The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

我们提出了一种使用图像增强的自我监督训练方法，用于学习视图的视觉描述符。与通常需要复杂数据集的现有作品（例如注册的RGBD序列）不同，我们在无序的一组RGB图像上训练。这允许从单个相机视图（例如，在带有安装式摄像机的现有机器人单元格中学习）学习。我们使用数据增强创建合成视图和密集的像素对应关系。尽管数据记录和设置要求更简单，但我们发现我们的描述符与现有方法具有竞争力。我们表明，对合成对应的培训提供了各种相机视图的描述符的一致性。我们将训练与来自多种视图的几何对应关系进行比较，并提供消融研究。我们还使用从固定式摄像机中学到的描述符显示了一个机器人箱进行挑选实验，以定义掌握偏好。

我们为对密集物体网（DON）的稳健训练（DON）提出了一个框架，重点是多对象机器人操纵方案。 DON是一种获取密集的，视图的对象描述符的流行方法，可用于机器人操纵中的多种下游任务，例如，姿势估算，控制状态表示控制等。在唱歌对象上，在实例特定的多对象应用程序上的结果有限。此外，训练需要复杂的数据收集管道，包括每个对象的3D重建和掩盖注释。在本文中，我们通过简化的数据收集和培训制度进一步提高了DON的功效，从而始终如一地产生更高的精度，并能够对数据要求较少的关键点进行强有力的跟踪。特别是，我们专注于使用多对象数据而不是奇异的对象进行培训，并结合精心挑选的增强方案。我们还针对原始PixelWise配方提出了一种替代损失公式，该配方提供了更好的结果，并且对超参数较少敏感。最后，我们在现实世界的机器人抓握任务上展示了我们提出的框架的鲁棒性和准确性。

机器学习和认知科学的最新工作表明，了解因果信息对于智力的发展至关重要。使用``Blicket otter''环境的认知科学的广泛文献表明，孩子们擅长多种因果推理和学习。我们建议将该环境适应机器​​学习代理。当前机器学习算法的关键挑战之一是建模和理解因果关系：关于因果关系集的可转移抽象假设。相比之下，即使是幼儿也会自发学习和使用因果关系。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新的基准 - 一种灵活的环境，可以评估可变因果溢出物下的现有技术 - 并证明许多现有的最新方法在这种环境中概括了困难。该基准的代码和资源可在https://github.com/cannylab/casual_overhypothess上获得。

We present a machine-learning framework to accurately characterize morphologies of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) host galaxies within $z<1$. We first use PSFGAN to decouple host galaxy light from the central point source, then we invoke the Galaxy Morphology Network (GaMorNet) to estimate whether the host galaxy is disk-dominated, bulge-dominated, or indeterminate. Using optical images from five bands of the HSC Wide Survey, we build models independently in three redshift bins: low $(0<z<0.25)$, medium $(0.25<z<0.5)$, and high $(0.5<z<1.0)$. By first training on a large number of simulated galaxies, then fine-tuning using far fewer classified real galaxies, our framework predicts the actual morphology for $\sim$ $60\%-70\%$ host galaxies from test sets, with a classification precision of $\sim$ $80\%-95\%$, depending on redshift bin. Specifically, our models achieve disk precision of $96\%/82\%/79\%$ and bulge precision of $90\%/90\%/80\%$ (for the 3 redshift bins), at thresholds corresponding to indeterminate fractions of $30\%/43\%/42\%$. The classification precision of our models has a noticeable dependency on host galaxy radius and magnitude. No strong dependency is observed on contrast ratio. Comparing classifications of real AGNs, our models agree well with traditional 2D fitting with GALFIT. The PSFGAN+GaMorNet framework does not depend on the choice of fitting functions or galaxy-related input parameters, runs orders of magnitude faster than GALFIT, and is easily generalizable via transfer learning, making it an ideal tool for studying AGN host galaxy morphology in forthcoming large imaging survey.

