作者归因是确定给定文本的作者的任务。大多数现有方法都使用手动设计的功能来捕获数据集的内容和样式。但是,这种依赖数据集的方法会产生不一致的性能。因此,我们建议使用对比度学习和监督学习(Contra-X)的结合来微调预训练的语言表示。我们表明,Contra-X在多个人类和机器作者身份归因基准上提高了最先进的方法,从而提高了高达6.8%的改善。我们还表明,在不同的数据方案中,Contra-X始终优于跨凝性微调。至关重要的是,我们介绍了这些改进的定性和定量分析。我们博学的表示形成了不同作者的高度可分开的群集。但是,我们发现对比度学习以牺牲某些作者的牺牲成本提高了整体准确性。解决这种紧张关系将是未来工作的重要方向。据我们所知,我们是第一个分析将对比度学习与跨凝性微调相结合的作者归因的效果。
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尽管对作者身份归因(AA)和作者身份验证(AV)进行了数十年的研究,但数据集拆分/过滤和不匹配的评估方法不一致,因此很难评估艺术的状态。在本文中,我们介绍了对领域的调查,解决混乱点,介绍瓦拉(Valla)标准化和基准测试AA/AV数据集和指标,提供了大规模的经验评估,并提供现有方法之间的苹果对苹果比较。我们评估了15个数据集(包括分配偏移的挑战集)上的八种有希望的方法,并根据Project Gutenberg归档的文本引入了新的大规模数据集。令人惊讶的是,我们发现基于NGRAM的传统模型在5(7个)AA任务上表现最佳,达到了76.50美元的平均宏观准确性\%$(相比之下,基于BERT的型号为66.71美元\%$)。但是,在两个AA数据集上,每个作者和AV数据集中的单词数量最多,基于BERT的模型表现最好。虽然AV方法很容易应用于AA,但很少将它们作为基准包含在AA论文中。我们表明,通过应用硬性采矿,AV方法是AA方法的竞争替代方法。 Valla和所有实验代码可以在此处找到:https://github.com/jacobtyo/valla
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Metric learning aims to learn distances from the data, which enhances the performance of similarity-based algorithms. An author style detection task is a metric learning problem, where learning style features with small intra-class variations and larger inter-class differences is of great importance to achieve better performance. Recently, metric learning based on softmax loss has been used successfully for style detection. While softmax loss can produce separable representations, its discriminative power is relatively poor. In this work, we propose NBC-Softmax, a contrastive loss based clustering technique for softmax loss, which is more intuitive and able to achieve superior performance. Our technique meets the criterion for larger number of samples, thus achieving block contrastiveness, which is proven to outperform pair-wise losses. It uses mini-batch sampling effectively and is scalable. Experiments on 4 darkweb social forums, with NBCSAuthor that uses the proposed NBC-Softmax for author and sybil detection, shows that our negative block contrastive approach constantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods using the same network architecture. Our code is publicly available at : https://github.com/gayanku/NBC-Softmax
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识别文本跨越几十年的作者的任务,并使用语言学,统计数据,更新,最近,机器学习。灵感灵感来自广泛的自然语言处理任务的令人印象深刻的性能增益,并通过持续的潘大型作者数据集的可用性,我们首先研究几个伯特式变压器的有效性,以便为作者验证的任务。这些模型证明了始终如一地达到非常高的分数。接下来,我们经验证明他们专注于局部线索而不是作者写作风格特征,利用数据集中的现有偏差。为了解决这个问题,我们为PAN-2020提供了新的分割,其中培训和测试数据从不相交的主题或作者采样。最后,我们介绍了DarkRedDit,一个具有不同输入数据分发的数据集。我们进一步使用它来分析低数据制度中模型的域泛化性能,以及在使用所提出的PAN-2020分割时如何变化,以进行微调。我们表明这些分割可以提高模型的模型,以通过新的,显着不同的数据集传输知识。
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文本的风格分析是研究领域的关键任务,从作者归因到法医分析和人格分析。现有的风格分析方法受到主题影响力,大量作者缺乏可区分性以及对大量不同数据的要求所困扰的。在本文中,确定了这些问题的来源,以及对解决方案的认知观点的必要性。引入了一种新型功能表示,称为基于轨迹的样式估计(TRASE),以支持此目的。在跨域场景中拥有超过27,000名作者和140万样本的作者归因实验,导致90%的归因精度表明该特征表示对这种负面影响不受影响,并且是对风格分析的出色候选者。最后,使用物理人类特征(如年龄)对TRASE进行定性分析,以验证其在捕获认知特征方面的主张。
