跨语性摘要是用一种语言（例如英语）以不同语言（例如中文）生成一种语言（例如英语）的摘要。在全球化背景下，这项任务吸引了计算语言学界的越来越多的关注。然而，对于这项任务仍然缺乏全面的审查。因此，我们在该领域的数据集，方法和挑战上介绍了第一个系统的批判性审查。具体而言，我们分别根据不同的构造方法和解决方案范例仔细组织现有的数据集和方法。对于每种类型的数据集或方法，我们彻底介绍并总结了以前的努力，并将它们相互比较以提供更深入的分析。最后，我们还讨论了有希望的方向，并提供了我们的思想，以促进未来的研究。这项调查适用于跨语性摘要的初学者和专家，我们希望它将成为起点，也可以为对该领域感兴趣的研究人员和工程师提供新的想法。

Given a document in a source language, cross-lingual summarization (CLS) aims at generating a concise summary in a different target language. Unlike monolingual summarization (MS), naturally occurring source-language documents paired with target-language summaries are rare. To collect large-scale CLS samples, existing datasets typically involve translation in their creation. However, the translated text is distinguished from the text originally written in that language, i.e., translationese. Though many efforts have been devoted to CLS, none of them notice the phenomenon of translationese. In this paper, we first confirm that the different approaches to constructing CLS datasets will lead to different degrees of translationese. Then we design systematic experiments to investigate how translationese affects CLS model evaluation and performance when it appears in source documents or target summaries. In detail, we find that (1) the translationese in documents or summaries of test sets might lead to the discrepancy between human judgment and automatic evaluation; (2) the translationese in training sets would harm model performance in the real scene; (3) though machine-translated documents involve translationese, they are very useful for building CLS systems on low-resource languages under specific training strategies. Furthermore, we give suggestions for future CLS research including dataset and model developments. We hope that our work could let researchers notice the phenomenon of translationese in CLS and take it into account in the future.

Cross-Lingual Summarization (CLS) aims at generating summaries in one language for the given documents in another language. CLS has attracted wide research attention due to its practical significance in the multi-lingual world. Though great contributions have been made, existing CLS works typically focus on short documents, such as news articles, short dialogues and guides. Different from these short texts, long documents such as academic articles and business reports usually discuss complicated subjects and consist of thousands of words, making them non-trivial to process and summarize. To promote CLS research on long documents, we construct Perseus, the first long-document CLS dataset which collects about 94K Chinese scientific documents paired with English summaries. The average length of documents in Perseus is more than two thousand tokens. As a preliminary study on long-document CLS, we build and evaluate various CLS baselines, including pipeline and end-to-end methods. Experimental results on Perseus show the superiority of the end-to-end baseline, outperforming the strong pipeline models equipped with sophisticated machine translation systems. Furthermore, to provide a deeper understanding, we manually analyze the model outputs and discuss specific challenges faced by current approaches. We hope that our work could benchmark long-document CLS and benefit future studies.

目前最先进的交叉逻辑摘要模型采用了多任务学习范例，它适用于共享词汇模块，并依赖于自我关注机制以两种语言参加令牌。然而，通过自我关注汲取的相关性往往松动和隐含，效率效率低，捕获语言之间的至关重要的交叉表示。在用单独的形态或结构特征进行语言时，此事恶化，使交叉对齐更具挑战性，导致性能下降。为了克服这一问题，我们提出了一种新颖的知识蒸馏的跨语言摘要框架，寻求通过蒸馏到单语摘要教师进入交叉综合学生的知识来明确构建交叉关联。由于教师和学生的代表介绍了两种不同的向量空间，我们进一步提出了使用污水偏差，最佳运输距离的知识蒸馏损失，以估计这些教师和学生表示之间的差异。由于陷入困境的直观的几何性质，学生模型可以高效地学习与单声道隐藏状态对齐其产生的交叉隐藏状态，因此导致远方语言之间的强烈相关性。对遥控语言成对的交叉语言摘要数据集的实验表明，我们的方法在高资源和低资源的设置下优于最先进的模型。

在本文中，我们介绍了DOCMT5，这是一种预先培训的多语言序列到序列语言模型，具有大规模并行文档。虽然以前的方法专注于利用句子级并行数据，但我们尝试构建一个可以理解和生成长文件的通用预训练模型。我们提出了一个简单有效的预训练目标 - 文件重新排序机翻译（DRMT），其中需要翻译和屏蔽的输入文件。 DRMT在各种文档级生成任务中对强大基线带来一致的改进，包括超过12个BLEU积分，用于观看语言对文件级MT，超过7个BLEU积分，用于看不见的语言对文件级MT和3胭脂-1位为言语对交叉术概要。我们在WMT20 De-en和IWSLT15 Zh-ZH文档翻译任务中实现了最先进的（SOTA）。我们还对文档预培训的各种因素进行了广泛的分析，包括（1）预培训数据质量的影响和（2）组合单语言和交叉训练的影响。我们计划公开使用我们的模型检查站。

This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.

