近年来，强化学习和基于学习的控制以及对他们的安全性的研究，这对于在现实世界机器人中的部署至关重要 - 都获得了重大的吸引力。但是，为了充分评估新结果的进度和适用性，我们需要工具来公平地比较控制和强化学习界提出的方法。在这里，我们提出了一个新的开源基准套件，称为“安全控制”套件，支持基于模型和基于数据的控制技术。我们为三个动态系统（Cart-Pole，1D和2D四极管）提供实现，以及两个控制任务 - 稳定和轨迹跟踪。我们建议扩展OpenAi的Gym API - 强化学习研究的事实上的标准 - （i）能够指定（和查询）符号动态和（ii）约束，以及（iii）（重复）（重复）在控制输入​​，状态测量和惯性特性。为了证明我们的建议并试图使研究社区更加紧密地结合在一起，我们展示了如何使用安全控制的gym定量比较传统控制领域的多种方法的控制绩效，数据效率和安全性控制和加强学习。

解决逆运动学问题是针对清晰机器人的运动计划，控制和校准的基本挑战。这些机器人的运动学模型通常通过关节角度进行参数化，从而在机器人构型和最终效果姿势之间产生复杂的映射。或者，可以使用机器人附加点之间的不变距离来表示运动学模型和任务约束。在本文中，我们将基于距离的逆运动学的等效性和大量铰接式机器人和任务约束的距离几何问题进行形式化。与以前的方法不同，我们使用距离几何形状和低级别矩阵完成之间的连接来通过局部优化完成部分欧几里得距离矩阵来找到逆运动学解决方案。此外，我们用固定级革兰氏矩阵的Riemannian歧管来参数欧几里得距离矩阵的空间，从而使我们能够利用各种成熟的Riemannian优化方法。最后，我们表明，绑定的平滑性可用于生成知情的初始化，而无需大量的计算开销，从而改善收敛性。我们证明，我们的逆运动求解器比传统技术获得更高的成功率，并且在涉及许多工作区约束的问题上大大优于它们。

过去半年来，从控制和强化学习社区的真实机器人部署的安全学习方法的贡献数量急剧上升。本文提供了一种简洁的但整体审查，对利用机器学习实现的最新进展，以实现在不确定因素下的安全决策，重点是统一控制理论和加固学习研究中使用的语言和框架。我们的评论包括：基于学习的控制方法，通过学习不确定的动态，加强学习方法，鼓励安全或坚固性的加固学习方法，以及可以正式证明学习控制政策安全的方法。随着基于数据和学习的机器人控制方法继续获得牵引力，研究人员必须了解何时以及如何最好地利用它们在安全势在必行的现实情景中，例如在靠近人类的情况下操作时。我们突出了一些开放的挑战，即将在未来几年推动机器人学习领域，并强调需要逼真的物理基准的基准，以便于控制和加固学习方法之间的公平比较。

An approach to the construction of classifiers from imbalanced datasets is described. A dataset is imbalanced if the classification categories are not approximately equally represented. Often real-world data sets are predominately composed of "normal" examples with only a small percentage of "abnormal" or "interesting" examples. It is also the case that the cost of misclassifying an abnormal (interesting) example as a normal example is often much higher than the cost of the reverse error. Under-sampling of the majority (normal) class has been proposed as a good means of increasing the sensitivity of a classifier to the minority class. This paper shows that a combination of our method of over-sampling the minority (abnormal) class and under-sampling the majority (normal) class can achieve better classifier performance (in ROC space) than only under-sampling the majority class. This paper also shows that a combination of our method of over-sampling the minority class and under-sampling the majority class can achieve better classifier performance (in ROC space) than varying the loss ratios in Ripper or class priors in Naive Bayes. Our method of over-sampling the minority class involves creating synthetic minority class examples. Experiments are performed using C4.5, Ripper and a Naive Bayes classifier. The method is evaluated using the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) and the ROC convex hull strategy.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.

