表面分级是在施工现场管道中的一项重要任务，这是平衡含有预倾角沙桩的不平衡区域的过程。这种劳动密集型过程通常是由任何建筑工地的关键机械工具推土机进行的。当前的自动化表面分级的尝试实现了完美的定位。但是，在实际情况下，由于代理人的感知不完善，因此该假设失败了，从而导致性能降解。在这项工作中，我们解决了不确定性下自动分级的问题。首先，我们实施模拟和缩放现实世界原型环境，以在此环境中快速策略探索和评估。其次，我们将问题形式化为部分可观察到的马尔可夫决策过程，并培训能够处理此类不确定性的代理商。我们通过严格的实验表明，经过完美本地化训练的代理人在出现本地化不确定性时会遭受降低的性能。但是，使用我们的方法培训的代理商将制定更强大的政策来解决此类错误，从而表现出更好的评分性能。

在这项工作中，我们旨在解决自动分级问题，在这种情况下，必须将推土机弄平不平衡的区域。此外，我们探索了弥合模拟环境和实际场景之间差距的方法。我们设计了一个现实的物理模拟，也是模仿真实推土机动力学和感官信息的缩放的真实原型环境。我们建立了启发式方法和学习策略，以解决问题。通过广泛的实验，我们表明，尽管启发式方法能够在清洁且无噪音的模拟环境中解决该问题，但在面对现实世界情景时，它们在灾难性的环境中失败。由于启发式方法能够在模拟环境中成功解决任务，因此我们表明它们可以被利用来指导学习代理，该学习代理可以在模拟和缩放原型环境中概括和解决任务。

在这项工作中，我们建立了对砂桩镶嵌的不均匀区域的解说中的自治控制的启发式和学习策略。我们将问题正式化为马尔可夫决策过程，设计了一个演示了代理环境交互的模拟，最后将我们的模拟器与真正的Dozer原型进行了比较。我们使用钢筋学习，行为克隆和对比学习的方法来培训混合政策。我们的培训代理AGPNET达到人力级性能，优于自主分级任务的当前最先进的机器学习方法。此外，我们的代理能够从随机情景中推广到看不见的世界问题。

Periocular refers to the region of the face that surrounds the eye socket. This is a feature-rich area that can be used by itself to determine the identity of an individual. It is especially useful when the iris or the face cannot be reliably acquired. This can be the case of unconstrained or uncooperative scenarios, where the face may appear partially occluded, or the subject-to-camera distance may be high. However, it has received revived attention during the pandemic due to masked faces, leaving the ocular region as the only visible facial area, even in controlled scenarios. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of periocular biometrics, giving an overall framework of its most significant research aspects.

Detecting actions in untrimmed videos should not be limited to a small, closed set of classes. We present a simple, yet effective strategy for open-vocabulary temporal action detection utilizing pretrained image-text co-embeddings. Despite being trained on static images rather than videos, we show that image-text co-embeddings enable openvocabulary performance competitive with fully-supervised models. We show that the performance can be further improved by ensembling the image-text features with features encoding local motion, like optical flow based features, or other modalities, like audio. In addition, we propose a more reasonable open-vocabulary evaluation setting for the ActivityNet data set, where the category splits are based on similarity rather than random assignment.

Scaling up neural networks has led to remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Moreover, performance often follows reliable scaling laws as a function of training set size, model size, and compute, which offers valuable guidance as large-scale experiments are becoming increasingly expensive. However, previous work on scaling laws has primarily used private data \& models or focused on uni-modal language or vision learning. To address these limitations, we investigate scaling laws for contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) with the public LAION dataset and the open-source OpenCLIP repository. Our large-scale experiments involve models trained on up to two billion image-text pairs and identify power law scaling for multiple downstream tasks including zero-shot classification, retrieval, linear probing, and end-to-end fine-tuning. We find that the training distribution plays a key role in scaling laws as the OpenAI and OpenCLIP models exhibit different scaling behavior despite identical model architectures and similar training recipes. We open-source our evaluation workflow and all models, including the largest public CLIP models, to ensure reproducibility and make scaling laws research more accessible. Source code and instructions to reproduce this study will be available at https://github.com/LAION-AI/scaling-laws-openclip

