深度学习领域的作用的意见。目前的神经网络模型计算连续值数据。信息被压缩成密集,分布式嵌入式。通过Stark对比,人类在他们的语言中使用离散符号。此类符号代表了来自共享上下文信息的含义的世界的压缩版本。此外,人工推理涉及在认知水平处符号操纵,这促进了抽象的推理,知识和理解的构成,泛化和高效学习。通过这些见解的动机,在本文中,我们认为,结合离散和持续的陈述及其处理对于构建展示一般情报形式的系统至关重要。我们建议并讨论了几个途径,可以在包含离散元件来结合两种类型的陈述的优点来改进当前神经网络。
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Transformer-based models have pushed state of the art in many areas of NLP, but our understanding of what is behind their success is still limited. This paper is the first survey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT model. We review the current state of knowledge about how BERT works, what kind of information it learns and how it is represented, common modifications to its training objectives and architecture, the overparameterization issue and approaches to compression. We then outline directions for future research.
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Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.
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深层语言语言模型(LMS)如Elmo,BERT及其继任者通过预先训练单个模型来迅速缩放自然语言处理的景观,然后是任务特定的微调。此外,像XLM-R和MBERT这样的这种模型的多语言版本使得有希望的零射击交叉传输导致,可能在许多不足和资源不足的语言中实现NLP应用。由于此初步成功,预先接受的模型被用作“通用语言模型”作为不同任务,域和语言的起点。这项工作通过识别通用模型应该能够扩展的七个维度来探讨“普遍性”的概念,即同样良好或相当良好地执行,在不同的环境中有用。我们概述了当前支持这些维度的模型性能的当前理论和经验结果,以及可能有助于解决其当前限制的扩展。通过这项调查,我们为理解大规模上下文语言模型的能力和限制奠定了基础,并帮助辨别研究差距和未来工作的方向,使这些LMS包含多样化和公平的应用,用户和语言现象。
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在NLP社区中有一个正在进行的辩论,无论现代语言模型是否包含语言知识,通过所谓的探针恢复。在本文中,我们研究了语言知识是否是现代语言模型良好表现的必要条件,我们称之为\ Texit {重新发现假设}。首先,我们展示了语言模型,这是显着压缩的,但在预先磨普目标上表现良好,以便在语言结构探讨时保持良好的分数。这一结果支持重新发现的假设,并导致我们的论文的第二款贡献:一个信息 - 理论框架,与语言建模目标相关。该框架还提供了测量语言信息对字词预测任务的影响的度量标准。我们通过英语综合和真正的NLP任务加固我们的分析结果。
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The success of the large neural language models on many NLP tasks is exciting. However, we find that these successes sometimes lead to hype in which these models are being described as "understanding" language or capturing "meaning". In this position paper, we argue that a system trained only on form has a priori no way to learn meaning. In keeping with the ACL 2020 theme of "Taking Stock of Where We've Been and Where We're Going", we argue that a clear understanding of the distinction between form and meaning will help guide the field towards better science around natural language understanding.
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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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语言可以用作再现和执行有害刻板印象和偏差的手段,并被分析在许多研究中。在本文中,我们对自然语言处理中的性别偏见进行了304篇论文。我们分析了社会科学中性别及其类别的定义,并将其连接到NLP研究中性别偏见的正式定义。我们调查了在对性别偏见的研究中应用的Lexica和数据集,然后比较和对比方法来检测和减轻性别偏见。我们发现对性别偏见的研究遭受了四个核心限制。 1)大多数研究将性别视为忽视其流动性和连续性的二元变量。 2)大部分工作都在单机设置中进行英语或其他高资源语言进行。 3)尽管在NLP方法中对性别偏见进行了无数的论文,但我们发现大多数新开发的算法都没有测试他们的偏见模型,并无视他们的工作的伦理考虑。 4)最后,在这一研究线上发展的方法基本缺陷涵盖性别偏差的非常有限的定义,缺乏评估基线和管道。我们建议建议克服这些限制作为未来研究的指导。
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Proteins are fundamental biological entities that play a key role in life activities. The amino acid sequences of proteins can be folded into stable 3D structures in the real physicochemical world, forming a special kind of sequence-structure data. With the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, Protein Representation Learning (PRL) has recently emerged as a promising research topic for extracting informative knowledge from massive protein sequences or structures. To pave the way for AI researchers with little bioinformatics background, we present a timely and comprehensive review of PRL formulations and existing PRL methods from the perspective of model architectures, pretext tasks, and downstream applications. We first briefly introduce the motivations for protein representation learning and formulate it in a general and unified framework. Next, we divide existing PRL methods into three main categories: sequence-based, structure-based, and sequence-structure co-modeling. Finally, we discuss some technical challenges and potential directions for improving protein representation learning. The latest advances in PRL methods are summarized in a GitHub repository https://github.com/LirongWu/awesome-protein-representation-learning.
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