With the rise in high resolution remote sensing technologies there has been an explosion in the amount of data available for forest monitoring, and an accompanying growth in artificial intelligence applications to automatically derive forest properties of interest from these datasets. Many studies use their own data at small spatio-temporal scales, and demonstrate an application of an existing or adapted data science method for a particular task. This approach often involves intensive and time-consuming data collection and processing, but generates results restricted to specific ecosystems and sensor types. There is a lack of widespread acknowledgement of how the types and structures of data used affects performance and accuracy of analysis algorithms. To accelerate progress in the field more efficiently, benchmarking datasets upon which methods can be tested and compared are sorely needed. Here, we discuss how lack of standardisation impacts confidence in estimation of key forest properties, and how considerations of data collection need to be accounted for in assessing method performance. We present pragmatic requirements and considerations for the creation of rigorous, useful benchmarking datasets for forest monitoring applications, and discuss how tools from modern data science can improve use of existing data. We list a set of example large-scale datasets that could contribute to benchmarking, and present a vision for how community-driven, representative benchmarking initiatives could benefit the field.

Data-driven modeling approaches such as jump tables are promising techniques to model populations of resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) or other emerging memory devices for hardware neural network simulations. As these tables rely on data interpolation, this work explores the open questions about their fidelity in relation to the stochastic device behavior they model. We study how various jump table device models impact the attained network performance estimates, a concept we define as modeling bias. Two methods of jump table device modeling, binning and Optuna-optimized binning, are explored using synthetic data with known distributions for benchmarking purposes, as well as experimental data obtained from TiOx ReRAM devices. Results on a multi-layer perceptron trained on MNIST show that device models based on binning can behave unpredictably particularly at low number of points in the device dataset, sometimes over-promising, sometimes under-promising target network accuracy. This paper also proposes device level metrics that indicate similar trends with the modeling bias metric at the network level. The proposed approach opens the possibility for future investigations into statistical device models with better performance, as well as experimentally verified modeling bias in different in-memory computing and neural network architectures.

神经网络是通用函数近似器，尽管过度参数过多，但已知可以很好地概括。我们从神经网络的光谱偏置的角度研究了这种现象。我们的贡献是两个方面。首先，我们通过利用与有限元方法理论的联系来为Relu神经网络的光谱偏置提供理论解释。其次，基于该理论，我们预测将激活函数切换到分段线性B-Spline（即HAT函数）将消除这种频谱偏置，我们在各种设置中进行经验验证。我们的经验研究还表明，使用随机梯度下降和ADAM对具有HAT激活功能的神经网络进行了更快的训练。结合以前的工作表明，HAT激活功能还提高了图像分类任务的概括精度，这表明使用HAT激活在某些问题上具有重大优势。

我们介绍了泰德（Tidee），这是一种体现的代理，它根据学识渊博的常识对象和房间安排先验来整理一个无序场景。泰德（Tidee）探索家庭环境，检测到其自然位置的对象，渗透到它们的合理对象上下文，在当前场景中定位此类上下文，并重新定位对象。常识先验在三个模块中编码：i）检测到现象对象的视觉声音检测器，ii）对象和空间关系的关联神经图记忆，提出了对象重新定位的合理语义插座和表面，以及iii）引导代理商探索的可视搜索网络，以有效地将利益定位在当前场景中以重新定位对象。我们测试了在AI2THOR模拟环境中整理混乱的场景的潮汐。 Tidee直接从像素和原始深度输入中执行任务，而没有事先观察到同一房间，仅依靠从单独的一组培训房屋中学到的先验。人类对由此产生的房间进行重组的评估表明，泰德（Tidee）的表现优于该模型的消融版本，这些版本不使用一个或多个常识性先验。在相关的房间重新安排基准测试中，该基准使代理可以在重新排列前查看目标状态，我们的模型的简化版本大大胜过了最佳的方法，可以通过大幅度的差距。代码和数据可在项目网站上获得：https：//tidee-agent.github.io/。

为不依赖LiDAR的自动驾驶汽车建造3D感知系统是一个关键的研究问题，因为与摄像机和其他传感器相比，LiDar系统的费用很高。当前方法使用从车辆周围的摄像机收集的多视图RGB数据，并从透视图像到2D接地平面的神经“升力”特征，从而产生“鸟类的眼光”（BEV）的特征代表车辆周围的3D空间。最近的研究重点是将功能从图像提升到BEV平面的方式。相反，我们提出了一个简单的基线模型，其中“提升”步骤简单地平均所有投影图像位置的特征，并发现它的表现优于BEV车辆分割中当前最新的。我们的消融表明，批处理大小，数据增强和输入分辨率在性能中起着很大的作用。此外，我们重新考虑了雷达输入的效用，雷达输入的实用性以前被最近的作品忽略或没有忽略。借助简单的RGB-radar融合模块，我们获得了相当大的性能提升，从而接近了启用激光雷达系统的精度。