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) hold detailed longitudinal information about each patient's health status and general clinical history, a large portion of which is stored within the unstructured text. Temporal modelling of this medical history, which considers the sequence of events, can be used to forecast and simulate future events, estimate risk, suggest alternative diagnoses or forecast complications. While most prediction approaches use mainly structured data or a subset of single-domain forecasts and outcomes, we processed the entire free-text portion of EHRs for longitudinal modelling. We present Foresight, a novel GPT3-based pipeline that uses NER+L tools (i.e. MedCAT) to convert document text into structured, coded concepts, followed by providing probabilistic forecasts for future medical events such as disorders, medications, symptoms and interventions. Since large portions of EHR data are in text form, such an approach benefits from a granular and detailed view of a patient while introducing modest additional noise. On tests in two large UK hospitals (King's College Hospital, South London and Maudsley) and the US MIMIC-III dataset precision@10 of 0.80, 0.81 and 0.91 was achieved for forecasting the next biomedical concept. Foresight was also validated on 34 synthetic patient timelines by 5 clinicians and achieved relevancy of 97% for the top forecasted candidate disorder. Foresight can be easily trained and deployed locally as it only requires free-text data (as a minimum). As a generative model, it can simulate follow-on disorders, medications and interventions for as many steps as required. Foresight is a general-purpose model for biomedical concept modelling that can be used for real-world risk estimation, virtual trials and clinical research to study the progression of diseases, simulate interventions and counterfactuals, and for educational purposes.

In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Retrieval-Augmented Visual Language Model (REVEAL) that learns to encode world knowledge into a large-scale memory, and to retrieve from it to answer knowledge-intensive queries. REVEAL consists of four key components: the memory, the encoder, the retriever and the generator. The large-scale memory encodes various sources of multimodal world knowledge (e.g. image-text pairs, question answering pairs, knowledge graph triplets, etc) via a unified encoder. The retriever finds the most relevant knowledge entries in the memory, and the generator fuses the retrieved knowledge with the input query to produce the output. A key novelty in our approach is that the memory, encoder, retriever and generator are all pre-trained end-to-end on a massive amount of data. Furthermore, our approach can use a diverse set of multimodal knowledge sources, which is shown to result in significant gains. We show that REVEAL achieves state-of-the-art results on visual question answering and image captioning.

Likelihood-based deep generative models have recently been shown to exhibit pathological behaviour under the manifold hypothesis as a consequence of using high-dimensional densities to model data with low-dimensional structure. In this paper we propose two methodologies aimed at addressing this problem. Both are based on adding Gaussian noise to the data to remove the dimensionality mismatch during training, and both provide a denoising mechanism whose goal is to sample from the model as though no noise had been added to the data. Our first approach is based on Tweedie's formula, and the second on models which take the variance of added noise as a conditional input. We show that surprisingly, while well motivated, these approaches only sporadically improve performance over not adding noise, and that other methods of addressing the dimensionality mismatch are more empirically adequate.

The Transformer is an extremely powerful and prominent deep learning architecture. In this work, we challenge the commonly held belief in deep learning that going deeper is better, and show an alternative design approach that is building wider attention Transformers. We demonstrate that wide single layer Transformer models can compete with or outperform deeper ones in a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks when both are trained from scratch. The impact of changing the model aspect ratio on Transformers is then studied systematically. This ratio balances the number of layers and the number of attention heads per layer while keeping the total number of attention heads and all other hyperparameters constant. On average, across 4 NLP tasks and 10 attention types, single layer wide models perform 0.3% better than their deep counterparts. We show an in-depth evaluation and demonstrate how wide models require a far smaller memory footprint and can run faster on commodity hardware, in addition, these wider models are also more interpretable. For example, a single layer Transformer on the IMDb byte level text classification has 3.1x faster inference latency on a CPU than its equally accurate deeper counterpart, and is half the size. We therefore put forward wider and shallower models as a viable and desirable alternative for small models on NLP tasks, and as an important area of research for domains beyond this.