视觉预读(VLP)模型最近成功地促进了许多跨模式下游任务。大多数现有作品通过比较微调的下游任务性能来评估其系统。但是,只有平均下游任务准确性才能提供有关每种VLP方法的优缺点的几乎没有信息,更不用说有关社区如何改善系统的见解。受清单进行自然语言处理的启发,我们引入了VL-CheckList,这是一个新颖的框架,以了解VLP模型的功能。所提出的方法将VLP模型的图像定位能力分为三类:对象,属性和关系,并使用新颖的分类法进一步分解这三个方面。我们进行了全面的研究,通过提出的框架分析了七个最近流行的VLP模型。结果通过揭示了仅在下游任务评估中看不见的模型之间的细粒度差异来证实所提出的方法的有效性。进一步的结果表明,在构建更好的VLP模型方面有希望的研究方向。数据和代码:https://github.com/om--ai-lab/vl-checklist
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随着变压器的发展,近年来预先训练的模型已经以突破性的步伐发展。他们在自然语言处理(NLP)和计算机视觉(CV)中主导了主流技术。如何将预训练适应视觉和语言(V-L)学习和改善下游任务绩效成为多模式学习的重点。在本文中,我们回顾了视力语言预训练模型(VL-PTMS)的最新进展。作为核心内容,我们首先简要介绍了几种方法,将原始图像和文本编码为单模式嵌入在预训练之前。然后,我们在建模文本和图像表示之间的相互作用时深入研究VL-PTM的主流体系结构。我们进一步提出了广泛使用的预训练任务,然后我们介绍了一些常见的下游任务。我们终于结束了本文,并提出了一些有前途的研究方向。我们的调查旨在为研究人员提供合成和指向相关研究的指针。
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图像和语言建模对于视觉前训练(VLP)至关重要,该培训旨在从大规模配对的图像文本数据中学习多模式表示。但是,我们观察到,大多数现有的VLP方法着重于建模图像和文本特征之间的相互作用,同时忽略图像和文本之间的信息差异,从而遭受焦点偏见。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个视觉语言掩盖自动编码器框架(VLMAE)。VLMAE采用视觉生成学习,促进该模型获得细粒度和公正的特征。与以前的作品不同,Vlmae注意图像中几乎所有关键的补丁,提供了更全面的理解。广泛的实验表明,VLMAE在各种视觉语言下游任务中取得更好的性能,包括视觉问答,即使有20%的预训练速度,图像文本检索和视觉接地也是如此。
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视觉问题应答(VQA)任务利用视觉图像和语言分析来回回答图像的文本问题。它是一个流行的研究课题,在过去十年中越来越多的现实应用。本文介绍了我们最近对AliceMind-MMU的研究(阿里巴巴的编码器 - 解码器来自Damo Academy - 多媒体理解的机器智能实验室),其比人类在VQA上获得相似甚至略微更好的结果。这是通过系统地改善VQA流水线来实现的,包括:(1)具有全面的视觉和文本特征表示的预培训; (2)与学习参加的有效跨模型互动; (3)一个新颖的知识挖掘框架,具有专门的专业专家模块,适用于复杂的VQA任务。处理不同类型的视觉问题,需要具有相应的专业知识在提高我们的VQA架构的表现方面发挥着重要作用,这取决于人力水平。进行了广泛的实验和分析,以证明新的研究工作的有效性。
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随着图像文本对的大量数据以及视觉和语言(V&L)任务的多样性,学者在该研究领域引入了大量的深度学习模型。此外,近年来,转移学习还显示出在计算机愿景中的巨大成功,例如图像分类,对象检测等以及在自然语言处理中以进行问答,机器翻译等的自然语言处理。继承转移学习的精神, V&L的研究工作已经在大规模数据集上设计了多种预训练技术,以增强下游任务的性能。本文的目的是提供当代V&L预审前模型的全面修订。特别是,我们对预处理的方法进行了分类和描述,以及最先进的视觉和语言预训练模型的摘要。此外,还提供了培训数据集和下游任务的列表,以进一步提高V&L预处理的观点。最后,我们决定采取进一步的一步,讨论众多未来研究的方向。
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现有视觉语言预训练(VLP)方法主要依赖于配对的图像文本数据集,这些数据集由大量人类劳动注释,或者从互联网上爬行,然后是精心制作的数据清洁技术。为了减少对良好的图像文本对的依赖,有望直接利用仅大规模的仅文本和仅图像的语料库。本文提出了一种数据增强方法,即跨模式cutmix(CMC),用于在未配对的VLP中进行隐式跨模式对齐学习。具体而言,CMC将自然句子从文本视图转换为多模式视图,在该视图中,句子中的视觉词语单词被带有相似语义的各种图像贴片随机替换。拟议中的CMC有几个吸引人的礼节。首先,它增强了数据多样性,同时保持语义含义完好无损地解决了对齐数据稀缺的问题;其次,通过将跨模式噪声连接到单模式数据上,它指导模型以学习跨模态的令牌级相互作用,以更好地降级。此外,我们提出了一种名为VLMIXER的新的未配对VLP方法,该方法将CMC与对比度学习集成在一起,以将Uni-Mododal和多模式视图汇总在一起,以在不同模式之间进行更好的实例级别对齐。在五个下游任务上进行的广泛实验表明,VLMIXER可以超过以前最先进的未配对VLP方法。
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以前的视觉语言预训练模型主要构建具有令牌和对象(像素)的多模式输入,然后在它们之间执行交叉模式相互作用。我们认为,只有令牌和对象的输入限制了诸如短语到区域接地之类的高级语义对齐。同时,多层次对齐本质上是一致的,并且能够协同促进表示形式学习。因此,在本文中,我们建议学习视觉预训练(MVPTR)的多级语义一致性。在MVPTR中,我们遵循两种方式的嵌套结构,以引入概念为高级语义。为了简化从多模式多级输入的学习,我们的框架分为两个阶段,第一阶段着重于模式内多级表示学习,第二阶段通过粗粒和细粒度跨模态强化了跨模式的交互语义对齐任务。除了常用的图像文本匹配和掩盖语言模型任务外,我们还引入了第一阶段蒙版概念恢复任务以增强概念表示学习,第二阶段的另外两个任务在第二阶段中,以明确鼓励跨跨层次的多层次对准方式。我们的代码可在https://github.com/junction4nako/mvp_pytorch上找到。
