世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐戴面面罩作为最有效的措施，以防止Covid-19传输。在许多国家，现在必须在公共场所佩戴面部面具。由于手动监测面部面罩通常在人群中间不可行，因此自动检测可能是有益的。为方便，我们探索了许多深度学习模型（即，VGG1，VGG19，Reset50），用于面部掩模检测，并在两个基准数据集中进行评估。在此背景下，我们还评估了转移学习（即，VGG19，Reset50在ImageNet上预先培训）。我们发现，虽然所有型号的表演都非常好，但转移学习模型达到了最佳性能。转移学习将性能提高0.10 \％ - 0.40 \％，培训时间减少30 \％。我们的实验还显示了这些高性能模型对于测试数据集来自不同的分布而不是非常强大。没有任何微调，这些模型的性能在跨域设置中的47 \％下降。

卫生组织建议社会疏远，佩戴面罩，避免触摸面，以防止冠状病毒的传播。根据这些保护措施，我们开发了一种计算机视觉系统，以帮助防止Covid-19的传输。具体地，开发系统执行面部掩模检测，面部手互动检测，并测量社交距离。要培训和评估发达的系统，我们收集和注释图像，代表现实世界中的面部掩模使用和面部手互动。除了在自己的数据集上评估开发系统的性能外，还在文献中的现有数据集中测试了它，而不会对它们进行任何适应性。此外，我们提出了一个模块，以跟踪人之间的社交距离。实验结果表明，我们的数据集代表了真实世界的多样性。所提出的系统实现了面罩使用检测，面部手互动检测和在看不见的数据的真实情况下测量社会距离的高性能和泛化容量。数据集将在https://github.com/ilemeyiokur/covid-19-preventions-control -system中获得。

大多数杂草物种都会通过竞争高价值作物所需的营养而产生对农业生产力的不利影响。手动除草对于大型种植区不实用。已经开展了许多研究，为农业作物制定了自动杂草管理系统。在这个过程中，其中一个主要任务是识别图像中的杂草。但是，杂草的认可是一个具有挑战性的任务。它是因为杂草和作物植物的颜色，纹理和形状类似，可以通过成像条件，当记录图像时的成像条件，地理或天气条件进一步加剧。先进的机器学习技术可用于从图像中识别杂草。在本文中，我们调查了五个最先进的深神经网络，即VGG16，Reset-50，Inception-V3，Inception-Resnet-V2和MobileNetv2，并评估其杂草识别的性能。我们使用了多种实验设置和多个数据集合组合。特别是，我们通过组合几个较小的数据集，通过数据增强构成了一个大型DataSet，缓解了类别不平衡，并在基于深度神经网络的基准测试中使用此数据集。我们通过保留预先训练的权重来调查使用转移学习技术来利用作物和杂草数据集的图像提取特征和微调它们。我们发现VGG16比小规模数据集更好地执行，而ResET-50比其他大型数据集上的其他深网络更好地执行。

在Covid-19爆发之后，作为最方便，最有效的预防手段，掩盖检测在流行病预防和控制中起着至关重要的作用。出色的自动实时面具检测系统可以减轻相关人员的大量工作压力。但是，通过分析现有的掩码检测方法，我们发现它们大多是资源密集型的，并且在速度和准确性之间无法达到良好的平衡。目前还没有完美的面膜数据集。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于掩盖检测的新体系结构。我们的系统使用SSD作为掩码定位器和分类器，并用MobilenetV2进一步替换VGG-16来提取图像的功能并减少许多参数。因此，我们的系统可以部署在嵌入式设备上。转移学习方法用于将预训练的模型从其他域转移到我们的模型。我们系统中的数据增强方法（例如混合）有效防止过度拟合。它还有效地减少了对大规模数据集的依赖性。通过在实际情况下进行实验，结果表明我们的系统在实时掩模检测中的表现良好。

2019年12月，一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展，但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外，许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能，以诊断许多疾病，甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此，本调查纸探讨了提议的方法，可以提前援助医生和研究人员，廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试，但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面，对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果，提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后，我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外，我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此，我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后，在研究挑战中，我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题，我们解决了我们的理解，以建立一个明亮健康的环境。

The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.

