知识图中的节点是一个重要任务，例如，预测缺失类型的实体，预测哪些分子导致癌症，或预测哪种药物是有前途的治疗候选者。虽然黑匣子型号经常实现高预测性能，但它们只是hoc后和本地可解释的，并且不允许学习模型轻松丰富域知识。为此，已经提出了学习描述了来自正和否定示例的逻辑概念。然而，学习这种概念通常需要很长时间，最先进的方法为文字数据值提供有限的支持，尽管它们对于许多应用是至关重要的。在本文中，我们提出了Evolearner - 学习ALCQ（D）的进化方法，它是与合格基数限制（Q）和数据属性配对的补充（ALC）的定语语言和数据属性（D）。我们为初始群体贡献了一种新颖的初始化方法：从正示例开始（知识图中的节点），我们执行偏见随机散步并将它们转换为描述逻辑概念。此外，我们通过在决定分割数据的位置时，通过最大化信息增益来提高数据属性的支持。我们表明，我们的方法在结构化机器学习的基准框架SML - 台阶上显着优于现有技术。我们的消融研究证实，这是由于我们的新颖初始化方法和对数据属性的支持。

Cashews are grown by over 3 million smallholders in more than 40 countries worldwide as a principal source of income. As the third largest cashew producer in Africa, Benin has nearly 200,000 smallholder cashew growers contributing 15% of the country's national export earnings. However, a lack of information on where and how cashew trees grow across the country hinders decision-making that could support increased cashew production and poverty alleviation. By leveraging 2.4-m Planet Basemaps and 0.5-m aerial imagery, newly developed deep learning algorithms, and large-scale ground truth datasets, we successfully produced the first national map of cashew in Benin and characterized the expansion of cashew plantations between 2015 and 2021. In particular, we developed a SpatioTemporal Classification with Attention (STCA) model to map the distribution of cashew plantations, which can fully capture texture information from discriminative time steps during a growing season. We further developed a Clustering Augmented Self-supervised Temporal Classification (CASTC) model to distinguish high-density versus low-density cashew plantations by automatic feature extraction and optimized clustering. Results show that the STCA model has an overall accuracy of 80% and the CASTC model achieved an overall accuracy of 77.9%. We found that the cashew area in Benin has doubled from 2015 to 2021 with 60% of new plantation development coming from cropland or fallow land, while encroachment of cashew plantations into protected areas has increased by 70%. Only half of cashew plantations were high-density in 2021, suggesting high potential for intensification. Our study illustrates the power of combining high-resolution remote sensing imagery and state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to better understand tree crops in the heterogeneous smallholder landscape.

Modeling perception sensors is key for simulation based testing of automated driving functions. Beyond weather conditions themselves, sensors are also subjected to object dependent environmental influences like tire spray caused by vehicles moving on wet pavement. In this work, a novel modeling approach for spray in lidar data is introduced. The model conforms to the Open Simulation Interface (OSI) standard and is based on the formation of detection clusters within a spray plume. The detections are rendered with a simple custom ray casting algorithm without the need of a fluid dynamics simulation or physics engine. The model is subsequently used to generate training data for object detection algorithms. It is shown that the model helps to improve detection in real-world spray scenarios significantly. Furthermore, a systematic real-world data set is recorded and published for analysis, model calibration and validation of spray effects in active perception sensors. Experiments are conducted on a test track by driving over artificially watered pavement with varying vehicle speeds, vehicle types and levels of pavement wetness. All models and data of this work are available open source.

Recent large-scale image generation models such as Stable Diffusion have exhibited an impressive ability to generate fairly realistic images starting from a very simple text prompt. Could such models render real images obsolete for training image prediction models? In this paper, we answer part of this provocative question by questioning the need for real images when training models for ImageNet classification. More precisely, provided only with the class names that have been used to build the dataset, we explore the ability of Stable Diffusion to generate synthetic clones of ImageNet and measure how useful they are for training classification models from scratch. We show that with minimal and class-agnostic prompt engineering those ImageNet clones we denote as ImageNet-SD are able to close a large part of the gap between models produced by synthetic images and models trained with real images for the several standard classification benchmarks that we consider in this study. More importantly, we show that models trained on synthetic images exhibit strong generalization properties and perform on par with models trained on real data.

Reliable application of machine learning-based decision systems in the wild is one of the major challenges currently investigated by the field. A large portion of established approaches aims to detect erroneous predictions by means of assigning confidence scores. This confidence may be obtained by either quantifying the model's predictive uncertainty, learning explicit scoring functions, or assessing whether the input is in line with the training distribution. Curiously, while these approaches all state to address the same eventual goal of detecting failures of a classifier upon real-life application, they currently constitute largely separated research fields with individual evaluation protocols, which either exclude a substantial part of relevant methods or ignore large parts of relevant failure sources. In this work, we systematically reveal current pitfalls caused by these inconsistencies and derive requirements for a holistic and realistic evaluation of failure detection. To demonstrate the relevance of this unified perspective, we present a large-scale empirical study for the first time enabling benchmarking confidence scoring functions w.r.t all relevant methods and failure sources. The revelation of a simple softmax response baseline as the overall best performing method underlines the drastic shortcomings of current evaluation in the abundance of publicized research on confidence scoring. Code and trained models are at https://github.com/IML-DKFZ/fd-shifts.