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Vision-Language Pre-Training (VLP) has shown promising capabilities to align image and text pairs, facilitating a broad variety of cross-modal learning tasks. However, we observe that VLP models often lack the visual grounding/localization capability which is critical for many downstream tasks such as visual reasoning. In this work, we propose a novel Position-guided Text Prompt (PTP) paradigm to enhance the visual grounding ability of cross-modal models trained with VLP. Specifically, in the VLP phase, PTP divides the image into $N\times N$ blocks, and identifies the objects in each block through the widely used object detector in VLP. It then reformulates the visual grounding task into a fill-in-the-blank problem given a PTP by encouraging the model to predict the objects in the given blocks or regress the blocks of a given object, e.g. filling `P" or ``O" in aPTP ``The block P has a O". This mechanism improves the visual grounding capability of VLP models and thus helps them better handle various downstream tasks. By introducing PTP into several state-of-the-art VLP frameworks, we observe consistently significant improvements across representative cross-modal learning model architectures and several benchmarks, e.g. zero-shot Flickr30K Retrieval (+4.8 in average recall@1) for ViLT \cite{vilt} baseline, and COCO Captioning (+5.3 in CIDEr) for SOTA BLIP \cite{blip} baseline. Moreover, PTP achieves comparable results with object-detector based methods, and much faster inference speed since PTP discards its object detector for inference while the later cannot. Our code and pre-trained weight will be released at \url{https://github.com/sail-sg/ptp}.
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本文旨在通过分析图像文本检索模型的可重复性来为信息检索社区提供对检索学习最新进展的一些思考。由于过去十年中多模式数据的增加,图像文本检索已稳步成为信息检索领域的主要研究方向。许多研究人员使用MS-Coco和FlickR30K等基准数据集训练和评估图像文本检索算法。过去的研究主要集中在绩效上,以多种方式提出了多种最先进的方法。根据他们的断言,这些技术提供了改进的模态相互作用,从而更精确的多模式表示。与以前的作品相反,我们着重于方法的可重复性以及对元素的检查,这些元素通过验证的图像和文本在检索图像和文本时通过预验证和未经预处理的模型提高了性能。更具体地说,我们首先研究了相关的可重复性问题,并解释了为什么我们的重点是图像文本检索任务。其次,我们系统地总结了图像文本检索模型的当前范式以及这些方法的既定贡献。第三,我们分析了预审预测和未进行检索模型的复制的各个方面。为了完成这项工作,我们进行了消融实验,并获得了一些影响检索召回的因素,而不是原始论文中所主张的改进。最后,我们提出了未来检索社区应考虑的一些思考和挑战。我们的源代码可在https://github.com/wangfei-2019/image-text-retrieval上公开获得。
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Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.
