X射线微型计算机断层扫描（X射线Microct）已使以微米尺度上的植物和土壤中发生的特性和过程表征。尽管这种高级技术广泛使用，但硬件和软件的主要限制都限制了图像处理和数据分析的速度和准确性。机器学习的最新进展，特别是将卷积神经网络应用于图像分析的应用，已实现了图像数据的快速而准确的分割。然而，在将卷积神经网络应用于环境和农业相关图像的分析中仍然存在挑战。具体而言，计算机科学家和工程师，构建这些AI/ML工具的工程师与农业研究中潜在的最终用户之间存在脱节，他们可能不确定如何在其工作中应用这些工具。此外，与传统的计算系统相比，培训和应用深度学习模型所需的计算资源是独特的，对计算机游戏系统或图形设计工作更为常见。为了应对这些挑战，我们开发了一个模块化工作流程，用于使用Googles Colaboragoration Web应用程序中的低成本资源，将卷积神经网络应用于X射线Microct图像。在这里，我们介绍了工作流的结果，说明了如何使用核桃叶，杏仁花芽和土壤骨料的示例扫描来优化参数以获得最佳结果。我们预计该框架将加速植物和土壤科学中新兴的深度学习技术的采用和使用。

使用（半）自动显微镜生成的大规模电子显微镜（EM）数据集已成为EM中的标准。考虑到大量数据，对所有数据的手动分析都是不可行的，因此自动分析至关重要。自动分析的主要挑战包括分析和解释生物医学图像的注释，并与实现高通量相结合。在这里，我们回顾了自动计算机技术的最新最新技术以及分析细胞EM结构的主要挑战。关于EM数据的注释，分割和可扩展性，讨论了过去五年来开发的高级计算机视觉，深度学习和软件工具。自动图像采集和分析的集成将允许用纳米分辨率对毫米范围的数据集进行高通量分析。

Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.

深度学习对组织病理学整体幻灯片图像（WSIS）的应用持有提高诊断效率和再现性，但主要取决于写入计算机代码或购买商业解决方案的能力。我们介绍了一种使用自由使用，开源软件（Qupath，DeepMib和Spenthology）的无代码管道，用于创建和部署基于深度学习的分段模型，以进行计算病理学。我们展示了从结肠粘膜中分离上皮的用例的管道。通过使用管道的主动学习开发，包括140苏木蛋白 - 曙红（HE） - 染色的WSI（HE）-SIN（HE）-SIOS和111个CD3免疫染色体活检WSIS的数据集。在36人的持有试验组上，21个CD3染色的WSIS在上皮细分上实现了96.6％的平均交叉口96.6％和95.3％。我们展示了病理学家级分割准确性和临床可接受的运行时间绩效，并显示了没有编程经验的病理学家可以仅使用自由使用软件为组织病理WSIS创建近最先进的分段解决方案。该研究进一步展示了开源解决方案的强度在其创建普遍的开放管道的能力中，其中培训的模型和预测可以无缝地以开放格式导出，从而在外部解决方案中使用。所有脚本，培训的型号，视频教程和251个WSI的完整数据集在https://github.com/andreped/nocodeSeg中公开可用，以加速在该领域的研究。

由于图像的复杂性和活细胞的时间变化，来自明亮场光显微镜图像的活细胞分割具有挑战性。最近开发的基于深度学习（DL）的方法由于其成功和有希望的结果而在医学和显微镜图像分割任务中变得流行。本文的主要目的是开发一种基于U-NET的深度学习方法，以在明亮场传输光学显微镜中分割HeLa系的活细胞。为了找到适合我们数据集的最合适的体系结构，提出了剩余的注意U-net，并将其与注意力和简单的U-NET体系结构进行了比较。注意机制突出了显着的特征，并抑制了无关图像区域中的激活。残余机制克服了消失的梯度问题。对于简单，注意力和剩余的关注U-NET，我们数据集的平均值得分分别达到0.9505、0.9524和0.9530。通过将残留和注意机制应用在一起，在平均值和骰子指标中实现了最准确的语义分割结果。应用的分水岭方法适用于这种最佳的（残留的关注）语义分割结果，使每个单元格的特定信息进行了分割。