多语言语言模型（\ mllms），如mbert，xlm，xlm-r，\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择，使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中，在（i）建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言（ii）创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜（iii）分析单音零点，零拍摄交叉和双语任务（iv）对Monolingual的性能，了解\ mllms〜（v）增强（通常）学习的通用语言模式（如果有的话）有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中，我们审查了现有的文学，涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查，我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。

Pre-trained models have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). However, existing pre-training methods underutilize the benefits of language understanding for generation. Inspired by the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we propose a GAN-style model for encoder-decoder pre-training by introducing an auxiliary discriminator, unifying the ability of language understanding and generation in a single model. Our model, named as GanLM, is trained with two pre-training objectives: replaced token detection and replaced token denoising. Specifically, given masked source sentences, the generator outputs the target distribution and the discriminator predicts whether the target sampled tokens from distribution are incorrect. The target sentence is replaced with misclassified tokens to construct noisy previous context, which is used to generate the gold sentence. In general, both tasks improve the ability of language understanding and generation by selectively using the denoising data. Extensive experiments in language generation benchmarks show that GanLM with the powerful language understanding capability outperforms various strong pre-trained language models (PLMs) and achieves state-of-the-art performance.

多文件摘要（MDS）是信息聚合的有效工具，它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是，首先，系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学，总结神经网络的设计策略，并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后，我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

我们介绍了MTG，这是一套新的基准套件，用于培训和评估多语言文本生成。它是具有最大人类通知数据（400K）的第一次传播的多语言多路文本生成数据集。它包括五种语言（英语，德语，法语，西班牙语和中文）的四代任务（故事产生，问题生成，标题生成和文本摘要）。Multiway设置可以启用跨语言和任务的模型测试知识传输功能。使用MTG，我们从不同方面训练和分析了几种流行的多语言生成模型。我们的基准套件通过更多的人为宣传的并行数据促进了模型性能增强。它提供了各种一代方案的全面评估。代码和数据可在\ url {https://github.com/zide05/mtg}上获得。

诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中，以封装最重要的信息，从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近，随着神经体系结构的出现，已经做出了重大的研究工作，以推动自动文本摘要系统，以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中，我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述，以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估：基准数据集，汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分，我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献，并进行经验分析，以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征，摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现，我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。

对于多语言序列到序列预审预周序模型（多语言SEQ2SEQ PLM），例如姆巴特（Mbart），自制的预处理任务接受了多种单语言的培训，例如25种来自CommonCrawl的语言，而下游的跨语言任务通常在双语语言子集上进行，例如英语 - 德国人，存在数据差异，即领域的差异，以及跨语言学习客观差异，即在训练和填充阶段之间的任务差异。为了弥合上述跨语言域和任务差距，我们将使用额外的代码切换恢复任务扩展了香草预后管道。具体而言，第一阶段采用自我监督的代码转换还原任务作为借口任务，从而允许多语言SEQ2SEQ PLM获取一些域内对齐信息。在第二阶段，我们正常在下游数据上微调模型。 NLG评估（12个双语翻译任务，30个零射击任务和2项跨语言摘要任务）和NLU评估（7个跨语性自然语言推理任务）的实验表明，我们的模型超过了强大的基线MBART，具有标准的FINETUNNING，这表明了我们的模型策略，一致。分析表明，我们的方法可以缩小跨语性句子表示的欧几里得距离，并通过微不足道的计算成本改善模型概括。我们在：https：//github.com/zanchangtong/csr4mbart上发布代码。

体育游戏摘要旨在根据实时评论生成体育新闻。该任务吸引了广泛的研究关注，但由于缺乏相应的英语数据集，但仍未探索。因此，在本文中，我们发布了第一个英语体育游戏摘要数据集的目标。具体而言，目标有103个评论新对，评论和新闻的平均长度分别为2724.9和476.3个字。此外，为了支持半监督环境中的研究，目标还提供了2,160个未标记的评论文件。基于我们的目标，我们建立和评估了几个基线，包括提取性和抽象基线。实验结果表明，此任务的挑战仍然存在。我们希望我们的工作能够促进体育游戏总结的研究。该数据集已在https://github.com/krystalan/goal上发布。

Software engineers working with the same programming language (PL) may speak different natural languages (NLs) and vice versa, erecting huge barriers to communication and working efficiency. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of generative pre-training in computer programs, yet they are always English-centric. In this work, we step towards bridging the gap between multilingual NLs and multilingual PLs for large language models (LLMs). We release ERNIE-Code, a unified pre-trained language model for 116 NLs and 6 PLs. We employ two methods for universal cross-lingual pre-training: span-corruption language modeling that learns patterns from monolingual NL or PL; and pivot-based translation language modeling that relies on parallel data of many NLs and PLs. Extensive results show that ERNIE-Code outperforms previous multilingual LLMs for PL or NL across a wide range of end tasks of code intelligence, including multilingual code-to-text, text-to-code, code-to-code, and text-to-text generation. We further show its advantage of zero-shot prompting on multilingual code summarization and text-to-text translation. We will make our code and pre-trained models publicly available.

