我们研究了线性上下文的匪徒问题，其中代理必须从池中选择一个候选者，每个候选者属于敏感组。在这种情况下，候选人的奖励可能无法直接可比，例如，当代理人是雇主雇用来自不同种族的候选人时，由于歧视性偏见和/或社会不公正，有些群体的奖励较低。我们提出了一个公平的概念，该概念指出，当代理人选择一个相对排名最高的候选人时，它是公平的，这可以衡量与同一组的候选人相比，奖励的良好程度。这是一个非常强烈的公平概念，因为代理没有直接观察到相对等级，而取决于基本的奖励模型和奖励的分布。因此，我们研究了学习政策的问题，该策略在背景之间是独立的，而每个小组之间的奖励分配是绝对连续的。特别是，我们设计了一个贪婪的策略，在每个回合中，从观察到的上下文奖励对构建了脊回归估计器，然后使用经验累积分布函数计算每个候选者的相对等级的估计值。我们证明，贪婪的策略在$ t $ rounds之后达到了日志因素，并且以高概率为止，订单$ \ sqrt {dt} $的合理伪regret，其中$ d $是上下文矢量的尺寸。 The policy also satisfies demographic parity at each round when averaged over all possible information available before the selection.我们最终通过概念模拟证明，我们的政策在实践中也可以实现次线性公平伪rebret。

我们分析了一类养生问题，其中高级问题在于平滑的目标函数的最小化和下层问题是找到平滑收缩图的固定点。这种类型的问题包括元学习，平衡模型，超参数优化和数据中毒对抗性攻击的实例。最近的几项作品提出了算法，这些算法温暖了较低级别的问题，即他们使用先前的下级近似解决方案作为低级求解器的凝视点。这种温暖的启动程序使人们可以在随机和确定性设置中提高样品复杂性，在某些情况下可以实现订单的最佳样品复杂性。但是，存在一些情况，例如元学习和平衡模型，其中温暖的启动程序不适合或无效。在这项工作中，我们表明没有温暖的启动，仍然可以实现订单的最佳或近乎最佳的样品复杂性。特别是，我们提出了一种简单的方法，该方法在下层下使用随机固定点迭代，并在上层处预测不精确的梯度下降，该梯度下降到达$ \ epsilon $ -Stationary Point，使用$ O（\ Epsilon^{-2） }）$和$ \ tilde {o}（\ epsilon^{ - 1}）$样本分别用于随机和确定性设置。最后，与使用温暖启动的方法相比，我们的方法产生了更简单的分析，不需要研究上层和下层迭代之间的耦合相互作用

虽然古典时间系列预测被隔离考虑个人时间序列，但基于深度学习的最近进步表明，从大型相关时间序列中共同学习可以提高预测精度。然而，与古典预测方法相比，这些方法的准确性大大限制了它们的适用性，这是极大的。为了弥合这一差距，我们采用了一个时间序列预测问题的元学习视图。我们介绍了一种新的预测方法，称为Meta全球 - 本地自动回归（Meta-Glar），通过从经常性神经网络（RNN）产生的映射到一个 - 前方预测。至关重要的是，RNN的参数在多个时间序列中学习通过闭合形式适配机制来抛弃多个时间序列。在我们广泛的实证评估中，我们表明，我们的方法与先前工作中报告的样本超出预测精度有竞争力。

We introduce a framework based on bilevel programming that unifies gradient-based hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. We show that an approximate version of the bilevel problem can be solved by taking into explicit account the optimization dynamics for the inner objective. Depending on the specific setting, the outer variables take either the meaning of hyperparameters in a supervised learning problem or parameters of a meta-learner. We provide sufficient conditions under which solutions of the approximate problem converge to those of the exact problem. We instantiate our approach for meta-learning in the case of deep learning where representation layers are treated as hyperparameters shared across a set of training episodes. In experiments, we confirm our theoretical findings, present encouraging results for few-shot learning and contrast the bilevel approach against classical approaches for learning-to-learn.

