Two central paradigms have emerged in the reinforcement learning (RL) community: online RL and offline RL. In the online RL setting, the agent has no prior knowledge of the environment, and must interact with it in order to find an $\epsilon$-optimal policy. In the offline RL setting, the learner instead has access to a fixed dataset to learn from, but is unable to otherwise interact with the environment, and must obtain the best policy it can from this offline data. Practical scenarios often motivate an intermediate setting: if we have some set of offline data and, in addition, may also interact with the environment, how can we best use the offline data to minimize the number of online interactions necessary to learn an $\epsilon$-optimal policy? In this work, we consider this setting, which we call the \textsf{FineTuneRL} setting, for MDPs with linear structure. We characterize the necessary number of online samples needed in this setting given access to some offline dataset, and develop an algorithm, \textsc{FTPedel}, which is provably optimal. We show through an explicit example that combining offline data with online interactions can lead to a provable improvement over either purely offline or purely online RL. Finally, our results illustrate the distinction between \emph{verifiable} learning, the typical setting considered in online RL, and \emph{unverifiable} learning, the setting often considered in offline RL, and show that there is a formal separation between these regimes.

尽管在理解增强学习的最小样本复杂性（RL）（在“最坏情况”的实例上学习的复杂性）方面已经取得了很多进展，但这种复杂性的衡量标准通常不会捕捉到真正的学习困难。在实践中，在“简单”的情况下，我们可能希望获得比最糟糕的实例可以实现的要好得多。在这项工作中，我们试图理解在具有线性函数近似的RL设置中学习近乎最佳策略（PAC RL）的“实例依赖性”复杂性。我们提出了一种算法，\ textsc {pedel}，该算法实现了依赖于实例的复杂性的量度，这是RL中的第一个具有功能近似设置，从而捕获了每个特定问题实例的学习难度。通过一个明确的示例，我们表明\ textsc {pedel}可以在低重晶，最小值 - 最佳算法上获得可证明的收益，并且这种算法无法达到实例 - 最佳速率。我们的方法取决于基于设计的新型实验程序，该程序将勘探预算重点放在与学习近乎最佳政策最相关的“方向”上，并且可能具有独立的兴趣。

积极的学习方法在减少学习所需的样本数量方面表现出了巨大的希望。随着自动化学习系统被采用到实时的现实世界决策管道中，越来越重要的是，这种算法的设计考虑到了安全性。在这项工作中，我们研究了在互动环境中学习最佳安全决定的复杂性。我们将这个问题减少到约束的线性匪徒问题，我们的目标是找到满足某些（未知）安全限制的最佳手臂。我们提出了一种基于自适应的实验性设计算法，在显示ARM的难度与次优的难度之间，我们表现出了有效的交易。据我们所知，我们的结果是具有安全限制的线性匪徒最佳武器识别。实际上，我们证明了这种方法在合成和现实世界数据集上的表现很好。

无奖励强化学习（RL）考虑了代理在探索过程中无法访问奖励功能的设置，但必须提出仅在探索后才揭示的任意奖励功能的近乎最佳的政策。在表格环境中，众所周知，这是一个比奖励意识（PAC）RL（代理在探索过程中访问奖励功能）更困难的问题$ | \ Mathcal {s} | $，状态空间的大小。我们表明，在线性MDP的设置中，这种分离不存在。我们首先在$ d $二维线性MDP中开发了一种计算高效算法，其样品复杂度比例为$ \ widetilde {\ Mathcal {o}}（d^2 H^5/\ epsilon^2）$ 。然后，我们显示出$ \ omega（d^2 h^2/\ epsilon^2）$的匹配尺寸依赖性的下限，该限制为奖励感知的RL设置。据我们所知，我们的方法是第一个在线性MDP中实现最佳$ d $依赖性的计算有效算法，即使在单次奖励PAC设置中也是如此。我们的算法取决于一种新的程序，该过程有效地穿越了线性MDP，在任何给定的``特征方向''中收集样品，并在最大状态访问概率（线性MDP等效）中享受最佳缩放样品复杂性。我们表明，该探索过程也可以应用于解决线性MDP中````良好条件''''协变量的问题。

获取一阶遗憾界限 - 遗憾的界限不是作为最坏情况，但有一些衡量给定实例的最佳政策的性能 - 是连续决策的核心问题。虽然这种界限存在于许多设置中，但它们在具有大状态空间的钢筋学习中被证明是难以捉摸的。在这项工作中，我们解决了这个差距，并表明可以将遗憾的缩放作为$ \ mathcal {o}（\ sqrt {v_1 ^ \ star}）$中的钢筋学习，即用大状态空间，即线性MDP设置。这里$ v_1 ^ \ star $是最佳政策的价值，$ k $是剧集的数量。我们证明基于最小二乘估计的现有技术不足以获得该结果，而是基于强大的Catoni平均估计器制定一种新的稳健自归一化浓度，其可能具有独立兴趣。

多武装强盗环境中最好的武器识别问题是许多真实世界决策问题的一个优秀模式，但它无法捕捉到现实世界中，在学习时通常必须满足安全限制的事实。在这项工作中，我们研究了安全关键环境中最好的武器识别问题，代理的目标是找到许多人的最佳安全选项，同时以保证某些方式达到满足肯定的方式的探索，最初是未知的安全约束。我们首先在奖励和安全约束采用线性结构的情况下分析此问题，并显示近乎匹配的上限和下限。然后，我们分析了更多的常规版本，我们只假设奖励和安全约束可以通过单调函数建模，并在此设置中提出算法，保证安全地学习。我们的结论与实验结果表明我们在方案中的方法的有效性，如安全地识别许多人以便治疗疾病。

强化学习理论集中在两个基本问题上：实现低遗憾，并确定$ \ epsilon $ - 最佳政策。虽然简单的减少允许人们应用低温算法来获得$ \ epsilon $ - 最佳政策并达到最坏的最佳速率，但尚不清楚低regret算法是否可以获得实例 - 最佳率的策略识别率。我们表明这是不可能的 - 在遗憾和确定$ \ epsilon $ - 最佳政策之间以最佳的利率确定了基本的权衡。由于我们的负面发现，我们提出了针对PAC表格增强学习实例依赖性样本复杂性的新量度，该方法明确说明了基础MDP中可达到的国家访问分布。然后，我们提出和分析一种基于计划的新型算法，该算法达到了这种样本的复杂性 - 产生的复杂性会随着次要差距和状态的“可达到性”而缩放。我们显示我们的算法几乎是最小的最佳选择，并且在一些示例中，我们实例依赖性样品复杂性比最差案例界限可显着改善。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.