我们提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法将基于机器学习的交互式图像分割结合在一起，使用Supersoxels与聚类方法结合了用于自动识别大型数据集中类似颜色的图像的聚类方法，从而使分类器的指导重复使用。我们的方法解决了普遍的颜色可变性的问题，并且在生物学和医学图像中通常不可避免，这通常会导致分割恶化和量化精度，从而大大降低了必要的训练工作。效率的这种提高促进了大量图像的量化，从而为高通量成像中的最新技术进步提供了交互式图像分析。所呈现的方法几乎适用于任何图像类型，并代表通常用于图像分析任务的有用工具。

海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要，因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然，因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据，这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析，这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术，在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域，但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中，我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程，该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序，讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外，我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查，包括分类，计数，定位和细分。此外，我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查，并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解，通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程，并了解如何发展其研究，以促进他们的研究。努力。同时，它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家，以进行鱼类栖息地监测。

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

我们为Covid-19的快速准确CT（DL-FACT）测试提供了一系列深度学习的计算框架。我们开发了基于CT的DL框架，通过基于DL的CT图像增强和分类来提高Covid-19（加上其变体）的测试速度和准确性。图像增强网络适用于DDNet，短暂的Dennet和基于Deconvolulate的网络。为了展示其速度和准确性，我们在Covid-19 CT图像的几个来源中评估了DL-FARE。我们的结果表明，DL-FACT可以显着缩短几天到几天的周转时间，并提高Covid-19测试精度高达91％。DL-FACT可以用作诊断和监测Covid-19的医学专业人员的软件工具。

随着深度学习方法的进步，如深度卷积神经网络，残余神经网络，对抗网络的进步。 U-Net架构最广泛利用生物医学图像分割，以解决目标区域或子区域的识别和检测的自动化。在最近的研究中，基于U-Net的方法在不同应用中显示了最先进的性能，以便在脑肿瘤，肺癌，阿尔茨海默，乳腺癌等疾病的早期诊断和治疗中发育计算机辅助诊断系统等，使用各种方式。本文通过描述U-Net框架来提出这些方法的成功，然后通过执行1）型号的U-Net变体进行综合分析，2）模特内分类，建立更好的见解相关的挑战和解决方案。此外，本文还强调了基于U-Net框架在持续的大流行病，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-COV-2）中的贡献也称为Covid-19。最后，分析了这些U-Net变体的优点和相似性以及生物医学图像分割所涉及的挑战，以发现该领域的未来未来的研究方向。

为了确保全球粮食安全和利益相关者的总体利润，正确检测和分类植物疾病的重要性至关重要。在这方面，基于深度学习的图像分类的出现引入了大量解决方案。但是，这些解决方案在低端设备中的适用性需要快速，准确和计算廉价的系统。这项工作提出了一种基于轻巧的转移学习方法，用于从番茄叶中检测疾病。它利用一种有效的预处理方法来增强具有照明校正的叶片图像，以改善分类。我们的系统使用组合模型来提取功能，该模型由预审计的MobilenETV2体系结构和分类器网络组成，以进行有效的预测。传统的增强方法被运行时的增加取代，以避免数据泄漏并解决类不平衡问题。来自PlantVillage数据集的番茄叶图像的评估表明，所提出的体系结构可实现99.30％的精度，型号大小为9.60mb和4.87亿个浮点操作，使其成为低端设备中现实生活的合适选择。我们的代码和型号可在https://github.com/redwankarimsony/project-tomato中找到。

Remote sensing of the Earth's surface water is critical in a wide range of environmental studies, from evaluating the societal impacts of seasonal droughts and floods to the large-scale implications of climate change. Consequently, a large literature exists on the classification of water from satellite imagery. Yet, previous methods have been limited by 1) the spatial resolution of public satellite imagery, 2) classification schemes that operate at the pixel level, and 3) the need for multiple spectral bands. We advance the state-of-the-art by 1) using commercial imagery with panchromatic and multispectral resolutions of 30 cm and 1.2 m, respectively, 2) developing multiple fully convolutional neural networks (FCN) that can learn the morphological features of water bodies in addition to their spectral properties, and 3) FCN that can classify water even from panchromatic imagery. This study focuses on rivers in the Arctic, using images from the Quickbird, WorldView, and GeoEye satellites. Because no training data are available at such high resolutions, we construct those manually. First, we use the RGB, and NIR bands of the 8-band multispectral sensors. Those trained models all achieve excellent precision and recall over 90% on validation data, aided by on-the-fly preprocessing of the training data specific to satellite imagery. In a novel approach, we then use results from the multispectral model to generate training data for FCN that only require panchromatic imagery, of which considerably more is available. Despite the smaller feature space, these models still achieve a precision and recall of over 85%. We provide our open-source codes and trained model parameters to the remote sensing community, which paves the way to a wide range of environmental hydrology applications at vastly superior accuracies and 2 orders of magnitude higher spatial resolution than previously possible.

