涉及环境声音分析的音频应用越来越多地使用通用音频表示（也称为嵌入）进行转移学习。最近，对音频表示形式（HEAR）的整体评估评估了关于19个不同任务的29个嵌入模型。但是，评估的有效性取决于给定数据集中已经捕获的变化。因此，对于给定的数据域，尚不清楚表示形式如何受到由无数麦克风范围和声学条件引起的变化的影响 - 通常称为通道效应。我们的目标是扩展听力，以评估不变性以在这项工作中的渠道效果。为此，我们通过向音频信号注入扰动来模仿通道效应，并用三个距离测量方法测量新（扰动）嵌入的变化，从而使评估域依赖但不依赖于任务依赖性。结合下游性能，它有助于我们对嵌入方式对频道效果的鲁棒性进行更明智的预测。我们评估了两个嵌入 - Yamnet和OpenL3在单声道（Urbansound8K）和多音（Sonyc-ust）Urban数据集上。我们表明，在这种无关的评估中，一个距离度量不足。尽管FR \'Echet音频距离（FAD）与下游任务中的性能下降趋势相关，但我们表明我们需要与其他距离一起研究时尚，以清楚地了解对该时尚的整体效果扰动。就嵌入性能而言，我们发现OpenL3比Yamnet更强大，Yamnet与听觉评估保持一致。

Spoken language understanding (SLU) tasks have been studied for many decades in the speech research community, but have not received as much attention as lower-level tasks like speech and speaker recognition. In particular, there are not nearly as many SLU task benchmarks, and many of the existing ones use data that is not freely available to all researchers. Recent work has begun to introduce such benchmark datasets for several tasks. In this work, we introduce several new annotated SLU benchmark tasks based on freely available speech data, which complement existing benchmarks and address gaps in the SLU evaluation landscape. We contribute four tasks: question answering and summarization involve inference over longer speech sequences; named entity localization addresses the speech-specific task of locating the targeted content in the signal; dialog act classification identifies the function of a given speech utterance. We follow the blueprint of the Spoken Language Understanding Evaluation (SLUE) benchmark suite. In order to facilitate the development of SLU models that leverage the success of pre-trained speech representations, we will be publishing for each task (i) annotations for a relatively small fine-tuning set, (ii) annotated development and test sets, and (iii) baseline models for easy reproducibility and comparisons. In this work, we present the details of data collection and annotation and the performance of the baseline models. We also perform sensitivity analysis of pipeline models' performance (speech recognizer + text model) to the speech recognition accuracy, using more than 20 state-of-the-art speech recognition models.

Drawing from the resources of psychoanalysis and critical media studies, in this paper we develop an analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated subjects. We argue the intentional fictional projection of subjectivity onto LLMs can yield an alternate frame through which AI behaviour, including its productions of bias and harm, can be analysed. First, we introduce language models, discuss their significance and risks, and outline our case for interpreting model design and outputs with support from psychoanalytic concepts. We trace a brief history of language models, culminating with the releases, in 2022, of systems that realise state-of-the-art natural language processing performance. We engage with one such system, OpenAI's InstructGPT, as a case study, detailing the layers of its construction and conducting exploratory and semi-structured interviews with chatbots. These interviews probe the model's moral imperatives to be helpful, truthful and harmless by design. The model acts, we argue, as the condensation of often competing social desires, articulated through the internet and harvested into training data, which must then be regulated and repressed. This foundational structure can however be redirected via prompting, so that the model comes to identify with, and transfer, its commitments to the immediate human subject before it. In turn, these automated productions of language can lead to the human subject projecting agency upon the model, effecting occasionally further forms of countertransference. We conclude that critical media methods and psychoanalytic theory together offer a productive frame for grasping the powerful new capacities of AI-driven language systems.

This work presents a physics-informed deep learning-based super-resolution framework to enhance the spatio-temporal resolution of the solution of time-dependent partial differential equations (PDE). Prior works on deep learning-based super-resolution models have shown promise in accelerating engineering design by reducing the computational expense of traditional numerical schemes. However, these models heavily rely on the availability of high-resolution (HR) labeled data needed during training. In this work, we propose a physics-informed deep learning-based framework to enhance the spatial and temporal resolution of coarse-scale (both in space and time) PDE solutions without requiring any HR data. The framework consists of two trainable modules independently super-resolving the PDE solution, first in spatial and then in temporal direction. The physics based losses are implemented in a novel way to ensure tight coupling between the spatio-temporally refined outputs at different times and improve framework accuracy. We analyze the capability of the developed framework by investigating its performance on an elastodynamics problem. It is observed that the proposed framework can successfully super-resolve (both in space and time) the low-resolution PDE solutions while satisfying physics-based constraints and yielding high accuracy. Furthermore, the analysis and obtained speed-up show that the proposed framework is well-suited for integration with traditional numerical methods to reduce computational complexity during engineering design.

