蜂窝提供商和数据聚合公司从用户设备中占群体的Celluar信号强度测量以生成信号映射，可用于提高网络性能。认识到这种数据收集可能与越来越多的隐私问题的认识可能存在赔率，我们考虑在数据离开移动设备之前混淆这些数据。目标是提高隐私，使得难以从混淆的数据（例如用户ID和用户行踪）中恢复敏感功能，同时仍然允许网络提供商使用用于改进网络服务的数据（即创建准确的信号映射）。要检查本隐私实用程序权衡，我们识别适用于信号强度测量的隐私和公用事业度量和威胁模型。然后，我们使用几种卓越的技术，跨越差异隐私，生成的对抗性隐私和信息隐私技术进行了衡量测量，以便基准，以基准获得各种有前景的混淆方法，并为真实世界的工程师提供指导，这些工程师是负责构建信号映射的现实工程师在不伤害效用的情况下保护隐私。我们的评估结果基于多个不同的现实世界信号映射数据集，展示了同时实现了充足的隐私和实用程序的可行性，并使用了使用该结构和预期使用数据集的策略以及目标平均案例的策略，而不是最坏的情况，保证。

我们设计可扩展的算法，以私下生成从数百万用户设备的分散数据的位置热量。它旨在确保在服务提供商对服务提供商可见之前的差异隐私，同时保持高数据准确性和最小化用户设备的资源消耗。为实现这一目标，我们根据安全多方计算领域的最新结果重新审视分布式差异隐私概念，并设计用于位置分析的可扩展和自适应分布式差分隐私方法。关于公共位置数据集的评估表明，该方法成功地从数百万用户样本中成功地生成了大量的客户样本，最坏的客户端通信开销明显小于现有的类似准确性的现有最先进的私有协议。

虽然最近的作品表明，联邦学习（FL）可能易受受损客户的袭击攻击，但它们对生产流系统的实际影响尚未完全理解。在这项工作中，我们的目标是通过枚举所有可能的威胁模型，中毒变化和对手的能力来制定综合系统化。我们专注于我们对未明确的中毒攻击，正如我们认为它们与生产流动部署有关。我们通过仔细表征现实威胁模型和对抗性能力，对实际生产的流动环境下无明显中毒攻击的关键分析。我们的研究结果令人惊讶：与既定信念相反，我们表明，即使使用简单，低成本的防御，我们也会在实践中非常强大。我们进一步进一步提出了新颖的，最先进的数据和模型中毒攻击，并通过三个基准数据集进行了广泛的实验，如何（在）有效中毒攻击在存在简单的防御机制中。我们的目标是纠正以前的误解，并提供关于对本主题更准确的（更现实）的研究的具体指导。

我们考虑使用迷你批量梯度进行差异隐私（DP）的培训模型。现有的最先进的差异私有随机梯度下降（DP-SGD）需要通过采样或洗机来获得最佳隐私/准确性/计算权衡的隐私放大。不幸的是，在重要的实际情况下，精确采样和洗牌的精确要求可能很难获得，特别是联邦学习（FL）。我们设计和分析跟随 - 正规的领导者（DP-FTRL）的DP变体，其比较（理论上和经验地）与放大的DP-SGD相比，同时允许更灵活的数据访问模式。DP-FTRL不使用任何形式的隐私放大。该代码可在https://github.com/google-Research/federated/tree/master/dp_ftrl和https://github.com/google-reesearch/dp-ftrl处获得。

我们考虑对跨用户设备分发的私人数据培训模型。为了确保隐私，我们添加了设备的噪声并使用安全的聚合，以便仅向服务器揭示嘈杂的总和。我们提出了一个综合的端到端系统，该系统适当地离散数据并在执行安全聚合之前添加离散的高斯噪声。我们为离散高斯人的总和提供了新的隐私分析，并仔细分析了数据量化和模块化求和算术的影响。我们的理论保证突出了沟通，隐私和准确性之间的复杂张力。我们广泛的实验结果表明，我们的解决方案基本上能够将准确性与中央差分隐私相匹配，而每个值的精度少于16位。

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning setting where many clients (e.g. mobile devices or whole organizations) collaboratively train a model under the orchestration of a central server (e.g. service provider), while keeping the training data decentralized. FL embodies the principles of focused data collection and minimization, and can mitigate many of the systemic privacy risks and costs resulting from traditional, centralized machine learning and data science approaches. Motivated by the explosive growth in FL research, this paper discusses recent advances and presents an extensive collection of open problems and challenges.

We introduce a tunable loss function called $\alpha$-loss, parameterized by $\alpha \in (0,\infty]$, which interpolates between the exponential loss ($\alpha = 1/2$), the log-loss ($\alpha = 1$), and the 0-1 loss ($\alpha = \infty$), for the machine learning setting of classification. Theoretically, we illustrate a fundamental connection between $\alpha$-loss and Arimoto conditional entropy, verify the classification-calibration of $\alpha$-loss in order to demonstrate asymptotic optimality via Rademacher complexity generalization techniques, and build-upon a notion called strictly local quasi-convexity in order to quantitatively characterize the optimization landscape of $\alpha$-loss. Practically, we perform class imbalance, robustness, and classification experiments on benchmark image datasets using convolutional-neural-networks. Our main practical conclusion is that certain tasks may benefit from tuning $\alpha$-loss away from log-loss ($\alpha = 1$), and to this end we provide simple heuristics for the practitioner. In particular, navigating the $\alpha$ hyperparameter can readily provide superior model robustness to label flips ($\alpha > 1$) and sensitivity to imbalanced classes ($\alpha < 1$).

Supervised Question Answering systems (QA systems) rely on domain-specific human-labeled data for training. Unsupervised QA systems generate their own question-answer training pairs, typically using secondary knowledge sources to achieve this outcome. Our approach (called PIE-QG) uses Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) to generate synthetic training questions from paraphrased passages and uses the question-answer pairs as training data for a language model for a state-of-the-art QA system based on BERT. Triples in the form of <subject, predicate, object> are extracted from each passage, and questions are formed with subjects (or objects) and predicates while objects (or subjects) are considered as answers. Experimenting on five extractive QA datasets demonstrates that our technique achieves on-par performance with existing state-of-the-art QA systems with the benefit of being trained on an order of magnitude fewer documents and without any recourse to external reference data sources.

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by collaborative filtering, we define a general class of models that includes many MIRT models. We discuss the use of penalized joint maximum likelihood (JML) to estimate individual models and cross-validation to select the best performing model. This model evaluation process can be optimized using batching techniques, such that even sparse large-scale data can be analyzed efficiently. We illustrate our approach with simulated and real data, including an example from a massive open online course (MOOC). The high-dimensional model fit to this large and sparse dataset does not lend itself well to traditional methods of factor interpretation. By analogy to recommender-system applications, we propose an alternative "validation" of the factor model, using auxiliary information about the popularity of items consulted during an open-book exam in the course.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.