Covid -19在首次检测只有四个月后迅速成为全球性大流行。尽快检测这种疾病至关重要的是降低其蔓延。胸部X射线（CXR）图像的使用变成了有效的筛选策略，互补逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）。卷积神经网络（CNNS）通常用于自动图像分类，它们在CXR诊断中非常有用。在本文中，测试了21种不同的CNN架构，并在COVID-19中识别CXR图像的任务进行比较。它们应用于CoVIDX8B数据集，这是可用的最大和更多样化的Covid-19数据集。还采用了CNN的合奏，并且它们表现出比个体实例更好的效率。 Densenet169实现了最佳的个人CNN实例结果，精度为98.15％，F1分数为98.12％。通过与DenSenet169的五个实例的合并，这些进一步增加到99.25％和99.24％。这些结果高于使用相同数据集的最近作品中获得的结果。

由于其在非洲以外的40多个国家 /地区的迅速传播，最近的蒙基托克斯爆发已成为公共卫生问题。由于与水痘和麻疹的相似之处，蒙基托斯在早期的临床诊断是具有挑战性的。如果不容易获得验证性聚合酶链反应（PCR）测试，那么计算机辅助检测蒙基氧基病变可能对可疑病例的监视和快速鉴定有益。只要有足够的训练示例，深度学习方法在自动检测皮肤病变中有效。但是，截至目前，此类数据集尚未用于猴蛋白酶疾病。在当前的研究中，我们首先开发``Monkeypox皮肤病变数据集（MSLD）。用于增加样本量，并建立了3倍的交叉验证实验。在下一步中，采用了几种预训练的深度学习模型，即VGG-16，Resnet50和InceptionV3用于对Monkeypox和Monkeypox和Monkeypox和其他疾病。还开发了三种型号的合奏。RESNET50达到了82.96美元（\ pm4.57 \％）$的最佳总体准确性，而VGG16和整体系统的准确性达到了81.48美元（\ pm6.87 \％）$和$ 79.26（\ pm1.05 \％）$。还开发了一个原型网络应用程序作为在线蒙基蛋白筛选工具。虽然该有限数据集的初始结果是有希望的，但需要更大的人口统计学多样化的数据集来进一步增强性增强性。这些的普遍性 楷模。

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 and now becoming a pandemic. When COVID-19 patients undergo radiography examination, radiologists can observe the present of radiographic abnormalities from their chest X-ray (CXR) images. In this study, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model was proposed to aid radiologists in diagnosing COVID-19 patients. First, this work conducted a comparative study on the performance of modified VGG-16, ResNet-50 and DenseNet-121 to classify CXR images into normal, COVID-19 and viral pneumonia. Then, the impact of image augmentation on the classification results was evaluated. The publicly available COVID-19 Radiography Database was used throughout this study. After comparison, ResNet-50 achieved the highest accuracy with 95.88%. Next, after training ResNet-50 with rotation, translation, horizontal flip, intensity shift and zoom augmented dataset, the accuracy dropped to 80.95%. Furthermore, an ablation study on the effect of image augmentation on the classification results found that the combinations of rotation and intensity shift augmentation methods obtained an accuracy higher than baseline, which is 96.14%. Finally, ResNet-50 with rotation and intensity shift augmentations performed the best and was proposed as the final classification model in this work. These findings demonstrated that the proposed classification model can provide a promising result for COVID-19 diagnosis.

Purpose: Considering several patients screened due to COVID-19 pandemic, computer-aided detection has strong potential in assisting clinical workflow efficiency and reducing the incidence of infections among radiologists and healthcare providers. Since many confirmed COVID-19 cases present radiological findings of pneumonia, radiologic examinations can be useful for fast detection. Therefore, chest radiography can be used to fast screen COVID-19 during the patient triage, thereby determining the priority of patient's care to help saturated medical facilities in a pandemic situation. Methods: In this paper, we propose a new learning scheme called self-supervised transfer learning for detecting COVID-19 from chest X-ray (CXR) images. We compared six self-supervised learning (SSL) methods (Cross, BYOL, SimSiam, SimCLR, PIRL-jigsaw, and PIRL-rotation) with the proposed method. Additionally, we compared six pretrained DCNNs (ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, CheXNet, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3) with the proposed method. We provide quantitative evaluation on the largest open COVID-19 CXR dataset and qualitative results for visual inspection. Results: Our method achieved a harmonic mean (HM) score of 0.985, AUC of 0.999, and four-class accuracy of 0.953. We also used the visualization technique Grad-CAM++ to generate visual explanations of different classes of CXR images with the proposed method to increase the interpretability. Conclusions: Our method shows that the knowledge learned from natural images using transfer learning is beneficial for SSL of the CXR images and boosts the performance of representation learning for COVID-19 detection. Our method promises to reduce the incidence of infections among radiologists and healthcare providers.