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本文是我们尝试回答两个问题,涵盖道德和作者资格分析领域的问题。首先,由于用于执行作者身份分析的方法意味着他或她创建的内容可以识别作者,因此我们有兴趣找出作者身份证系统是否有可能正确地将作者归因于作者,如果年来,他们经历了重大的心理过渡。其次,从作者的道德价值观演变的角度来看,我们检查了如果作者归因系统在检测单个作者身份方面遇到困难,这将是什么意思。我们着手使用基于预训练的变压器模型的文本分类器执行二进制作者资格分析任务来回答这些问题,并依靠常规相似性指标来回答这些问题。对于测试套装,我们选择了教育史上的日本教育家和专家Arata Osada的作品,其中一半是在第二次世界大战之前写的书,在1950年代又是一半,在此期间,他进行了转变。政治意见的条款。结果,我们能够确认,在10年以上的时间跨度中,Arata Osada撰写的文本,而分类准确性下降了很大的利润率,并且大大低于其他非虚构的文本作家,预测的信心得分仍然与时间跨度较短的水平相似,这表明分类器在许多情况下被欺骗来决定在多年的时间跨度上写的文本实际上是由两个不同的人编写的,这反过来又使我们相信这种变化会影响作者身份分析,并且历史事件对人的著作中所表达的道德观。
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Double-blind peer review is considered a pillar of academic research because it is perceived to ensure a fair, unbiased, and fact-centered scientific discussion. Yet, experienced researchers can often correctly guess from which research group an anonymous submission originates, biasing the peer-review process. In this work, we present a transformer-based, neural-network architecture that only uses the text content and the author names in the bibliography to atttribute an anonymous manuscript to an author. To train and evaluate our method, we created the largest authorship-identification dataset to date. It leverages all research papers publicly available on arXiv amounting to over 2 million manuscripts. In arXiv-subsets with up to 2,000 different authors, our method achieves an unprecedented authorship attribution accuracy, where up to 95% of papers are attributed correctly. Thanks to our method, we are not only able to predict the author of an anonymous work but we also identify weaknesses of the double-blind review process by finding the key aspects that make a paper attributable. We believe that this work gives precious insights into how a submission can remain anonymous in order to support an unbiased double-blind review process.
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数据增强是通过转换为机器学习的人工创建数据的人工创建,是一个跨机器学习学科的研究领域。尽管它对于增加模型的概括功能很有用,但它还可以解决许多其他挑战和问题,从克服有限的培训数据到正规化目标到限制用于保护隐私的数据的数量。基于对数据扩展的目标和应用的精确描述以及现有作品的分类法,该调查涉及用于文本分类的数据增强方法,并旨在为研究人员和从业者提供简洁而全面的概述。我们将100多种方法划分为12种不同的分组,并提供最先进的参考文献来阐述哪种方法可以通过将它们相互关联,从而阐述了哪种方法。最后,提供可能构成未来工作的基础的研究观点。
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使用机器学习算法从未标记的文本中提取知识可能很复杂。文档分类和信息检索是两个应用程序,可以从无监督的学习(例如文本聚类和主题建模)中受益,包括探索性数据分析。但是,无监督的学习范式提出了可重复性问题。初始化可能会导致可变性,具体取决于机器学习算法。此外,关于群集几何形状,扭曲可能会产生误导。在原因中,异常值和异常的存在可能是决定因素。尽管初始化和异常问题与文本群集和主题建模相关,但作者并未找到对它们的深入分析。这项调查提供了这些亚地区的系统文献综述(2011-2022),并提出了共同的术语,因为类似的程序具有不同的术语。作者描述了研究机会,趋势和开放问题。附录总结了与审查的作品直接或间接相关的文本矢量化,分解和聚类算法的理论背景。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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Deep Learning and Machine Learning based models have become extremely popular in text processing and information retrieval. However, the non-linear structures present inside the networks make these models largely inscrutable. A significant body of research has focused on increasing the transparency of these models. This article provides a broad overview of research on the explainability and interpretability of natural language processing and information retrieval methods. More specifically, we survey approaches that have been applied to explain word embeddings, sequence modeling, attention modules, transformers, BERT, and document ranking. The concluding section suggests some possible directions for future research on this topic.
