本文重点介绍了用神经网络检测分配（OOD）样本的问题。在图像识别任务，训练过的分类往往给人高置信度的远离中分布（ID）数据输入图像，这大大限制了它在现实世界中的应用。为了减轻这个问题，我们提出了一个基于GaN的边界意识分类器（GBAC），用于生成仅包含大多数ID数据的关闭超空间。我们的方法基于传统的神经网分离特征空间作为几个不适合于ood检测的未闭合区域。与GBAC作为辅助模块，封闭的超空间分布以外的OOD数据将具有低得多的分数被分配，允许更有效的检测OOD同时维持分级性能。此外，我们提出了一种快速采样方法，用于产生躺在预先提及的闭合空间的边界上的硬度陈述。在几个数据集和神经网络架构上采取的实验承诺GBAC的有效性。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Network pruning is a promising way to generate light but accurate models and enable their deployment on resource-limited edge devices. However, the current state-of-the-art assumes that the effective sub-network and the other superfluous parameters in the given network share the same distribution, where pruning inevitably involves a distribution truncation operation. They usually eliminate values near zero. While simple, it may not be the most appropriate method, as effective models may naturally have many small values associated with them. Removing near-zero values already embedded in model space may significantly reduce model accuracy. Another line of work has proposed to assign discrete prior over all possible sub-structures that still rely on human-crafted prior hypotheses. Worse still, existing methods use regularized point estimates, namely Hard Pruning, that can not provide error estimations and fail reliability justification for the pruned networks. In this paper, we propose a novel distribution-lossless pruning method, named DLLP, to theoretically find the pruned lottery within Bayesian treatment. Specifically, DLLP remodels the vanilla networks as discrete priors for the latent pruned model and the other redundancy. More importantly, DLLP uses Stein Variational Inference to approach the latent prior and effectively bypasses calculating KL divergence with unknown distribution. Extensive experiments based on small Cifar-10 and large-scaled ImageNet demonstrate that our method can obtain sparser networks with great generalization performance while providing quantified reliability for the pruned model.

Deep learning has achieved notable success in 3D object detection with the advent of large-scale point cloud datasets. However, severe performance degradation in the past trained classes, i.e., catastrophic forgetting, still remains a critical issue for real-world deployment when the number of classes is unknown or may vary. Moreover, existing 3D class-incremental detection methods are developed for the single-domain scenario, which fail when encountering domain shift caused by different datasets, varying environments, etc. In this paper, we identify the unexplored yet valuable scenario, i.e., class-incremental learning under domain shift, and propose a novel 3D domain adaptive class-incremental object detection framework, DA-CIL, in which we design a novel dual-domain copy-paste augmentation method to construct multiple augmented domains for diversifying training distributions, thereby facilitating gradual domain adaptation. Then, multi-level consistency is explored to facilitate dual-teacher knowledge distillation from different domains for domain adaptive class-incremental learning. Extensive experiments on various datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method over baselines in the domain adaptive class-incremental learning scenario.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

Transformer-based models, capable of learning better global dependencies, have recently demonstrated exceptional representation learning capabilities in computer vision and medical image analysis. Transformer reformats the image into separate patches and realize global communication via the self-attention mechanism. However, positional information between patches is hard to preserve in such 1D sequences, and loss of it can lead to sub-optimal performance when dealing with large amounts of heterogeneous tissues of various sizes in 3D medical image segmentation. Additionally, current methods are not robust and efficient for heavy-duty medical segmentation tasks such as predicting a large number of tissue classes or modeling globally inter-connected tissues structures. Inspired by the nested hierarchical structures in vision transformer, we proposed a novel 3D medical image segmentation method (UNesT), employing a simplified and faster-converging transformer encoder design that achieves local communication among spatially adjacent patch sequences by aggregating them hierarchically. We extensively validate our method on multiple challenging datasets, consisting anatomies of 133 structures in brain, 14 organs in abdomen, 4 hierarchical components in kidney, and inter-connected kidney tumors). We show that UNesT consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance and evaluate its generalizability and data efficiency. Particularly, the model achieves whole brain segmentation task complete ROI with 133 tissue classes in single network, outperforms prior state-of-the-art method SLANT27 ensembled with 27 network tiles, our model performance increases the mean DSC score of the publicly available Colin and CANDI dataset from 0.7264 to 0.7444 and from 0.6968 to 0.7025, respectively.

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

动作识别是人工智能的激动人心的研究途径，因为它可能是新兴工业领域（例如机器人视觉和汽车）的游戏规则。但是，由于巨大的计算成本和效率低下的学习，当前的深度学习面临着此类应用的主要挑战。因此，我们开发了一种新型的基于脑启发的尖峰神经网络（SNN）的系统，标题为用于在线动作学习的尖峰门控流（SGF）。开发的系统由多个以分层方式组装的SGF单元组成。单个SGF单元涉及三层：特征提取层，事件驱动的层和基于直方图的训练层。为了展示开发的系统功能，我们采用标准的动态视觉传感器（DVS）手势分类作为基准。结果表明，我们可以达到87.5％的精度，这与深度学习（DL）相当，但在较小的培训/推理数据编号比率为1.5：1。在学习过程中，只需要一个单个培训时代。同时，据我们所知，这是基于非回复算法的SNN中最高准确性。最后，我们结论了开发网络的几乎没有的学习范式：1）基于层次结构的网络设计涉及人类的先验知识； 2）用于基于内容的全局动态特征检测的SNN。

ALPA通过生成统一数据，操作员和管道并行性的执行计划来自动对大型深度学习（DL）模型的模型平行训练。现有的模型并行训练系统要求用户手动创建并行化计划，或者自动从有限的模型并行性配置中生成一个计划。它们不足以在分布式计算设备上扩展复杂的DL模型。 ALPA通过将并行性视为两个层次级别来分配大型DL模型的训练：操作员和操作员并行性。基于它，ALPA构建了一个新的分层空间，用于大规模的模型并行执行计划。 ALPA设计了许多汇编，以在每个并行性级别自动得出有效的并行执行计划。 ALPA实现了有效的运行时，以在分布式计算设备上协调两级并行执行。我们的评估表明，ALPA生成的并行化计划，即使在其设计的型号上，也可以匹配或超过手动模型并联训练系统。与专业系统不同，ALPA还推广到具有异质体系结构和模型的模型，而没有手动设计的计划。 ALPA的源代码可在https://github.com/alpa-projects/alpa上公开获得

事物互联网的蓬勃发展使得能够将其计算和存储能力扩展到计算空中系统中的任务，其中云和边缘协作，特别是对于基于深度学习（DL）的人工智能（AI）任务。收集大量图像/视频数据，无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）由于其存储和计算能力有限，只能将智能分析任务切换到后端移动边缘计算（MEC）服务器。如何有效地传输AI模型的最相关信息是一个具有挑战性的主题。灵感来自近年来的任务型沟通，我们提出了一个新的空中图像传输范例，用于场景分类任务。在前端UAV上开发了轻量级模型，用于语义块传输，具有对图像和信道条件的看法。为了实现传输延迟和分类准确性之间的权衡，深增强学习（DRL）用于探索在各种信道条件下对后端分类器具有最佳贡献的语义块。实验结果表明，与固定传输策略和传统的内容感知方法相比，该方法可以显着提高分类准确性。