Aligning users across networks using graph representation learning has been found effective where the alignment is accomplished in a low-dimensional embedding space. Yet, achieving highly precise alignment is still challenging, especially when nodes with long-range connectivity to the labeled anchors are encountered. To alleviate this limitation, we purposefully designed WL-Align which adopts a regularized representation learning framework to learn distinctive node representations. It extends the Weisfeiler-Lehman Isormorphism Test and learns the alignment in alternating phases of "across-network Weisfeiler-Lehman relabeling" and "proximity-preserving representation learning". The across-network Weisfeiler-Lehman relabeling is achieved through iterating the anchor-based label propagation and a similarity-based hashing to exploit the known anchors' connectivity to different nodes in an efficient and robust manner. The representation learning module preserves the second-order proximity within individual networks and is regularized by the across-network Weisfeiler-Lehman hash labels. Extensive experiments on real-world and synthetic datasets have demonstrated that our proposed WL-Align outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, achieving significant performance improvements in the "exact matching" scenario. Data and code of WL-Align are available at https://github.com/ChenPengGang/WLAlignCode.

社交网络对齐旨在将人身份对齐，跨社交网络。已经显示基于嵌入的模型对于通常采用模型训练通常采用结构接近保持目标的对准有效。在观察中，“过度关闭”用户嵌入对造成对齐不准确的这种模型是不可避免的，我们提出了一种新颖的学习框架，该框架试图通过引入仔细植入的伪伪植入用户在用户中更广泛地分开。锚。我们进一步提出了一种元学习算法，用于指导在学习过程中更新伪锚嵌入。通过使用伪锚和元学习的建议干预允许学习框架适用于广泛的网络对准方法。我们已将建议的学习框架纳入了几种最先进的模型。我们的实验结果表明了其植入伪锚的方法可以通过相当大的余量而没有伪锚的，特别是当仅存在非常少数标记的锚点时，其有效性可能会优于没有伪锚定的对应物。

旨在识别不同网络中的相应节点的网络对齐任务对许多随后的应用程序具有重要意义。不需要标记的锚点链接，无监督的对准方法吸引了越来越多的关注。但是，由现有方法定义的拓扑一致性假设通常是低阶且准确的，因为仅考虑边缘式拓扑模式，这在无监督的环境中尤其有风险。为了重新定位对齐过程从低阶到高阶拓扑一致性的重点，在本文中，我们提出了一个名为HTC的完全无监督的网络对齐框架。提出的高阶拓扑一致性是基于边缘轨道制定的，将其合并到图形卷积网络的信息聚合过程中，以便将对齐一致性转换为节点嵌入的相似性。此外，编码器经过培训为多轨了解，然后进行完善以识别更受信任的锚点链接。通过整合所有不同的一致性顺序，可以全面评估节点对应关系。 {除了合理的理论分析外，所提出方法的优越性还通过广泛的实验评估得到了经验证明。在三对现实世界数据集和两对合成数据集上，我们的HTC始终以最少或可比的时间消耗优于各种各样的无监督和监督方法。由于我们的多轨道感知训练机制，它还表现出对结构噪声的鲁棒性。

Clustering is a fundamental problem in network analysis that finds closely connected groups of nodes and separates them from other nodes in the graph, while link prediction is to predict whether two nodes in a network are likely to have a link. The definition of both naturally determines that clustering must play a positive role in obtaining accurate link prediction tasks. Yet researchers have long ignored or used inappropriate ways to undermine this positive relationship. In this article, We construct a simple but efficient clustering-driven link prediction framework(ClusterLP), with the goal of directly exploiting the cluster structures to obtain connections between nodes as accurately as possible in both undirected graphs and directed graphs. Specifically, we propose that it is easier to establish links between nodes with similar representation vectors and cluster tendencies in undirected graphs, while nodes in a directed graphs can more easily point to nodes similar to their representation vectors and have greater influence in their own cluster. We customized the implementation of ClusterLP for undirected and directed graphs, respectively, and the experimental results using multiple real-world networks on the link prediction task showed that our models is highly competitive with existing baseline models. The code implementation of ClusterLP and baselines we use are available at https://github.com/ZINUX1998/ClusterLP.

Graph is an important data representation which appears in a wide diversity of real-world scenarios. Effective graph analytics provides users a deeper understanding of what is behind the data, and thus can benefit a lot of useful applications such as node classification, node recommendation, link prediction, etc. However, most graph analytics methods suffer the high computation and space cost. Graph embedding is an effective yet efficient way to solve the graph analytics problem. It converts the graph data into a low dimensional space in which the graph structural information and graph properties are maximumly preserved. In this survey, we conduct a comprehensive review of the literature in graph embedding. We first introduce the formal definition of graph embedding as well as the related concepts. After that, we propose two taxonomies of graph embedding which correspond to what challenges exist in different graph embedding problem settings and how the existing work address these challenges in their solutions. Finally, we summarize the applications that graph embedding enables and suggest four promising future research directions in terms of computation efficiency, problem settings, techniques and application scenarios.