Wearable sensors for measuring head kinematics can be noisy due to imperfect interfaces with the body. Mouthguards are used to measure head kinematics during impacts in traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies, but deviations from reference kinematics can still occur due to potential looseness. In this study, deep learning is used to compensate for the imperfect interface and improve measurement accuracy. A set of one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) models was developed to denoise mouthguard kinematics measurements along three spatial axes of linear acceleration and angular velocity. The denoised kinematics had significantly reduced errors compared to reference kinematics, and reduced errors in brain injury criteria and tissue strain and strain rate calculated via finite element modeling. The 1D-CNN models were also tested on an on-field dataset of college football impacts and a post-mortem human subject dataset, with similar denoising effects observed. The models can be used to improve detection of head impacts and TBI risk evaluation, and potentially extended to other sensors measuring kinematics.

Crop type maps are critical for tracking agricultural land use and estimating crop production. Remote sensing has proven an efficient and reliable tool for creating these maps in regions with abundant ground labels for model training, yet these labels remain difficult to obtain in many regions and years. NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) spaceborne lidar instrument, originally designed for forest monitoring, has shown promise for distinguishing tall and short crops. In the current study, we leverage GEDI to develop wall-to-wall maps of short vs tall crops on a global scale at 10 m resolution for 2019-2021. Specifically, we show that (1) GEDI returns can reliably be classified into tall and short crops after removing shots with extreme view angles or topographic slope, (2) the frequency of tall crops over time can be used to identify months when tall crops are at their peak height, and (3) GEDI shots in these months can then be used to train random forest models that use Sentinel-2 time series to accurately predict short vs. tall crops. Independent reference data from around the world are then used to evaluate these GEDI-S2 maps. We find that GEDI-S2 performed nearly as well as models trained on thousands of local reference training points, with accuracies of at least 87% and often above 90% throughout the Americas, Europe, and East Asia. Systematic underestimation of tall crop area was observed in regions where crops frequently exhibit low biomass, namely Africa and South Asia, and further work is needed in these systems. Although the GEDI-S2 approach only differentiates tall from short crops, in many landscapes this distinction goes a long way toward mapping the main individual crop types. The combination of GEDI and Sentinel-2 thus presents a very promising path towards global crop mapping with minimal reliance on ground data.

Camera pose estimation is a key step in standard 3D reconstruction pipelines that operate on a dense set of images of a single object or scene. However, methods for pose estimation often fail when only a few images are available because they rely on the ability to robustly identify and match visual features between image pairs. While these methods can work robustly with dense camera views, capturing a large set of images can be time-consuming or impractical. We propose SparsePose for recovering accurate camera poses given a sparse set of wide-baseline images (fewer than 10). The method learns to regress initial camera poses and then iteratively refine them after training on a large-scale dataset of objects (Co3D: Common Objects in 3D). SparsePose significantly outperforms conventional and learning-based baselines in recovering accurate camera rotations and translations. We also demonstrate our pipeline for high-fidelity 3D reconstruction using only 5-9 images of an object.

We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.

大脑中的早期感觉系统迅速适应波动的输入统计，这需要神经元之间的反复通信。从机械上讲，这种复发的通信通常是间接的，并由局部中间神经元介导。在这项工作中，我们探讨了与直接复发连接相比，通过中间神经元进行反复通信的计算益处。为此，我们考虑了两个在统计上使其输入的数学上可行的复发性神经网络 - 一种具有直接复发连接，另一个带有介导经常性通信的中间神经元。通过分析相应的连续突触动力学并在数值上模拟网络，我们表明，具有中间神经元的网络比具有直接复发连接的网络更适合初始化，这是因为与Interneurons网络中的突触动态的收敛时间（RESS）（RESS）（ 。直接复发连接）与它们初始化的频谱以对数（线性分析）进行对数缩放。我们的结果表明，中间神经元在计算上对于快速适应更改输入统计的有用。有趣的是，具有中间神经元的网络是通过直接复发连接网络的美白目标的过度参数化解决方案，因此我们的结果可以看作是在过度参数化的前馈线性线性网络中观察到的隐式加速现象的复发性神经网络模拟。