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自我监督的视觉和语言预处理(VLP)旨在从大规模的图像文本数据中学习可转移的多模式表示形式,并在填充后在广泛的视觉范围内实现强大的表现。以前的主流VLP方法通常采用依靠外部对象检测器来编码多模式变压器框架中的图像的两步策略,该框架遭受了限制性对象概念空间,有限的图像上下文和效率低下的计算。在本文中,我们提出了一个对象感知的端到端VLP框架,该框架将来自CNN的图像网格特征直接馈送到变压器中,并共同学习多模式表示。更重要的是,我们建议执行对象知识蒸馏,以促进在不同语义级别的学习跨模式对齐。为了实现这一目标,我们通过将对象特征及其来自外部检测器的语义标签作为监督来设计两个新颖的借口任务:1。)对象引导的蒙版视觉建模任务的重点是在多模式变压器中强制执行对象感知的表示的学习; 2.)短语区域对准任务旨在通过利用语言空间中名词短语和对象标签之间的相似性来改善跨模式对齐。对各种视觉语言任务进行的广泛实验证明了我们提出的框架的功效,并且我们在现有的预科策略中实现了竞争性或优越的表现。
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Learning descriptive 3D features is crucial for understanding 3D scenes with diverse objects and complex structures. However, it is usually unknown whether important geometric attributes and scene context obtain enough emphasis in an end-to-end trained 3D scene understanding network. To guide 3D feature learning toward important geometric attributes and scene context, we explore the help of textual scene descriptions. Given some free-form descriptions paired with 3D scenes, we extract the knowledge regarding the object relationships and object attributes. We then inject the knowledge to 3D feature learning through three classification-based auxiliary tasks. This language-assisted training can be combined with modern object detection and instance segmentation methods to promote 3D semantic scene understanding, especially in a label-deficient regime. Moreover, the 3D feature learned with language assistance is better aligned with the language features, which can benefit various 3D-language multimodal tasks. Experiments on several benchmarks of 3D-only and 3D-language tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our language-assisted 3D feature learning. Code is available at https://github.com/Asterisci/Language-Assisted-3D.
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连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此,已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作,即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始,该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来,两种组件通过对象区域,属性,介绍多模态连接,完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是,无论令人印象深刻的结果,图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述,从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略,数据集和评估度量。在这方面,我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外,讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具,并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。
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Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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变压器架构已经带来了计算语言领域的根本变化,这已经由经常性神经网络主导多年。它的成功还意味着具有语言和愿景的跨模型任务的大幅度变化,许多研究人员已经解决了这个问题。在本文中,我们审查了该领域中的一些最关键的里程碑,以及变压器架构如何纳入Visuol语言跨模型任务的整体趋势。此外,我们讨论了当前的局限性,并推测了我们发现迫在眉睫的一些前景。
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Despite the superior performance brought by vision-and-language pretraining, it remains unclear whether learning with multi-modal data can help understand each individual modality. In this work, we investigate how language can help with visual representation learning from a probing perspective. Specifically, we compare vision-and-language and vision-only models by probing their visual representations on a broad range of tasks, in order to assess the quality of the learned representations in a fine-grained manner. Interestingly, our probing results suggest that vision-and-language models are better at label prediction tasks like object and attribute prediction, while vision-only models are stronger at dense prediction tasks that require more localized information. With further analysis using detailed metrics, our study suggests that language helps vision models learn better semantics, but not localization. Code is released at https://github.com/Lizw14/visual_probing.
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Vision and language models (VL) are known to exploit unrobust indicators in individual modalities (e.g., introduced by distributional biases), instead of focusing on relevant information in each modality. A small drop in accuracy obtained on a VL task with a unimodal model suggests that so-called unimodal collapse occurred. But how to quantify the amount of unimodal collapse reliably, at dataset and instance-level, to diagnose and combat unimodal collapse in a targeted way? We present MM-SHAP, a performance-agnostic multimodality score that quantifies the proportion by which a model uses individual modalities in multimodal tasks. MM-SHAP is based on Shapley values and will be applied in two ways: (1) to compare models for their degree of multimodality, and (2) to measure the contribution of individual modalities for a given task and dataset. Experiments with 6 VL models -- LXMERT, CLIP and four ALBEF variants -- on four VL tasks highlight that unimodal collapse can occur to different degrees and in different directions, contradicting the wide-spread assumption that unimodal collapse is one-sided. We recommend MM-SHAP for analysing multimodal tasks, to diagnose and guide progress towards multimodal integration. Code available at: https://github.com/Heidelberg-NLP/MM-SHAP
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我们介绍了一个名为VL-BEIT的视觉基础模型,这是一种双向多模式变压器,通过生成预处理学习。我们的极简主义解决方案通过共享变压器对单接和多模式数据进行掩盖的预测。具体而言,我们对图像文本对,文本上的掩盖语言建模以及图像上的掩盖图像建模进行了掩盖视觉模型。VL-从头开始学习,其中一项统一的预处理任务,一个共用的骨干和一阶段的训练。我们的方法在概念上是简单的,并且在经验上有效。实验结果表明,VL-BEIT在各种视觉语言基准(例如视觉问题回答,视觉推理和图像文本检索)上获得了强大的结果。此外,我们的方法学习可转移的视觉特征,在图像分类方面实现竞争性能以及语义分割。
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最先进的愿景和愿景和语言模型依靠大规模的Visio-linguisting预借鉴,以获得各种下游任务的良好性能。通常,这种模型通常是跨模态(对比)或多模态(具有早期融合)但不是两者;它们通常只针对特定的方式或任务。有希望的方向将是使用单一整体普遍模型,作为“基础”,目标是一次性的所有方式 - 真正的视觉和语言基础模型应该擅长视力任务,语言任务和交叉和多数模态视觉和语言任务。我们将Flava介绍在这样的模型中,并在跨越这些目标模式的广泛的35个任务上展示令人印象深刻的性能。
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