Utilizing autonomous drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has shown great advantages over preceding methods in support of urgent scenarios such as search and rescue (SAR) and wildfire detection. In these operations, search efficiency in terms of the amount of time spent to find the target is crucial since with the passing of time the survivability of the missing person decreases or wildfire management becomes more difficult with disastrous consequences. In this work, it is considered a scenario where a drone is intended to search and detect a missing person (e.g., a hiker or a mountaineer) or a potential fire spot in a given area. In order to obtain the shortest path to the target, a general framework is provided to model the problem of target detection when the target's location is probabilistically known. To this end, two algorithms are proposed: Path planning and target detection. The path planning algorithm is based on Bayesian inference and the target detection is accomplished by means of a residual neural network (ResNet) trained on the image dataset captured by the drone as well as existing pictures and datasets on the web. Through simulation and experiment, the proposed path planning algorithm is compared with two benchmark algorithms. It is shown that the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the average time of the mission.

Collecting sufficient labeled data for spoken language understanding (SLU) is expensive and time-consuming. Recent studies achieved promising results by using pre-trained models in low-resource scenarios. Inspired by this, we aim to ask: which (if any) pre-training strategies can improve performance across SLU benchmarks? To answer this question, we employ four types of pre-trained models and their combinations for SLU. We leverage self-supervised speech and language models (LM) pre-trained on large quantities of unpaired data to extract strong speech and text representations. We also explore using supervised models pre-trained on larger external automatic speech recognition (ASR) or SLU corpora. We conduct extensive experiments on the SLU Evaluation (SLUE) benchmark and observe self-supervised pre-trained models to be more powerful, with pre-trained LM and speech models being most beneficial for the Sentiment Analysis and Named Entity Recognition task, respectively.

We propose a novel deep neural network architecture to learn interpretable representation for medical image analysis. Our architecture generates a global attention for region of interest, and then learns bag of words style deep feature embeddings with local attention. The global, and local feature maps are combined using a contemporary transformer architecture for highly accurate Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) detection from Ultrasound (USG) images. Our experiments indicate that the detection accuracy of our model beats even human radiologists, and advocates its use as the second reader for GBC diagnosis. Bag of words embeddings allow our model to be probed for generating interpretable explanations for GBC detection consistent with the ones reported in medical literature. We show that the proposed model not only helps understand decisions of neural network models but also aids in discovery of new visual features relevant to the diagnosis of GBC. Source-code and model will be available at https://github.com/sbasu276/RadFormer

Saliency methods compute heat maps that highlight portions of an input that were most {\em important} for the label assigned to it by a deep net. Evaluations of saliency methods convert this heat map into a new {\em masked input} by retaining the $k$ highest-ranked pixels of the original input and replacing the rest with \textquotedblleft uninformative\textquotedblright\ pixels, and checking if the net's output is mostly unchanged. This is usually seen as an {\em explanation} of the output, but the current paper highlights reasons why this inference of causality may be suspect. Inspired by logic concepts of {\em completeness \& soundness}, it observes that the above type of evaluation focuses on completeness of the explanation, but ignores soundness. New evaluation metrics are introduced to capture both notions, while staying in an {\em intrinsic} framework -- i.e., using the dataset and the net, but no separately trained nets, human evaluations, etc. A simple saliency method is described that matches or outperforms prior methods in the evaluations. Experiments also suggest new intrinsic justifications, based on soundness, for popular heuristic tricks such as TV regularization and upsampling.

经过良好策划的数据集的可用性推动了机器学习（ML）模型的成功。尽管对农业的地球观测数据的获取增加了，但仍有少数策划的标签数据集，这限制了其在训练ML模型中用于农业中的遥控模型的潜力。为此，我们介绍了一个首先的数据集，镰刀，在3个不同卫星的不同空间分辨率下具有时间序列图像，并用多个关键的裁剪参数注释，用于帕迪种植的帕迪耕种，用于泰米尔纳德邦的Cauvery Delta地区，印度。该数据集由388个独特地块的2398个季节样品组成，分布在三角洲的4个地区。该数据集涵盖了2018年1月3月2021日的时间段之间的多光谱，热和微波数据。稻田样品用4个关键的裁剪参数注释，即播种日期，移植日期，收获日期和作物收率。这是最早将生长季节（使用播种和收获日期）视为数据集的一部分的研究之一。我们还提出了一种产量预测策略，该策略使用基于观察到的生长季节以及该地区泰米尔纳德邦农业大学获得的标准季节性信息生成的时间序列数据。随之而来的绩效提高凸显了ML技术的影响，该技术利用了与特定地区的农民紧随其后的标准实践相一致的领域知识。我们在3个单独的任务上进行基准测试数据集，即作物类型，物候日期（播种，移植，收获）和产量预测，并开发了一个端到端框架，用于预测现实世界中的关键作物参数。

样式是自然语言文本的重要组成部分，反映了文本语调的变化，同时保持基础信息相同。即使编程语言具有严格的语法规则，它们也具有风格。代码可以使用相同的功能编写，但使用不同的语言功能。但是，编程样式很难量化，因此，作为这项工作的一部分，我们定义了专门针对Python的样式属性。为了构建样式的定义，我们利用层次聚类来捕获样式定义，而无需指定转换。除了定义样式外，我们还探索了预训练的代码语言模型的功能，以捕获有关代码样式的信息。为此，我们微调了预训练的代码语言模型，并在代码样式转移任务中评估了其性能。