双语术语是电子商务领域中重要的机器翻译资源，通常是手动翻译或自动从并行数据中提取的。人类的翻译成本高昂，电子商务并行语料库非常稀缺。但是，同一商品领域中不同语言中的可比数据很丰富。在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的框架，即从可比较的数据中提取电子商业双语术语。我们的框架受益于电子商务的跨语化预培训，可以充分利用源端术语和目标端句子之间的深层语义关系，以提取相应的目标术语。各种语言对的实验结果表明，我们的方法比各种强大的基线都取得了明显更好的性能。

跨语性转移（CLT）是各种应用。但是，标记的跨语言语料库是昂贵甚至无法访问的，尤其是在标签是私人的领域，例如医学症状和业务中用户概况的诊断结果。然而，这些敏感领域有现成的模型。 CLT的解决方法不是追求原始标签，而是从没有标签的现成模型中转移知识。为此，我们定义了一个名为Freetransfer-X的新颖的CLT问题，旨在实现知识转移，以丰富的资源语言的现成模型转移。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了基于多语言预训练的语言模型（MPLM）的两步知识蒸馏（KD，Hinton等，2015）框架。对强神经转换（NMT）基线的显着改善证明了该方法的有效性。除了降低注释成本和保护专用标签外，该建议的方法还与不同的网络兼容，并且易于部署。最后，一系列分析表明该方法的巨大潜力。

抽象性摘要领域的最新进展利用了预训练的语言模型，而不是从头开始训练模型。但是，这样的模型训练和伴随着大量的开销。研究人员提出了一些轻巧的替代方案，例如较小的适配器来减轻缺点。尽管如此，就提高效率而没有绩效不愉快的牺牲，使用使用适配器是否有利于总结的任务。在这项工作中，我们对具有不同复杂性的摘要任务进行了多方面的调查：语言，域和任务转移。在我们的实验中，对预训练的语言模型进行微调通常比使用适配器更好。性能差距与所使用的训练数据量正相关。值得注意的是，在极低的资源条件下，适配器超过微调。我们进一步提供了有关多语言，模型收敛性和鲁棒性的见解，希望能阐明抽象性摘要中微调或适配器的实用选择。

State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used beyond that language. Since collecting data in every language is not realistic, there has been a growing interest in crosslingual language understanding (XLU) and low-resource cross-language transfer. In this work, we construct an evaluation set for XLU by extending the development and test sets of the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus (MultiNLI) to 15 languages, including low-resource languages such as Swahili and Urdu. We hope that our dataset, dubbed XNLI, will catalyze research in cross-lingual sentence understanding by providing an informative standard evaluation task. In addition, we provide several baselines for multilingual sentence understanding, including two based on machine translation systems, and two that use parallel data to train aligned multilingual bag-of-words and LSTM encoders. We find that XNLI represents a practical and challenging evaluation suite, and that directly translating the test data yields the best performance among available baselines.

在这项工作中，我们提出了一个系统的实证研究，专注于最先进的多语言编码器在跨越多种不同语言对的交叉语言文档和句子检索任务的适用性。我们首先将这些模型视为多语言文本编码器，并在无监督的ad-hoc句子和文档级CLIR中基准性能。与监督语言理解相比，我们的结果表明，对于无监督的文档级CLIR - 一个没有针对IR特定的微调 - 预训练的多语言编码器的相关性判断，平均未能基于CLWE显着优于早期模型。对于句子级检索，我们确实获得了最先进的性能：然而，通过多语言编码器来满足高峰分数，这些编码器已经进一步专注于监督的时尚，以便句子理解任务，而不是使用他们的香草'现货'变体。在这些结果之后，我们介绍了文档级CLIR的本地化相关性匹配，在那里我们独立地对文件部分进行了查询。在第二部分中，我们评估了在一系列零拍语言和域转移CLIR实验中的英语相关数据中进行微调的微调编码器精细调整的微调我们的结果表明，监督重新排名很少提高多语言变压器作为无监督的基数。最后，只有在域名对比度微调（即，同一域名，只有语言转移），我们设法提高排名质量。我们在目标语言中单次检索的交叉定向检索结果和结果（零拍摄）交叉传输之间的显着实证差异，这指出了在单机数据上训练的检索模型的“单声道过度装备”。