已经表明，可以使用具有合适的数据访问的经典算法有效地复制一些量子机器学习算法的表观优点 - 一种称为渐变化的过程。现有的追逐工作的工作比较量子算法占据N-qubit Quantum State $ | x \ rangle = \ sum_ {i} x_i | i \ rangle $的副本到具有样本和查询（Sq）访问的经典算法矢量$ x $。在本说明中，我们证明了具有SQ访问的经典算法可以比量子状态输入的量子算法呈指数级速率地实现一些学习任务。因为经典算法是量子算法的子集，所以这表明SQ接入有时可以比量子状态输入更强大。我们的研究结果表明，在某些学习任务中没有指数量子优势可能是由于相对于量子状态输入的SQ访问过于强大。如果我们将量子算法与量子状态的输入进行比较到具有对量子状态上的测量数据的经典算法，则量子优势的景观可以显着不同。

量子技术有可能彻底改变我们如何获取和处理实验数据以了解物理世界。一种实验设置，将来自物理系统的数据转换为稳定的量子存储器，以及使用量子计算机的数据的处理可以具有显着的优点，这些实验可以具有测量物理系统的传统实验，并且使用经典计算机处理结果。我们证明，在各种任务中，量子机器可以从指数较少的实验中学习而不是传统实验所需的实验。指数优势在预测物理系统的预测属性中，对噪声状态进行量子主成分分析，以及学习物理动态的近似模型。在一些任务中，实现指数优势所需的量子处理可能是适度的;例如，可以通过仅处理系统的两个副本来同时了解许多非信息可观察。我们表明，可以使用当今相对嘈杂的量子处理器实现大量超导QUBITS和1300个量子门的实验。我们的结果突出了量子技术如何能够实现强大的新策略来了解自然。

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.

在许多行业中，客户流失预测是一项宝贵的任务。在电信中，鉴于数据的高维度以及确定潜在的挫败感签名是多么困难，这可能代表了关于未来流失行为的重要驱动因素。在这里，我们提出了一个新颖的贝叶斯分层联合模型，该模型能够根据不同电视观看旅程中发生的事件以及事件之间需要多长时间来表征客户资料。该模型大幅度地将数据的维度从每个客户的数千个观察值降低到11个客户级参数估计和随机效果。我们使用来自40个BT客户（有20名活跃和20名最终取消订阅的20人）的数据测试我们的方法，他们的电视观看行为是从2019年10月到2019年12月的，总计约为半百万。使用贝叶斯分层模型的参数估计和随机效应采用不同的机器学习技术，作为在验证中与100 \％真实的正率和14 \％的假正率相关的最高92 \％精度可预测流失的精度放。我们提出的方法是降低数据维度的有效方法，同时保持了高描述性和预测能力。我们提供代码以在https://github.com/rafamoral/profiling_tv_watching_behaviour上实现贝叶斯模型。

Array programming provides a powerful, compact, expressive syntax for accessing, manipulating, and operating on data in vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays [1]. NumPy is the primary array programming library for the Python language [2,3,4,5]. It plays an essential role in research analysis pipelines in fields as diverse as physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology, psychology, material science, engineering, finance, and economics. For example, in astronomy, NumPy was an important part of the software stack used in the discovery of gravitational waves [6] and the first imaging of a black hole [7].Here we show how a few fundamental array concepts lead to a simple and powerful programming paradigm for organizing, exploring, and analyzing scientific data. NumPy is the foundation upon which the entire scientific Python universe is constructed. It is so pervasive that several projects, targeting audiences with specialized needs, have developed their own NumPy-like interfaces and array objects. Because of its central position in the ecosystem, NumPy increasingly plays the role of an interoperability layer between these new array computation libraries.

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

We consider infinite horizon Markov decision processes (MDPs) with fast-slow structure, meaning that certain parts of the state space move "fast" (and in a sense, are more influential) while other parts transition more "slowly." Such structure is common in real-world problems where sequential decisions need to be made at high frequencies, yet information that varies at a slower timescale also influences the optimal policy. Examples include: (1) service allocation for a multi-class queue with (slowly varying) stochastic costs, (2) a restless multi-armed bandit with an environmental state, and (3) energy demand response, where both day-ahead and real-time prices play a role in the firm's revenue. Models that fully capture these problems often result in MDPs with large state spaces and large effective time horizons (due to frequent decisions), rendering them computationally intractable. We propose an approximate dynamic programming algorithmic framework based on the idea of "freezing" the slow states, solving a set of simpler finite-horizon MDPs (the lower-level MDPs), and applying value iteration (VI) to an auxiliary MDP that transitions on a slower timescale (the upper-level MDP). We also extend the technique to a function approximation setting, where a feature-based linear architecture is used. On the theoretical side, we analyze the regret incurred by each variant of our frozen-state approach. Finally, we give empirical evidence that the frozen-state approach generates effective policies using just a fraction of the computational cost, while illustrating that simply omitting slow states from the decision modeling is often not a viable heuristic.

While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.