社交机器人被称为社交网络上的自动帐户，这些帐户试图像人类一样行事。尽管图形神经网络（GNNS）已大量应用于社会机器人检测领域，但大量的领域专业知识和先验知识大量参与了最先进的方法，以设计专门的神经网络体系结构，以设计特定的神经网络体系结构。分类任务。但是，在模型设计中涉及超大的节点和网络层，通常会导致过度平滑的问题和缺乏嵌入歧视。在本文中，我们提出了罗斯加斯（Rosgas），这是一种新颖的加强和自我监督的GNN Architecture搜索框架，以适应性地指出了最合适的多跳跃社区和GNN体系结构中的层数。更具体地说，我们将社交机器人检测问题视为以用户为中心的子图嵌入和分类任务。我们利用异构信息网络来通过利用帐户元数据，关系，行为特征和内容功能来展示用户连接。 Rosgas使用多代理的深钢筋学习（RL）机制来导航最佳邻域和网络层的搜索，以分别学习每个目标用户的子图嵌入。开发了一种用于加速RL训练过程的最接近的邻居机制，Rosgas可以借助自我监督的学习来学习更多的判别子图。 5个Twitter数据集的实验表明，Rosgas在准确性，训练效率和稳定性方面优于最先进的方法，并且在处理看不见的样本时具有更好的概括。

Inspired by the success of contrastive learning (CL) in computer vision and natural language processing, graph contrastive learning (GCL) has been developed to learn discriminative node representations on graph datasets. However, the development of GCL on Heterogeneous Information Networks (HINs) is still in the infant stage. For example, it is unclear how to augment the HINs without substantially altering the underlying semantics, and how to design the contrastive objective to fully capture the rich semantics. Moreover, early investigations demonstrate that CL suffers from sampling bias, whereas conventional debiasing techniques are empirically shown to be inadequate for GCL. How to mitigate the sampling bias for heterogeneous GCL is another important problem. To address the aforementioned challenges, we propose a novel Heterogeneous Graph Contrastive Multi-view Learning (HGCML) model. In particular, we use metapaths as the augmentation to generate multiple subgraphs as multi-views, and propose a contrastive objective to maximize the mutual information between any pairs of metapath-induced views. To alleviate the sampling bias, we further propose a positive sampling strategy to explicitly select positives for each node via jointly considering semantic and structural information preserved on each metapath view. Extensive experiments demonstrate HGCML consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on five real-world benchmark datasets.

Traditional network embedding primarily focuses on learning a continuous vector representation for each node, preserving network structure and/or node content information, such that off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms can be easily applied to the vector-format node representations for network analysis. However, the learned continuous vector representations are inefficient for large-scale similarity search, which often involves finding nearest neighbors measured by distance or similarity in a continuous vector space. In this paper, we propose a search efficient binary network embedding algorithm called BinaryNE to learn a binary code for each node, by simultaneously modeling node context relations and node attribute relations through a three-layer neural network. BinaryNE learns binary node representations through a stochastic gradient descent based online learning algorithm. The learned binary encoding not only reduces memory usage to represent each node, but also allows fast bit-wise comparisons to support faster node similarity search than using Euclidean distance or other distance measures. Extensive experiments and comparisons demonstrate that BinaryNE not only delivers more than 25 times faster search speed, but also provides comparable or better search quality than traditional continuous vector based network embedding methods. The binary codes learned by BinaryNE also render competitive performance on node classification and node clustering tasks. The source code of this paper is available at https://github.com/daokunzhang/BinaryNE.

通过提取和利用来自异构信息网络（HIN）的高阶信息的提取和利用模拟异质性，近年来一直在吸引巨大的研究关注。这种异构网络嵌入（HNE）方法有效地利用小规模旋流的异质性。然而，在现实世界中，随着新节点和不同类型的链路的连续引入，何种素数量呈指数级增长，使其成为十亿尺度的网络。在这种关链接上的学习节点嵌入式为现有的HNE方法进行了性能瓶颈，这些方法通常是集中的，即完成数据，并且模型都在单机上。为了满足强大的效率和有效性保障的大型HNE任务，我们呈现\纺织{分散嵌入框架的异构信息网络}（Dehin）。在Dehin中，我们生成一个分布式并行管道，它利用超图来注入到HNE任务中的并行化。 Dehin呈现了一种上下文保留的分区机制，可创新地将大HIN作为超图制定，其超高频连接语义相似的节点。我们的框架然后采用分散的策略来通过采用类似的树形管道来有效地分隔帖。然后，每个结果的子网被分配给分布式工作人员，该工作者采用深度信息最大化定理，从其接收的分区本地学习节点嵌入。我们进一步设计了一种新颖的嵌入对准方案，将独立学习的节点嵌入从所有子网嵌入到公共向量空间上的新颖嵌入对准方案，从而允许下游任务等链路预测和节点分类。