2019年冠状病毒疾病（Covid-19）继续自爆发以来对世界产生巨大挑战。为了对抗这种疾病，开发了一系列人工智能（AI）技术，并应用于现实世界的情景，如安全监测，疾病诊断，感染风险评估，Covid-19 CT扫描的病变细分等。 Coronavirus流行病迫使人们佩戴面膜来抵消病毒的传播，这也带来了监控戴着面具的大群人群的困难。在本文中，我们主要关注蒙面面部检测和相关数据集的AI技术。从蒙面面部检测数据集的描述开始，我们调查了最近的进步。详细描述并详细讨论了十三可用数据集。然后，该方法大致分为两类：传统方法和基于神经网络的方法。常规方法通常通过用手工制作的特征升高算法来训练，该算法占少比例。基于神经网络的方法根据处理阶段的数量进一步归类为三个部分。详细描述了代表性算法，与一些简要描述的一些典型技术耦合。最后，我们总结了最近的基准测试结果，讨论了关于数据集和方法的局限性，并扩大了未来的研究方向。据我们所知，这是关于蒙面面部检测方法和数据集的第一次调查。希望我们的调查可以提供一些帮助对抗流行病的帮助。

在研究中，我们开发了一种计算机视觉解决方案，以支持诊断放射区分在Covid-19肺炎，流感病毒肺炎和正常生物标志物之间。 Covid-19肺炎的胸部射线照相出现被认为是非特异性的，提出了挑战，以确定卷积神经网络（CNN）的最佳架构，该挑战是Covid-19和非-covid-19种肺炎。 Rahman（2021）指出Covid-19射线照相图像观察影响诊断过程的不可用和质量问题，并影响深度学习检测模型的准确性。 Covid-19造影图像的显着稀缺性引入了对我们使用过采样技术的数据的不平衡。在该研究中，我们包括具有Covid-19肺炎，流感病毒肺炎和正常生物标志物的人肺（CXR）的广泛的X射线成像，以实现可伸展和准确的CNN模型。在研究的实验阶段，我们评估了各种卷积网络架构，选择了具有两个传统卷积层和两个具有最大功能的汇集层的连续卷积网络。在其分类性能中，最佳性能模型展示了93％的验证精度，F1分数为0.95。我们选择了Azure机器学习服务来执行网络实验和解决方案部署。自动缩放计算集群在网络培训中提供了大量的减少。我们希望在人工智能和人类生物学领域看到科学家合作，并扩展建议的解决方案，以提供快速和全面的诊断，有效地减轻病毒的传播

有必要开发负担得起且可靠的诊断工具，该工具允许包含COVID-19的扩散。已经提出了机器学习（ML）算法来设计支持决策系统以评估胸部X射线图像，事实证明，这些图像可用于检测和评估疾病进展。许多研究文章围绕此主题发表，这使得很难确定未来工作的最佳方法。本文介绍了使用胸部X射线图像应用于COVID-19检测的ML的系统综述，旨在就方法，体系结构，数据库和当前局限性为研究人员提供基线。

Recently, the use of synthetic training data has been on the rise as it offers correctly labelled datasets at a lower cost. The downside of this technique is that the so-called domain gap between the real target images and synthetic training data leads to a decrease in performance. In this paper, we attempt to provide a holistic overview of how to use synthetic data for object detection. We analyse aspects of generating the data as well as techniques used to train the models. We do so by devising a number of experiments, training models on the Dataset of Industrial Metal Objects (DIMO). This dataset contains both real and synthetic images. The synthetic part has different subsets that are either exact synthetic copies of the real data or are copies with certain aspects randomised. This allows us to analyse what types of variation are good for synthetic training data and which aspects should be modelled to closely match the target data. Furthermore, we investigate what types of training techniques are beneficial towards generalisation to real data, and how to use them. Additionally, we analyse how real images can be leveraged when training on synthetic images. All these experiments are validated on real data and benchmarked to models trained on real data. The results offer a number of interesting takeaways that can serve as basic guidelines for using synthetic data for object detection. Code to reproduce results is available at https://github.com/EDM-Research/DIMO_ObjectDetection.

随着世界各地的COVID-19病毒感染的下降，Monkeypox病毒正在缓慢地出现。人们害怕它，认为它看起来像是Covid-19的大流行。因此，在广泛的社区传播之前，至关重要的是检测到它们。基于AI的检测可以帮助他们在早期识别它们。在本文中，我们首先比较了13个不同的预训练的深度学习（DL）模型，以检测蒙基氧基病毒。为此，我们首先将它们添加到所有这些层中，并使用四个完善的措施进行分析：精度，召回，F1得分和准确性。在确定了表现最佳的DL模型之后，我们将它们整合以利用从其获得的概率输出的多数投票来提高整体绩效。我们在公开可用的数据集上执行实验，这表明我们的集合方法提供了精度，召回，F1得分和精度为85.44 \％，85.47 \％，85.40 \％和87.13 \％。这些令人鼓舞的结果表明，所提出的方法适用于卫生从业人员进行大规模筛查。