In the era of digital healthcare, the huge volumes of textual information generated every day in hospitals constitute an essential but underused asset that could be exploited with task-specific, fine-tuned biomedical language representation models, improving patient care and management. For such specialized domains, previous research has shown that fine-tuning models stemming from broad-coverage checkpoints can largely benefit additional training rounds over large-scale in-domain resources. However, these resources are often unreachable for less-resourced languages like Italian, preventing local medical institutions to employ in-domain adaptation. In order to reduce this gap, our work investigates two accessible approaches to derive biomedical language models in languages other than English, taking Italian as a concrete use-case: one based on neural machine translation of English resources, favoring quantity over quality; the other based on a high-grade, narrow-scoped corpus natively written in Italian, thus preferring quality over quantity. Our study shows that data quantity is a harder constraint than data quality for biomedical adaptation, but the concatenation of high-quality data can improve model performance even when dealing with relatively size-limited corpora. The models published from our investigations have the potential to unlock important research opportunities for Italian hospitals and academia. Finally, the set of lessons learned from the study constitutes valuable insights towards a solution to build biomedical language models that are generalizable to other less-resourced languages and different domain settings.

Quantum computing is a promising paradigm based on quantum theory for performing fast computations. Quantum algorithms are expected to surpass their classical counterparts in terms of computational complexity for certain tasks, including machine learning. In this paper, we design, implement, and evaluate three hybrid quantum k-Means algorithms, exploiting different degree of parallelism. Indeed, each algorithm incrementally leverages quantum parallelism to reduce the complexity of the cluster assignment step up to a constant cost. In particular, we exploit quantum phenomena to speed up the computation of distances. The core idea is that the computation of distances between records and centroids can be executed simultaneously, thus saving time, especially for big datasets. We show that our hybrid quantum k-Means algorithms can be more efficient than the classical version, still obtaining comparable clustering results.

Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. In the current context where online platforms have been effectively weaponized in a variety of geo-political events and social issues, Internet memes make fair content moderation at scale even more difficult. Existing work on meme classification and tracking has focused on black-box methods that do not explicitly consider the semantics of the memes or the context of their creation. In this paper, we pursue a modular and explainable architecture for Internet meme understanding. We design and implement multimodal classification methods that perform example- and prototype-based reasoning over training cases, while leveraging both textual and visual SOTA models to represent the individual cases. We study the relevance of our modular and explainable models in detecting harmful memes on two existing tasks: Hate Speech Detection and Misogyny Classification. We compare the performance between example- and prototype-based methods, and between text, vision, and multimodal models, across different categories of harmfulness (e.g., stereotype and objectification). We devise a user-friendly interface that facilitates the comparative analysis of examples retrieved by all of our models for any given meme, informing the community about the strengths and limitations of these explainable methods.

A significant drawback of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches is the assumption of feature independence. This paper focuses on integrating causal knowledge in XAI methods to increase trust and help users assess explanations' quality. We propose a novel extension to a widely used local and model-agnostic explainer that explicitly encodes causal relationships in the data generated around the input instance to explain. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves superior performance comparing the initial one for both the fidelity in mimicking the black-box and the stability of the explanations.

Localization of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) relies heavily on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), which are susceptible to interference. Especially in security applications, robust localization algorithms independent of GNSS are needed to provide dependable operations of autonomous UAVs also in interfered conditions. Typical non-GNSS visual localization approaches rely on known starting pose, work only on a small-sized map, or require known flight paths before a mission starts. We consider the problem of localization with no information on initial pose or planned flight path. We propose a solution for global visual localization on a map at scale up to 100 km2, based on matching orthoprojected UAV images to satellite imagery using learned season-invariant descriptors. We show that the method is able to determine heading, latitude and longitude of the UAV at 12.6-18.7 m lateral translation error in as few as 23.2-44.4 updates from an uninformed initialization, also in situations of significant seasonal appearance difference (winter-summer) between the UAV image and the map. We evaluate the characteristics of multiple neural network architectures for generating the descriptors, and likelihood estimation methods that are able to provide fast convergence and low localization error. We also evaluate the operation of the algorithm using real UAV data and evaluate running time on a real-time embedded platform. We believe this is the first work that is able to recover the pose of an UAV at this scale and rate of convergence, while allowing significant seasonal difference between camera observations and map.

In this new computing paradigm, named quantum computing, researchers from all over the world are taking their first steps in designing quantum circuits for image processing, through a difficult process of knowledge transfer. This effort is named Quantum Image Processing, an emerging research field pushed by powerful parallel computing capabilities of quantum computers. This work goes in this direction and proposes the challenging development of a powerful method of image denoising, such as the Total Variation (TV) model, in a quantum environment. The proposed Quantum TV is described and its sub-components are analysed. Despite the natural limitations of the current capabilities of quantum devices, the experimental results show a competitive denoising performance compared to the classical variational TV counterpart.