在过去的几年中，图表学习（GRL）是分析图形结构数据的有力策略。最近，GRL方法通过采用用于图像的学习表示形式而开发的自我监督学习方法来显示出令人鼓舞的结果。尽管它们成功了，但现有的GRL方法倾向于忽略图像和图形之间的固有区别，即，假定图像是独立和相同分布的，而图表在数据实例之间显示了关系信息，即节点。为了完全受益于图形结构数据中固有的关系信息，我们提出了一种名为RGRL的新颖GRL方法，该方法从图形本身生成的关系信息中学习。 RGRL学习节点表示形式，使节点之间的关系是增强的不变性，即增强不变的关系，只要保留节点之间的关系，就可以改变节点表示。通过在全球和本地观点中考虑节点之间的关系，RGRL克服了对对比和非对抗性方法的局限性，并实现了两者中最好的。在各种下游任务上对十四个基准数据集进行了广泛的实验，证明了RGRL优于最先进的基线。 RGRL的源代码可在https://github.com/namkyeong/rgrl上获得。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years and have achieved excellent performance in semi-supervised node classification tasks. The success of most GNNs relies on one fundamental assumption, i.e., the original graph structure data is available. However, recent studies have shown that GNNs are vulnerable to the complex underlying structure of the graph, making it necessary to learn comprehensive and robust graph structures for downstream tasks, rather than relying only on the raw graph structure. In light of this, we seek to learn optimal graph structures for downstream tasks and propose a novel framework for semi-supervised classification. Specifically, based on the structural context information of graph and node representations, we encode the complex interactions in semantics and generate semantic graphs to preserve the global structure. Moreover, we develop a novel multi-measure attention layer to optimize the similarity rather than prescribing it a priori, so that the similarity can be adaptively evaluated by integrating measures. These graphs are fused and optimized together with GNN towards semi-supervised classification objective. Extensive experiments and ablation studies on six real-world datasets clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model and the contribution of each component.

在异质图上的自我监督学习（尤其是对比度学习）方法可以有效地摆脱对监督数据的依赖。同时，大多数现有的表示学习方法将异质图嵌入到欧几里得或双曲线的单个几何空间中。这种单个几何视图通常不足以观察由于其丰富的语义和复杂结构而观察到异质图的完整图片。在这些观察结果下，本文提出了一种新型的自我监督学习方法，称为几何对比度学习（GCL），以更好地表示监督数据是不可用时的异质图。 GCL同时观察了从欧几里得和双曲线观点的异质图，旨在强烈合并建模丰富的语义和复杂结构的能力，这有望为下游任务带来更多好处。 GCL通过在局部局部和局部全球语义水平上对比表示两种几何视图之间的相互信息。在四个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，在三个任务上，所提出的方法在包括节点分类，节点群集和相似性搜索在内的三个任务上都超过了强基础，包括无监督的方法和监督方法。

图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域，其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务，例如链路预测，节点分类，群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法，但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长，例如预测准确性，运行时间，可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体，参数选择，可伸缩性，硬件和软件平台，下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程，矩阵分解，浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类，链路预测，群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验，并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能，并总结了结果。因此，本文可以作为比较指南，以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。

Data-efficient learning on graphs (GEL) is essential in real-world applications. Existing GEL methods focus on learning useful representations for nodes, edges, or entire graphs with ``small'' labeled data. But the problem of data-efficient learning for subgraph prediction has not been explored. The challenges of this problem lie in the following aspects: 1) It is crucial for subgraphs to learn positional features to acquire structural information in the base graph in which they exist. Although the existing subgraph neural network method is capable of learning disentangled position encodings, the overall computational complexity is very high. 2) Prevailing graph augmentation methods for GEL, including rule-based, sample-based, adaptive, and automated methods, are not suitable for augmenting subgraphs because a subgraph contains fewer nodes but richer information such as position, neighbor, and structure. Subgraph augmentation is more susceptible to undesirable perturbations. 3) Only a small number of nodes in the base graph are contained in subgraphs, which leads to a potential ``bias'' problem that the subgraph representation learning is dominated by these ``hot'' nodes. By contrast, the remaining nodes fail to be fully learned, which reduces the generalization ability of subgraph representation learning. In this paper, we aim to address the challenges above and propose a Position-Aware Data-Efficient Learning framework for subgraph neural networks called PADEL. Specifically, we propose a novel node position encoding method that is anchor-free, and design a new generative subgraph augmentation method based on a diffused variational subgraph autoencoder, and we propose exploratory and exploitable views for subgraph contrastive learning. Extensive experiment results on three real-world datasets show the superiority of our proposed method over state-of-the-art baselines.