在实践中，非常苛刻，有时无法收集足够大的标记数据数据集以成功培训机器学习模型，并且对此问题的一个可能解决方案是转移学习。本研究旨在评估如何可转让的时间序列数据和哪些条件下的不同域之间的特征。在训练期间，在模型的预测性能和收敛速度方面观察到转移学习的影响。在我们的实验中，我们使用1,500和9,000个数据实例的减少数据集来模仿现实世界的条件。使用相同的缩小数据集，我们培训了两组机器学习模型：那些随着转移学习的培训和从头开始培训的机器学习模型。使用四台机器学习模型进行实验。在相同的应用领域（地震学）以及相互不同的应用领域（地震，语音，医学，金融）之间进行知识转移。我们在训练期间遵守模型的预测性能和收敛速度。为了确认所获得的结果的有效性，我们重复了实验七次并应用了统计测试以确认结果的重要性。我们研究的一般性结论是转移学习可能会增加或不会对模型的预测性能或其收敛速度产生负面影响。在更多细节中分析收集的数据，以确定哪些源域和目标域兼容以用于传输知识。我们还分析了目标数据集大小的效果和模型的选择及其超参数对转移学习的影响。

Computer tomography (CT) have been routinely used for the diagnosis of lung diseases and recently, during the pandemic, for detecting the infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease. One of the major concerns in using ma-chine learning (ML) approaches for automatic processing of CT scan images in clinical setting is that these methods are trained on limited and biased sub-sets of publicly available COVID-19 data. This has raised concerns regarding the generalizability of these models on external datasets, not seen by the model during training. To address some of these issues, in this work CT scan images from confirmed COVID-19 data obtained from one of the largest public repositories, COVIDx CT 2A were used for training and internal vali-dation of machine learning models. For the external validation we generated Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset, an open-source repository containing 3D CT volumes and 12096 chest CT images from 288 COVID-19 patients from In-dia. Comparative performance evaluation of four state-of-the-art machine learning models, viz., a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), and three other CNN based deep learning (DL) models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50 and Inception-v3 in classifying CT images into three classes, viz., normal, non-covid pneumonia, and COVID-19 is carried out on these two datasets. Our analysis showed that the performance of all the models is comparable on the hold-out COVIDx CT 2A test set with 90% - 99% accuracies (96% for CNN), while on the external Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset a drop in the performance is observed for all the models (8% - 19%). The traditional ma-chine learning model, CNN performed the best on the external dataset (accu-racy 88%) in comparison to the deep learning models, indicating that a light-weight CNN is better generalizable on unseen data. The data and code are made available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.

In the current times, the fear and danger of COVID-19 virus still stands large. Manual monitoring of social distancing norms is impractical with a large population moving about and with insufficient task force and resources to administer them. There is a need for a lightweight, robust and 24X7 video-monitoring system that automates this process. This paper proposes a comprehensive and effective solution to perform person detection, social distancing violation detection, face detection and face mask classification using object detection, clustering and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) based binary classifier. For this, YOLOv3, Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), Dual Shot Face Detector (DSFD) and MobileNetV2 based binary classifier have been employed on surveillance video datasets. This paper also provides a comparative study of different face detection and face mask classification models. Finally, a video dataset labelling method is proposed along with the labelled video dataset to compensate for the lack of dataset in the community and is used for evaluation of the system. The system performance is evaluated in terms of accuracy, F1 score as well as the prediction time, which has to be low for practical applicability. The system performs with an accuracy of 91.2% and F1 score of 90.79% on the labelled video dataset and has an average prediction time of 7.12 seconds for 78 frames of a video.

由于Covid-19已经不断变异，并且在三到四个月内，一个新的变体引入了我们，它具有更致命的问题。阻止我们获得Covid的事情正在接种疫苗并戴上面膜。在本文中，我们已经实现了一种新的面部掩模检测和人识别模型，名为Indight Face，基于SoftMax丢失分类算法ARC面部损耗并将其命名为RFMPI-DNN（基于深神经网络的快速面部检测和PERON识别模型）与可用的其他模型相比，迅速检测面部掩模和人身份。要比较我们的新模型，我们使用的MobileNet_v2型号和面部识别模块是根据时间的有效比较。在每个方面，系统中实施的建议模型在本文中相比表现优于模型

在本文中，我们提出了一种用于图像剪接检测的新型社会启发卷积神经网络（CNN）深度学习模型。基于从检测到粗略拼接图像区域的前提是可以改善视觉上不可察觉的剪接图像锻炼的检测，所提出的模型称为MissMarple，是涉及特征转移学习的双CNN网络。通过培训和测试所提出的模型，使用哥伦比亚剪接，WildWeb，DSO1和拟议数据集的培训和测试所提出的模型，标题为Abhas，由现实的剪接锻炼组成，揭示了现有深度学习模型的检测精度的提高。