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诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中,以封装最重要的信息,从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近,随着神经体系结构的出现,已经做出了重大的研究工作,以推动自动文本摘要系统,以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述,以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估:基准数据集,汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分,我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献,并进行经验分析,以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征,摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现,我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。
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长期以来,共同基金或交易所交易基金(ETF)的分类已为财务分析师提供服务,以进行同行分析,以从竞争对手分析开始到量化投资组合多元化。分类方法通常依赖于从n-1a表格中提取的结构化格式的基金组成数据。在这里,我们启动一项研究,直接从使用自然语言处理(NLP)的表格中描绘的非结构化数据中学习分类系统。将输入数据仅作为表格中报告的投资策略描述,而目标变量是Lipper全球类别,并且使用各种NLP模型,我们表明,分类系统确实可以通过高准确率。我们讨论了我们发现的含义和应用,以及现有的预培训架构的局限性在应用它们以学习基金分类时。
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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随着越来越多的可用文本数据,能够自动分析,分类和摘要这些数据的算法的开发已成为必需品。在本研究中,我们提出了一种用于关键字识别的新颖算法,即表示给定文档的关键方面的一个或多字短语的提取,称为基于变压器的神经标记器,用于关键字识别(TNT-KID)。通过将变压器架构适用于手头的特定任务并利用域特定语料库上的预先磨损的语言模型,该模型能够通过提供竞争和强大的方式克服监督和无监督的最先进方法的缺陷在各种不同的数据集中的性能,同时仅需要最佳执行系统所需的手动标记的数据。本研究还提供了彻底的错误分析,具有对模型内部运作的有价值的见解和一种消融研究,测量关键字识别工作流程的特定组分对整体性能的影响。
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变量名称对于传达预期的程序行为至关重要。基于机器学习的程序分析方法使用变量名称表示广泛的任务,例如建议新的变量名称和错误检测。理想情况下,这些方法可以捕获句法相似性的名称之间的语义关系,例如,名称平均和均值的事实是相似的。不幸的是,以前的工作发现,即使是先前的最佳的表示方法主要是捕获相关性(是否有两个变量始终链接),而不是相似性(是否具有相同的含义)。我们提出了VarCLR,一种用于学习变量名称的语义表示的新方法,这些方法有效地捕获了这种更严格的意义上的可变相似性。我们观察到这个问题是对比学习的优秀契合,旨在最小化明确类似的输入之间的距离,同时最大化不同输入之间的距离。这需要标记的培训数据,因此我们构建了一种新颖的弱监督的变量重命名数据集,从GitHub编辑开采。我们表明VarCLR能够有效地应用BERT等复杂的通用语言模型,以变为变量名称表示,因此也是与变量名称相似性搜索或拼写校正等相关的下游任务。 varclr产生模型,显着越优于idbench的最先进的现有基准,明确地捕获可变相似度(与相关性不同)。最后,我们贡献了所有数据,代码和预先训练模型的版本,旨在为现有或未来程序分析中使用的可变表示提供的可变表示的替代品。
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存在预训练模型在各种文本分类任务上取得了最先进的性能。这些模型已被证明可用于学习普遍语言表示。然而,通过先进的预训练模型无法有效地区分类似文本之间的语义差异,这对难以区分类的性能产生了很大的影响。为了解决这个问题,我们在这项工作中提出了一种与标签距离(CLLD)的新型对比学习。灵感来自最近对比学习的进步,我们专门设计了一种具有标签距离的分类方法,用于学习对比类。 CLLD可确保在导致不同标签分配的细微差别中的灵活性,并为同时具有相似性的每个类生成不同的表示。关于公共基准和内部数据集的广泛实验表明,我们的方法提高了预先训练模型在分类任务上的性能。重要的是,我们的实验表明,学习的标签距离减轻了细胞的对抗性质。
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Determining the author of a text is a difficult task. Here we compare multiple AI techniques for classifying literary texts written by multiple authors by taking into account a limited number of speech parts (prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions). We also introduce a new dataset composed of texts written in the Romanian language on which we have run the algorithms. The compared methods are Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines, Multi Expression Programming, Decision Trees with C5.0, and k-Nearest Neighbour. Numerical experiments show, first of all, that the problem is difficult, but some algorithms are able to generate decent errors on the test set.
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The extensive surviving corpus of the ancient scholar Plutarch of Chaeronea (ca. 45-120 CE) also contains several texts which, according to current scholarly opinion, did not originate with him and are therefore attributed to an anonymous author Pseudo-Plutarch. These include, in particular, the work Placita Philosophorum (Quotations and Opinions of the Ancient Philosophers), which is extremely important for the history of ancient philosophy. Little is known about the identity of that anonymous author and its relation to other authors from the same period. This paper presents a BERT language model for Ancient Greek. The model discovers previously unknown statistical properties relevant to these literary, philosophical, and historical problems and can shed new light on this authorship question. In particular, the Placita Philosophorum, together with one of the other Pseudo-Plutarch texts, shows similarities with the texts written by authors from an Alexandrian context (2nd/3rd century CE).
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Masked language modeling (MLM) pre-training methods such as BERT corrupt the input by replacing some tokens with [MASK] and then train a model to reconstruct the original tokens. While they produce good results when transferred to downstream NLP tasks, they generally require large amounts of compute to be effective. As an alternative, we propose a more sample-efficient pre-training task called replaced token detection. Instead of masking the input, our approach corrupts it by replacing some tokens with plausible alternatives sampled from a small generator network. Then, instead of training a model that predicts the original identities of the corrupted tokens, we train a discriminative model that predicts whether each token in the corrupted input was replaced by a generator sample or not. Thorough experiments demonstrate this new pre-training task is more efficient than MLM because the task is defined over all input tokens rather than just the small subset that was masked out. As a result, the contextual representations learned by our approach substantially outperform the ones learned by BERT given the same model size, data, and compute. The gains are particularly strong for small models; for example, we train a model on one GPU for 4 days that outperforms GPT (trained using 30x more compute) on the GLUE natural language understanding benchmark. Our approach also works well at scale, where it performs comparably to RoBERTa and XLNet while using less than 1/4 of their compute and outperforms them when using the same amount of compute.
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