异质图卷积网络在解决异质网络数据的各种网络分析任务方面已广受欢迎，从链接预测到节点分类。但是，大多数现有作品都忽略了多型节点之间的多重网络的关系异质性，而在元路径中，元素嵌入中关系的重要性不同，这几乎无法捕获不同关系跨不同关系的异质结构信号。为了应对这一挑战，这项工作提出了用于异质网络嵌入的多重异质图卷积网络（MHGCN）。我们的MHGCN可以通过多层卷积聚合自动学习多重异质网络中不同长度的有用的异质元路径相互作用。此外，我们有效地将多相关结构信号和属性语义集成到学习的节点嵌入中，并具有无监督和精选的学习范式。在具有各种网络分析任务的五个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，根据所有评估指标，MHGCN与最先进的嵌入基线的优势。

图表是一个宇宙数据结构，广泛用于组织现实世界中的数据。像交通网络，社交和学术网络这样的各种实际网络网络可以由图表代表。近年来，目睹了在网络中代表顶点的快速发展，进入低维矢量空间，称为网络表示学习。表示学习可以促进图形数据上的新算法的设计。在本调查中，我们对网络代表学习的当前文献进行了全面审查。现有算法可以分为三组：浅埋模型，异构网络嵌入模型，图形神经网络的模型。我们为每个类别审查最先进的算法，并讨论这些算法之间的基本差异。调查的一个优点是，我们系统地研究了不同类别的算法底层的理论基础，这提供了深入的见解，以更好地了解网络表示学习领域的发展。

尽管图表学习（GRL）取得了重大进展，但要以足够的方式提取和嵌入丰富的拓扑结构和特征信息仍然是一个挑战。大多数现有方法都集中在本地结构上，并且无法完全融合全球拓扑结构。为此，我们提出了一种新颖的结构保留图表学习（SPGRL）方法，以完全捕获图的结构信息。具体而言，为了减少原始图的不确定性和错误信息，我们通过k-nearest邻居方法构建了特征图作为互补视图。该特征图可用于对比节点级别以捕获本地关系。此外，我们通过最大化整个图形和特征嵌入的相互信息（MI）来保留全局拓扑结构信息，从理论上讲，该信息可以简化为交换功能的特征嵌入和原始图以重建本身。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法在半监督节点分类任务上具有相当出色的性能，并且在图形结构或节点特征上噪声扰动下的鲁棒性出色。

图形神经网络（GNN）已显示为与用户项目交互图建模的协作过滤（CF）的有前途的解决方案。现有基于GNN的推荐系统的关键思想是递归执行沿用户项目交互边缘传递的消息，以完善编码的嵌入。然而，尽管它们有效，但当前的大多数推荐模型都依赖于足够和高质量的培训数据，因此学习的表示形式可以很好地捕获准确的用户偏好。用户行为数据在许多实际建议方案中通常很嘈杂，并且表现出偏斜的分布，这可能会导致基于GNN的模型中的次优表示性能。在本文中，我们提出了SHT，这是一种新颖的自我监视的超盖变压器框架（SHT），该框架（SHT）通过以明确的方式探索全球协作关系来增强用户表示。具体而言，我们首先赋予图形神经CF范式，以通过HyperGraph Transformer网络维护用户和项目之间的全局协作效果。在蒸馏的全球环境中，提出了一个跨视图生成的自我监督学习组件，用于对用户项目交互图的数据增强，以增强推荐系统的鲁棒性。广泛的实验表明，SHT可以显着改善各种最新基线的性能。进一步的消融研究表明，我们的SHT推荐框架在减轻数据稀疏性和噪声问题方面具有出色的表示能力。源代码和评估数据集可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/akaxlh/sht。

近年来，基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构，是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题，它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里，我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用，专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景，展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习，讨论最近的扩展，并概述算法的连接（置换 - ）方面的神经结构。此外，我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向，以刺激进一步的研究。

在过去十年中，图形内核引起了很多关注，并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中，该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核，每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中，从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是，我们概述了各种图形内核。此外，我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估，并提供了比较研究。最后，我们讨论图形内核的关键应用，并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。