病理学家拥有丰富的词汇，他们可以描述细胞形态的所有细微差别。在他们的世界中，图像和单词都有自然的配对。最近的进步表明，现在可以对机器学习模型进行培训，以学习高质量的图像功能并将其表示为离散信息。这使得自然语言（也是离散的语言）可以与成像旁边共同建模，从而描述了成像内容。在这里，我们介绍了将离散建模技术应用于非黑色素瘤皮肤癌的问题结构域，特别是eme骨内癌（IEC）的组织学图像。通过实施IEC图像的高分辨率（256x256）图像的VQ-GAN模型，我们训练了序列到序列变压器，以使用病理学家术语来生成自然语言描述。结合使用连续生成方法获得的交互式概念矢量的概念，我们展示了一个额外的解释性角度。结果是为高度表达的机器学习系统而努力的一种有希望的方法，不仅可以用作预测/分类工具，而且还意味着要进一步了解我们对疾病的科学理解。

Purpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) in automated knee osteoarthritis (OA) phenotype classification using a small dataset (n=50). Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, we collected 3,166 three-dimensional (3D) double-echo steady-state magnetic resonance (MR) images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset and 50 3D turbo/fast spin-echo MR images from our institute (in 2020 and 2021) as the source and target datasets, respectively. For each patient, the degree of knee OA was initially graded according to the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) before being converted to binary OA phenotype labels. The proposed UDA pipeline included (a) pre-processing, which involved automatic segmentation and region-of-interest cropping; (b) source classifier training, which involved pre-training phenotype classifiers on the source dataset; (c) target encoder adaptation, which involved unsupervised adaption of the source encoder to the target encoder and (d) target classifier validation, which involved statistical analysis of the target classification performance evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Additionally, a classifier was trained without UDA for comparison. Results: The target classifier trained with UDA achieved improved AUROC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for both knee OA phenotypes compared with the classifier trained without UDA. Conclusion: The proposed UDA approach improves the performance of automated knee OA phenotype classification for small target datasets by utilising a large, high-quality source dataset for training. The results successfully demonstrated the advantages of the UDA approach in classification on small datasets.

通用数据模型解决了标准化电子健康记录（EHR）数据的许多挑战，但无法将其集成深度表型所需的资源。开放的生物学和生物医学本体论（OBO）铸造本体论提供了可用于生物学知识的语义计算表示，并能够整合多种生物医学数据。但是，将EHR数据映射到OBO Foundry本体论需要大量的手动策展和域专业知识。我们介绍了一个框架，用于将观察性医学成果合作伙伴关系（OMOP）标准词汇介绍给OBO铸造本体。使用此框架，我们制作了92,367条条件，8,615种药物成分和10,673个测量结果的映射。域专家验证了映射准确性，并且在24家医院进行检查时，映射覆盖了99％的条件和药物成分和68％的测量结果。最后，我们证明OMOP2OBO映射可以帮助系统地识别可能受益于基因检测的未诊断罕见病患者。

现实世界的顺序决策需要数据驱动的算法，这些算法在整个培训中为性能提供实际保证，同时还可以有效利用数据。无模型的深入强化学习代表了此类数据驱动决策的框架，但是现有算法通常只关注其中一个目标，同时牺牲了相对于另一个目标。政策算法确保整个培训的政策改进，但遭受了较高的样本复杂性，而政策算法则可以通过样本重用，但缺乏理论保证来有效利用数据。为了平衡这些竞争目标，我们开发了一系列广义政策改进算法，这些算法结合了政策改进的政策保证和理论支持的样本重用的效率。我们通过对DeepMind Control Suite的各种连续控制任务进行广泛的实验分析来证明这种新算法的好处。

部署在医学成像任务上的机器学习模型必须配备分布外检测功能，以避免错误的预测。不确定依赖于深神经网络的分布外检测模型是否适合检测医学成像中的域移位。高斯流程可以通过其数学结构可靠地与分布数据点可靠地分开分发数据点。因此，我们为分层卷积高斯工艺提出了一个参数有效的贝叶斯层，该过程融合了在Wasserstein-2空间中运行的高斯过程，以可靠地传播不确定性。这直接用远距离的仿射操作员在分布中直接取代了高斯流程。我们对脑组织分割的实验表明，所得的架构接近了确定性分割算法（U-NET）的性能，而先前的层次高斯过程尚未实现。此外，通过将相同的分割模型应用于分布外数据（即具有病理学（例如脑肿瘤）的图像），我们表明我们的不确定性估计导致分布外检测，以优于以前的贝叶斯网络和以前的贝叶斯网络的功能基于重建的方法学习规范分布。为了促进未来的工作，我们的代码公开可用。

由于存在浓烟或阴霾，从室外视觉环境收集的图像通常会降解。在这些退化的视觉环境（DVE）中，在场景理解中进行研究的关键挑战是缺乏代表性的基准数据集。这些数据集需要评估降级设置中的最新对象识别和其他计算机视觉算法。在本文中，我们通过引入带有朦胧和无雾图像的第一个配对的真实图像基准数据集以及原位的雾化密度测量来解决其中的一些限制。该数据集是在受控的环境中生产的，其专业烟雾产生机器覆盖了整个场景，并由从无人机（UAV）（UAV）和无人接地车（UGV）的角度捕获的图像组成。我们还评估了一组代表性的最先进的飞行方法以及数据集中的对象探测器。本文介绍的完整数据集，包括地面真相对象分类框和雾密度测量值，为社区提供了以下网址评估其算法的信息：https：//a2i2-archangel.vision。该数据集的一个子集已用于在CVPR UG2 2022挑战的雾痕中进行对象检测。

生成的对抗网络（GANS）是在图像生成中最先进的驱动力。尽管他们能够合成高分辨率的照片真实图像，但在不同粒度的按需调节产生内容仍然是一个挑战。这一挑战通常是通过利用兴趣属性的大规模数据集，这是一个并不总是可行的选项的艰巨任务。因此，将控制进入无监督的生成模型的生成过程至关重要。在这项工作中，我们通过利用以无监督的时尚训练良好的GAN来专注于可控制的图像。为此，我们发现发电机的中间层的表示空间形成多个集群，该集群将数据分离为根据语义​​有意义的属性（例如，头发颜色和姿势）。通过在群集分配上调节，所提出的方法能够控制生成图像的语义类。我们的方法使通过隐式最大似然估计（IMLE）从每个集群中采样。我们使用不同的预先培训的生成模型展示我们对面孔（Celeba-HQ和FFHQ），动物（Imagenet）和物体（LSUN）的效果。结果突出了我们在面孔上像性，姿势和发型等属性的条件图像生成的能力，以及不同对象类别的各种功能。

Designing experiments often requires balancing between learning about the true treatment effects and earning from allocating more samples to the superior treatment. While optimal algorithms for the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem (MABP) provide allocation policies that optimally balance learning and earning, they tend to be computationally expensive. The Gittins Index (GI) is a solution to the MABP that can simultaneously attain optimality and computationally efficiency goals, and it has been recently used in experiments with Bernoulli and Gaussian rewards. For the first time, we present a modification of the GI rule that can be used in experiments with exponentially-distributed rewards. We report its performance in simulated 2- armed and 3-armed experiments. Compared to traditional non-adaptive designs, our novel GI modified design shows operating characteristics comparable in learning (e.g. statistical power) but substantially better in earning (e.g. direct benefits). This illustrates the potential that designs using a GI approach to allocate participants have to improve participant benefits, increase efficiencies, and reduce experimental costs in adaptive multi-armed experiments with exponential rewards.

While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.