Dysgraphia, a handwriting learning disability, has a serious negative impact on children's academic results, daily life and overall wellbeing. Early detection of dysgraphia allows for an early start of a targeted intervention. Several studies have investigated dysgraphia detection by machine learning algorithms using a digital tablet. However, these studies deployed classical machine learning algorithms with manual feature extraction and selection as well as binary classification: either dysgraphia or no dysgraphia. In this work, we investigated fine grading of handwriting capabilities by predicting SEMS score (between 0 and 12) with deep learning. Our approach provide accuracy more than 99% and root mean square error lower than one, with automatic instead of manual feature extraction and selection. Furthermore, we used smart pen called SensoGrip, a pen equipped with sensors to capture handwriting dynamics, instead of a tablet, enabling writing evaluation in more realistic scenarios.

视觉和语言（V+L）模型的最新进展对医疗保健领域产生了有希望的影响。但是，这样的模型难以解释如何以及为什么做出特定决定。此外，模型透明度和域专业知识的参与是机器学习模型进入该领域的关键成功因素。在这项工作中，我们研究了局部替代解释性技术来克服黑盒深度学习模型的问题。我们探讨了使用本地替代物与基础V+L结合使用本地替代物与域专业知识相似的可行性，以生成多模式的视觉和语言解释。我们证明，这种解释可以作为指导该领域数据科学家和机器学习工程师的指导模型培训的有益反馈。

评估组织内组织和分支机构的效率对于经理来说是一个具有挑战性的问题。评估标准允许组织对其内部单位进行排名，确定其在竞争对手方面的立场，并实施改进和发展目的的策略。在评估银行分支机构的方法中，非参数方法吸引了近年来研究人员的注意。最广泛使用的非参数方法之一是数据包络分析（DEA），可带来有希望的结果。但是，静态DEA方法并未考虑模型中的时间。因此，本文使用动态DEA（DDEA）方法在三年内评估伊朗银行的分支机构（2017-2019）。然后将结果与静态DEA进行比较。对分支进行排名后，使用K-均值方法聚类。最后，引入了一种全面的敏感性分析方法，以帮助管理人员决定更改变量以将分支从一个群集转移到更有效的变量。

实现自动化车辆和外部服务器，智能基础设施和其他道路使用者之间的安全可靠的高带宽低度连通性是使全自动驾驶成为可能的核心步骤。允许这种连接性的数据接口的可用性有可能区分人造代理在连接，合作和自动化的移动性系统中的功能与不具有此类接口的人类操作员的能力。连接的代理可以例如共享数据以构建集体环境模型，计划集体行为，并从集中组合的共享数据集体学习。本文提出了多种解决方案，允许连接的实体交换数据。特别是，我们提出了一个新的通用通信界面，该界面使用消息排队遥测传输（MQTT）协议连接运行机器人操作系统（ROS）的代理。我们的工作整合了以各种关键绩效指标的形式评估连接质量的方法。我们比较了各种方法，这些方法提供了5G网络中Edge-Cloud LiDAR对象检测的示例性用例所需的连接性。我们表明，基于车辆的传感器测量值的可用性与从边缘云中接收到相应的对象列表之间的平均延迟低于87毫秒。所有实施的解决方案均可为开源并免费使用。源代码可在https://github.com/ika-rwth-aachen/ros-v2x-benchmarking-suite上获得。

机器学习（ML）为生物处理工程的发展做出了重大贡献，但其应用仍然有限，阻碍了生物过程自动化的巨大潜力。用于模型构建自动化的ML可以看作是引入另一种抽象水平的一种方式，将专家的人类集中在生物过程开发的最认知任务中。首先，概率编程用于预测模型的自动构建。其次，机器学习会通过计划实验来测试假设并进行调查以收集信息性数据来自动评估替代决策，以收集基于模型预测不确定性的模型选择的信息数据。这篇评论提供了有关生物处理开发中基于ML的自动化的全面概述。一方面，生物技术和生物工程社区应意识到现有ML解决方案在生物技术和生物制药中的应用的限制。另一方面，必须确定缺失的链接，以使ML和人工智能（AI）解决方案轻松实施在有价值的生物社区解决方案中。我们总结了几个重要的生物处理系统的ML实施，并提出了两个至关重要的挑战，这些挑战仍然是生物技术自动化的瓶颈，并减少了生物技术开发的不确定性。没有一个合适的程序；但是，这项综述应有助于确定结合生物技术和ML领域的潜在自动化。