我们考虑在存在噪声和不存在同步的情况下给定Raw I / Q波形的雷达脉冲对雷达脉冲的问题。我们还考虑分类多个叠加雷达脉冲的问题。对于这两者来说，我们设计了对同步，脉冲宽度和SNR具有鲁棒的深度神经网络（DNN）。我们的设计在以前最先进的误差率下收益超过100倍。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

自动生物医学图像分析的领域至关重要地取决于算法验证的可靠和有意义的性能指标。但是，当前的度量使用通常是不明智的，并且不能反映基本的域名。在这里，我们提出了一个全面的框架，该框架指导研究人员以问题意识的方式选择绩效指标。具体而言，我们专注于生物医学图像分析问题，这些问题可以解释为图像，对象或像素级别的分类任务。该框架首先编译域兴趣 - 目标结构 - ，数据集和算法与输出问题相关的属性的属性与问题指纹相关，同时还将其映射到适当的问题类别，即图像级分类，语义分段，实例，实例细分或对象检测。然后，它指导用户选择和应用一组适当的验证指标的过程，同时使他们意识到与个人选择相关的潜在陷阱。在本文中，我们描述了指标重新加载推荐框架的当前状态，目的是从图像分析社区获得建设性的反馈。当前版本是在由60多个图像分析专家的国际联盟中开发的，将在社区驱动的优化之后公开作为用户友好的工具包提供。

尽管自动图像分析的重要性不断增加，但最近的元研究揭示了有关算法验证的主要缺陷。性能指标对于使用的自动算法的有意义，客观和透明的性能评估和验证尤其是关键，但是在使用特定的指标进行给定的图像分析任务时，对实际陷阱的关注相对较少。这些通常与（1）无视固有的度量属性，例如在存在类不平衡或小目标结构的情况下的行为，（2）无视固有的数据集属性，例如测试的非独立性案例和（3）无视指标应反映的实际生物医学领域的兴趣。该动态文档的目的是说明图像分析领域通常应用的性能指标的重要局限性。在这种情况下，它重点介绍了可以用作图像级分类，语义分割，实例分割或对象检测任务的生物医学图像分析问题。当前版本是基于由全球60多家机构的国际图像分析专家进行的关于指标的Delphi流程。

在本文中，我们介绍了四种突出的恶意软件检测工具的科学评估，以帮助组织提出两个主要问题：基于ML的工具在多大程度上对以前和从未见过的文件进行了准确的分类？是否值得购买网络级恶意软件检测器？为了识别弱点，我们针对各种文件类型的总计3,536个文件（2,554或72 \％恶意，982或28 \％良性）测试了每个工具，包括数百个恶意零日，polyglots和apt-style-style style文件，在多个协议上交付。我们介绍了有关检测时间和准确性的统计结果，请考虑互补分析（一起使用多个工具），并提供了近期成本效益评估程序的两种新颖应用。尽管基于ML的工具在检测零日文件和可执行文件方面更有效，但基于签名的工具仍然是总体上更好的选择。两种基于网络的工具都与任何一种主机工具配对时都可以进行大量（模拟）节省，但两者在HTTP或SMTP以外的协议上都显示出较差的检测率。我们的结果表明，所有四个工具都具有几乎完美的精度但令人震惊的召回率，尤其是在可执行文件和Office文件以外的文件类型上 - 未检测到37％的恶意软件，包括所有Polyglot文件。给出了研究人员的优先事项，并给出了最终用户的外卖。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

We present the interpretable meta neural ordinary differential equation (iMODE) method to rapidly learn generalizable (i.e., not parameter-specific) dynamics from trajectories of multiple dynamical systems that vary in their physical parameters. The iMODE method learns meta-knowledge, the functional variations of the force field of dynamical system instances without knowing the physical parameters, by adopting a bi-level optimization framework: an outer level capturing the common force field form among studied dynamical system instances and an inner level adapting to individual system instances. A priori physical knowledge can be conveniently embedded in the neural network architecture as inductive bias, such as conservative force field and Euclidean symmetry. With the learned meta-knowledge, iMODE can model an unseen system within seconds, and inversely reveal knowledge on the physical parameters of a system, or as a Neural Gauge to "measure" the physical parameters of an unseen system with observed trajectories. We test the validity of the iMODE method on bistable, double pendulum, Van der Pol, Slinky, and reaction-diffusion systems.

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

Variational autoencoders model high-dimensional data by positing low-dimensional latent variables that are mapped through a flexible distribution parametrized by a neural network. Unfortunately, variational autoencoders often suffer from posterior collapse: the posterior of the latent variables is equal to its prior, rendering the variational autoencoder useless as a means to produce meaningful representations. Existing approaches to posterior collapse often attribute it to the use of neural networks or optimization issues due to variational approximation. In this paper, we consider posterior collapse as a problem of latent variable non-identifiability. We prove that the posterior collapses if and only if the latent variables are non-identifiable in the generative model. This fact implies that posterior collapse is not a phenomenon specific to the use of flexible distributions or approximate inference. Rather, it can occur in classical probabilistic models even with exact inference, which we also demonstrate. Based on these results, we propose a class of latent-identifiable variational autoencoders, deep generative models which enforce identifiability without sacrificing flexibility. This model class resolves the problem of latent variable non-identifiability by leveraging bijective Brenier maps and parameterizing them with input convex neural networks, without special variational inference objectives or optimization tricks. Across synthetic and real datasets, latent-identifiable variational autoencoders outperform existing methods in mitigating posterior collapse and providing meaningful representations of the data.

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .