经典算法和机器学习系统（如神经网络）在日常生活中都很丰富。虽然经典的计算机科学算法适合精确执行精确定义的任务，例如在大图中找到最短路径，但神经网络允许从数据中学习来预测更为复杂的任务中最可能的答案，例如图像分类，无法减少。到确切的算法。为了获得两全其美，本文探讨了将这两个概念结合起来，从而导致更健壮，表现更好，更容易解释，计算效率更高，并且具有更高的数据有效体系结构。该论文正式化了算法监督的想法，该算法可以使神经网络与算法一起学习或结合学习。当将算法集成到神经体系结构中时，重要的是，算法是可区分的，因此可以端对端训练架构，并且可以以有意义的方式通过算法传播梯度。为了使算法可区分，本文提出了一种通过扰动变量并以封闭形式的期望值（即无需采样）近似期望值来连续放松算法的通用方法。此外，本文提出了可区分的算法，例如可区分的排序网络，可区分的渲染器和可区分的逻辑门网络。最后，本文提出了使用算法学习的替代培训策略。

TOP-K分类精度是机器学习中的核心指标之一。在这里，K是常规的积极整数，例如1或5，导致TOP-1或前5名培训目标。在这项工作中，我们放宽了此假设并同时优化多个k的模型，而不是使用单个k。利用最新的可区分分类和排名进步，我们提出了可区分的TOP-K跨膜片分类损失。这允许训练网络，同时不仅考虑了TOP-1预测，还可以考虑TOP-2和TOP-5预测。我们评估了针对最先进架构的微调以及从头开始培训的拟议损失功能。我们发现，放松K不仅会产生更好的前5个精度，还可以改善前1个精度。当微调公开可用的成像网模型时，我们为这些模型实现了新的最新技术。

自动生物医学图像分析的领域至关重要地取决于算法验证的可靠和有意义的性能指标。但是，当前的度量使用通常是不明智的，并且不能反映基本的域名。在这里，我们提出了一个全面的框架，该框架指导研究人员以问题意识的方式选择绩效指标。具体而言，我们专注于生物医学图像分析问题，这些问题可以解释为图像，对象或像素级别的分类任务。该框架首先编译域兴趣 - 目标结构 - ，数据集和算法与输出问题相关的属性的属性与问题指纹相关，同时还将其映射到适当的问题类别，即图像级分类，语义分段，实例，实例细分或对象检测。然后，它指导用户选择和应用一组适当的验证指标的过程，同时使他们意识到与个人选择相关的潜在陷阱。在本文中，我们描述了指标重新加载推荐框架的当前状态，目的是从图像分析社区获得建设性的反馈。当前版本是在由60多个图像分析专家的国际联盟中开发的，将在社区驱动的优化之后公开作为用户友好的工具包提供。

我们在决策边界是一定规律的假设下，研究从无噪声训练样本的学习分类功能的问题。我们为这一估计问题建立了普遍的下限，对于连续决策边界的一般阶级。对于本地禁区的类别，我们发现最佳估计率基本上独立于底层维度，并且可以通过在适当类的深神经网络上通过经验风险最小化方法实现。这些结果基于$ l ^ 1 $和$ l ^ \ infty $ intty $ inthty $ off的禁区常规职能的新颖估计数。

尽管自动图像分析的重要性不断增加，但最近的元研究揭示了有关算法验证的主要缺陷。性能指标对于使用的自动算法的有意义，客观和透明的性能评估和验证尤其是关键，但是在使用特定的指标进行给定的图像分析任务时，对实际陷阱的关注相对较少。这些通常与（1）无视固有的度量属性，例如在存在类不平衡或小目标结构的情况下的行为，（2）无视固有的数据集属性，例如测试的非独立性案例和（3）无视指标应反映的实际生物医学领域的兴趣。该动态文档的目的是说明图像分析领域通常应用的性能指标的重要局限性。在这种情况下，它重点介绍了可以用作图像级分类，语义分割，实例分割或对象检测任务的生物医学图像分析问题。当前版本是基于由全球60多家机构的国际图像分析专家进行的关于指标的Delphi流程。

We address the challenge of building domain-specific knowledge models for industrial use cases, where labelled data and taxonomic information is initially scarce. Our focus is on inductive link prediction models as a basis for practical tools that support knowledge engineers with exploring text collections and discovering and linking new (so-called open-world) entities to the knowledge graph. We argue that - though neural approaches to text mining have yielded impressive results in the past years - current benchmarks do not reflect the typical challenges encountered in the industrial wild properly. Therefore, our first contribution is an open benchmark coined IRT2 (inductive reasoning with text) that (1) covers knowledge graphs of varying sizes (including very small ones), (2) comes with incidental, low-quality text mentions, and (3) includes not only triple completion but also ranking, which is relevant for supporting experts with discovery tasks. We investigate two neural models for inductive link prediction, one based on end-to-end learning and one that learns from the knowledge graph and text data in separate steps. These models compete with a strong bag-of-words baseline. The results show a significant advance in performance for the neural approaches as soon as the available graph data decreases for linking. For ranking, the results are promising, and the neural approaches outperform the sparse retriever by a wide margin.

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Efficient surrogate modelling is a key requirement for uncertainty quantification in data-driven scenarios. In this work, a novel approach of using Sparse Random Features for surrogate modelling in combination with self-supervised dimensionality reduction is described. The method is compared to other methods on synthetic and real data obtained from crashworthiness analyses. The results show a superiority of the here described approach over state of the art surrogate modelling techniques, Polynomial Chaos Expansions and Neural Networks.

In recent years distributional reinforcement learning has produced many state of the art results. Increasingly sample efficient Distributional algorithms for the discrete action domain have been developed over time that vary primarily in the way they parameterize their approximations of value distributions, and how they quantify the differences between those distributions. In this work we transfer three of the most well-known and successful of those algorithms (QR-DQN, IQN and FQF) to the continuous action domain by extending two powerful actor-critic algorithms (TD3 and SAC) with distributional critics. We investigate whether the relative performance of the methods for the discrete action space translates to the continuous case. To that end we compare them empirically on the pybullet implementations of a set of continuous control tasks. Our results indicate qualitative invariance regarding the number and placement of distributional atoms in the deterministic, continuous action setting.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become commonplace to solve routine everyday tasks. Because of the exponential growth in medical imaging data volume and complexity, the workload on radiologists is steadily increasing. We project that the gap between the number of imaging exams and the number of expert radiologist readers required to cover this increase will continue to expand, consequently introducing a demand for AI-based tools that improve the efficiency with which radiologists can comfortably interpret these exams. AI has been shown to improve efficiency in medical-image generation, processing, and interpretation, and a variety of such AI models have been developed across research labs worldwide. However, very few of these, if any, find their way into routine clinical use, a discrepancy that reflects the divide between AI research and successful AI translation. To address the barrier to clinical deployment, we have formed MONAI Consortium, an open-source community which is building standards for AI deployment in healthcare institutions, and developing tools and infrastructure to facilitate their implementation. This report represents several years of weekly discussions and hands-on problem solving experience by groups of industry experts and clinicians in the MONAI Consortium. We identify barriers between AI-model development in research labs and subsequent clinical deployment and propose solutions. Our report provides guidance on processes which take an imaging AI model from development to clinical implementation in a healthcare institution. We discuss various AI integration points in a clinical Radiology workflow. We also present a taxonomy of Radiology AI use-cases. Through this report, we intend to educate the stakeholders in healthcare and AI (AI researchers, radiologists, imaging informaticists, and regulators) about cross-disciplinary challenges and possible solutions.