Deep learning (DL) analysis of Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computed tomography (CT) images has garnered a lot of attention in recent times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are well suited for the image analysis tasks when trained on humongous amounts of data. Applications developed for medical image analysis require high sensitivity and precision compared to any other fields. Most of the tools proposed for detection of COVID-19 claims to have high sensitivity and recalls but have failed to generalize and perform when tested on unseen datasets. This encouraged us to develop a CNN model, analyze and understand the performance of it by visualizing the predictions of the model using class activation maps generated using (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) Grad-CAM technique. This study provides a detailed discussion of the success and failure of the proposed model at an image level. Performance of the model is compared with state-of-the-art DL models and shown to be comparable. The data and code used are available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.

金属伪影校正是锥形束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）扫描中的一个具有挑战性的问题。插入解剖结构的金属植入物在重建图像中导致严重的伪影。广泛使用的基于介入的金属伪像减少（MAR）方法需要对投影中的金属痕迹进行分割，这是一项艰巨的任务。一种方法是使用深度学习方法来细分投影中的金属。但是，深度学习方法的成功受到现实培训数据的可用性的限制。由于植入物边界和大量预测，获得可靠的地面真相注释是充满挑战和耗时的。我们建议使用X射线模拟从临床CBCT扫描中生成合成金属分割训练数据集。我们比较具有不同数量的光子的仿真效果，还比较了几种培训策略以增加可用数据。我们将模型在真实临床扫描中的性能与常规阈值MAR和最近的深度学习方法进行比较。我们表明，具有相对较少光子的模拟适用于金属分割任务，并且用全尺寸和裁剪的投影训练深度学习模型共同提高了模型的鲁棒性。我们显示出受严重运动，体素尺寸下采样和落水量金属影响的图像质量的显着改善。我们的方法可以轻松地在现有的基于投影的MAR管道中实现，以提高图像质量。该方法可以为准确分割CBCT投影中的金属提供新的范式。

混凝土是建筑，桥梁和道路的标准施工材料。由于安全在这种结构的设计，监测和维护中起着核心作用，因此了解混凝土的开裂行为非常重要。计算机断层扫描捕获建筑材料的微观结构，并允许研究裂纹启动和传播。大3D图像中的裂缝表面的手动分割是不可行的。在本文中，综述了3D图像的自动裂缝分段方法并进行了比较。经典图像处理方法（边缘检测滤波器，模板匹配，最小路径和区域生长算法）和学习方法（卷积神经网络，随机林）在半合成3D图像上进行测试和测试。它们的性能强烈依赖于参数选择，该参数选择应适应图像的灰度范围和混凝土的几何特性。通常，学习方法表现最佳，特别是对于薄裂缝和低灰度对比度。

Reliable and automated 3D plant shoot segmentation is a core prerequisite for the extraction of plant phenotypic traits at the organ level. Combining deep learning and point clouds can provide effective ways to address the challenge. However, fully supervised deep learning methods require datasets to be point-wise annotated, which is extremely expensive and time-consuming. In our work, we proposed a novel weakly supervised framework, Eff-3DPSeg, for 3D plant shoot segmentation. First, high-resolution point clouds of soybean were reconstructed using a low-cost photogrammetry system, and the Meshlab-based Plant Annotator was developed for plant point cloud annotation. Second, a weakly-supervised deep learning method was proposed for plant organ segmentation. The method contained: (1) Pretraining a self-supervised network using Viewpoint Bottleneck loss to learn meaningful intrinsic structure representation from the raw point clouds; (2) Fine-tuning the pre-trained model with about only 0.5% points being annotated to implement plant organ segmentation. After, three phenotypic traits (stem diameter, leaf width, and leaf length) were extracted. To test the generality of the proposed method, the public dataset Pheno4D was included in this study. Experimental results showed that the weakly-supervised network obtained similar segmentation performance compared with the fully-supervised setting. Our method achieved 95.1%, 96.6%, 95.8% and 92.2% in the Precision, Recall, F1-score, and mIoU for stem leaf segmentation and 53%, 62.8% and 70.3% in the AP, AP@25, and AP@50 for leaf instance segmentation. This study provides an effective way for characterizing 3D plant architecture, which will become useful for plant breeders to enhance selection processes.

视网膜成像数据中解剖特征的自动检测和定位与许多方面有关。在这项工作中，我们遵循一种以数据为中心的方法，以优化分类器训练，用于视神经层析成像中的视神经头部检测和定位。我们研究了域知识驱动空间复杂性降低对所得视神经头部分割和定位性能的影响。我们提出了一种机器学习方法，用于分割2D的视神经头3D广场扫描源光源光学相干断层扫描扫描，该扫描能够自动评估大量数据。对视网膜的手动注释2D EN的评估表明，当基础像素级分类任务通过域知识在空间上放松时，标准U-NET的训练可以改善视神经头部细分和定位性能。

Plastic shopping bags that get carried away from the side of roads and tangled on cotton plants can end up at cotton gins if not removed before the harvest. Such bags may not only cause problem in the ginning process but might also get embodied in cotton fibers reducing its quality and marketable value. Therefore, it is required to detect, locate, and remove the bags before cotton is harvested. Manually detecting and locating these bags in cotton fields is labor intensive, time-consuming and a costly process. To solve these challenges, we present application of four variants of YOLOv5 (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x) for detecting plastic shopping bags using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-acquired RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) images. We also show fixed effect model tests of color of plastic bags as well as YOLOv5-variant on average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP@50) and accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the effect of height of plastic bags on the detection accuracy. It was found that color of bags had significant effect (p < 0.001) on accuracy across all the four variants while it did not show any significant effect on the AP with YOLOv5m (p = 0.10) and YOLOv5x (p = 0.35) at 95% confidence level. Similarly, YOLOv5-variant did not show any significant effect on the AP (p = 0.11) and accuracy (p = 0.73) of white bags, but it had significant effects on the AP (p = 0.03) and accuracy (p = 0.02) of brown bags including on the mAP@50 (p = 0.01) and inference speed (p < 0.0001). Additionally, height of plastic bags had significant effect (p < 0.0001) on overall detection accuracy. The findings reported in this paper can be useful in speeding up removal of plastic bags from cotton fields before harvest and thereby reducing the amount of contaminants that end up at cotton gins.

Segmentation of lung tissue in computed tomography (CT) images is a precursor to most pulmonary image analysis applications. Semantic segmentation methods using deep learning have exhibited top-tier performance in recent years. This paper presents a fully automatic method for identifying the lungs in three-dimensional (3D) pulmonary CT images, which we call it Lung-Net. We conjectured that a significant deeper network with inceptionV3 units can achieve a better feature representation of lung CT images without increasing the model complexity in terms of the number of trainable parameters. The method has three main advantages. First, a U-Net architecture with InceptionV3 blocks is developed to resolve the problem of performance degradation and parameter overload. Then, using information from consecutive slices, a new data structure is created to increase generalization potential, allowing more discriminating features to be extracted by making data representation as efficient as possible. Finally, the robustness of the proposed segmentation framework was quantitatively assessed using one public database to train and test the model (LUNA16) and two public databases (ISBI VESSEL12 challenge and CRPF dataset) only for testing the model; each database consists of 700, 23, and 40 CT images, respectively, that were acquired with a different scanner and protocol. Based on the experimental results, the proposed method achieved competitive results over the existing techniques with Dice coefficient of 99.7, 99.1, and 98.8 for LUNA16, VESSEL12, and CRPF datasets, respectively. For segmenting lung tissue in CT images, the proposed model is efficient in terms of time and parameters and outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, this model is publicly accessible via a graphical user interface.

慢性伤口显着影响生活质量。如果没有正确管理，他们可能会严重恶化。基于图像的伤口分析可以通过量化与愈合相关的重要特征来客观地评估伤口状态。然而，伤口类型，图像背景组成和捕获条件的高异质性挑战伤口图像的鲁棒分割。我们呈现了检测和段（DS），深度学习方法，以产生具有高泛化能力的伤口分割图。在我们的方法中，专门的深度神经网络检测到伤口位置，从未经信息背景隔离伤口，并计算伤口分割图。我们使用具有糖尿病脚溃疡图像的一个数据集评估了这种方法。为了进一步测试，使用4个补充独立数据组，具有来自不同体积的较大种类的伤口类型。当以相同的方法组合检测和分割时，在将完整图像上的分割到0.85时，Matthews的相关系数（MCC）从0.29提高到0.29。当从补充数据集汲取的卷绕图像上进行测试时，DS方法将平均MCC从0.17增加到0.85。此外，DS方法使得分段模型的培训能够在保持分割性能的同时培训高达90％的训练数据。