社交网络可以自由访问他们的服务,以换取利用他们的用户数据的权利。数据共享是在用户选择的初始上下文中完成的。但是,在不同环境中的社交网络和第三方使用的数据通常是不透明的。为了推出这样的用法,我们提出了一种侧重于利益现实情况中数据共享的影响的方法。由于其在整形在线用户配置文件中的强劲影响力,重点放在视觉内容上。该方法依赖于三个组件:(1)一组带有相关情况的视觉对象,通过众包获得的相关情况影响额定值,(2)用于采矿用户的照片和(3)由500视觉制成的地面真理数据集进行相应的对象检测器集每种情况下手动评估的用户配置文件。这些组件在LERVUP中组合,一种方法,它学会在每种情况下评估视觉用户配置文件。 Lervup利用了一个新的图像描述符,它聚集了用户级别的对象额定值和对象检测,并提高了高度额定物体的注意力机制,以防止它们被低额定的对象淹没。通过测量轮廓额定值的自动排名与手动地理真理之间的相关性来评估每个情况的性能。结果表明,由于两个排名的强烈相关,因此皮管率是有效的。还讨论了移动应用程序中的方法的实际实现,这提高了用户对共享数据使用情况的认识。
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自我跟踪可以提高人们对他们不健康的行为的认识,为行为改变提供见解。事先工作探索了自动跟踪器如何反映其记录数据,但它仍然不清楚他们从跟踪反馈中学到多少,以及哪些信息更有用。实际上,反馈仍然可以压倒,并简明扼要可以通过增加焦点和减少解释负担来改善学习。为了简化反馈,我们提出了一个自动跟踪反馈显着框架,以定义提供反馈的特定信息,为什么这些细节以及如何呈现它们(手动引出或自动反馈)。我们从移动食品跟踪的实地研究中收集了调查和膳食图像数据,并实施了Salientrack,一种机器学习模型,以预测用户从跟踪事件中学习。使用可解释的AI(XAI)技术,SalientRack识别该事件的哪些特征是最突出的,为什么它们导致正面学习结果,并优先考虑如何根据归属分数呈现反馈。我们展示了用例,并进行了形成性研究,以展示Salientrack的可用性和有用性。我们讨论自动跟踪中可读性的影响,以及如何添加模型解释性扩大了提高反馈体验的机会。
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情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪,并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是,即使没有明确提及情感名称,也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中,被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量,通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的,如果该人认为自己负责,是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的,例如,新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性,目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念,如果可以通过文本分类器预测,以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标,我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后,我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估,并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明,两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明,评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。
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培训和评估机器学习模型的迭代是提高其性能的重要过程。但是,尽管可教学的接口使盲人用户能够在其独特的环境中拍摄的照片训练和测试对象识别器,但训练迭代和评估步骤的可访问性很少受到关注。迭代假设训练照片的目视检查,对于盲人用户来说是无法访问的。我们通过MyCam探索了这一挑战,Mycam是一个移动应用程序,该应用程序合并了自动估计的描述符,以在用户培训集中对照片进行非视觉访问。我们探索盲人参与者(n = 12)如何通过他们的家中的评估研究与mycam和描述符相互作用。我们证明,实时照片级描述符使盲人用户能够用裁剪的对象减少照片,并且参与者可以通过迭代并访问其训练集的质量来增加更多的变化。此外,参与者发现该应用程序易于使用,表明他们可以有效地训练它,并且描述符很有用。但是,主观反应并未反映在其模型的性能中,部分原因是训练和混乱背景的变化很小。
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由于其主观性质,美学的计算推断是一项不确定的任务。已经提出了许多数据集来通过根据人类评级提供成对的图像和美学得分来解决问题。但是,人类更好地通过语言表达自己的观点,品味和情感,而不是单个数字总结他们。实际上,照片评论提供了更丰富的信息,因为它们揭示了用户如何以及为什么对视觉刺激的美学评价。在这方面,我们提出了Reddit照片评论数据集(RPCD),其中包含图像和照片评论的元素。 RPCD由74K图像和220k评论组成,并从业余爱好者和专业摄影师使用的Reddit社区收集,以利用建设性的社区反馈来提高其摄影技巧。所提出的数据集与以前的美学数据集不同,主要是三个方面,即(i)数据集的大规模数据集和批评图像不同方面的评论的扩展,(ii)它主要包含Ultrahd映像,以及(iii)它通过自动管道收集,可以轻松地扩展到新数据。据我们所知,在这项工作中,我们提出了首次尝试估算批评的视觉刺激质量的尝试。为此,我们利用批评情绪的极性为美学判断的指标。我们证明了情感如何与可用于两种美学评估基准的美学判断正相关。最后,我们通过使用情感得分作为排名图像的目标进行了几种模型。提供数据集和基准(https://github.com/mediatechnologycenter/aestheval)。
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在本文中,我们提出了一种方法,用于预测社交媒体对等体之间的信任链接,其中一个是在多识别信任建模的人工智能面积。特别是,我们提出了一种数据驱动的多面信任信任建模,该信任建模包括许多不同的特征以进行全面分析。我们专注于展示类似用户的聚类如何实现关键新功能:支持更个性化的,从而为用户提供更准确的预测。在信任感知项目推荐任务中说明,我们在大yelp数据集的上下文中评估所提出的框架。然后,我们讨论如何提高社交媒体的可信关系的检测可以帮助在最近爆发的社交网络环境中支持在线用户的违法行为和谣言的传播。我们的结论是关于一个特别易受资助的用户基础,老年人的反思,以说明关于用户组的推理价值,期望通过通过数据分析获得的洞察力集成已知偏好的一些未来方向。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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Current learning machines have successfully solved hard application problems, reaching high accuracy and displaying seemingly "intelligent" behavior. Here we apply recent techniques for explaining decisions of state-of-the-art learning machines and analyze various tasks from computer vision and arcade games. This showcases a spectrum of problem-solving behaviors ranging from naive and short-sighted, to wellinformed and strategic. We observe that standard performance evaluation metrics can be oblivious to distinguishing these diverse problem solving behaviors. Furthermore, we propose our semi-automated Spectral Relevance Analysis that provides a practically effective way of characterizing and validating the behavior of nonlinear learning machines. This helps to assess whether a learned model indeed delivers reliably for the problem that it was conceived for. Furthermore, our work intends to add a voice of caution to the ongoing excitement about machine intelligence and pledges to evaluate and judge some of these recent successes in a more nuanced manner.
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我们在数字世界中采取的每一步都会落后于我们行为的记录;数字足迹。研究表明,算法可以将这些数字足迹转化为精确的心理特征估计,包括人格特质,心理健康或情报。然而,AI产生这些见解的机制通常保持不透明。在本文中,我们展示了如何解释AI(XAI)可以帮助域专家和数据主体验证,问题和改进分类数字足迹的心理特征的模型。我们在来自金融交易数据的大五个人格预测(特征和方面)的范围内,详细说明了两个流行的XAI方法(规则提取和反事实解释)(n = 6,408)。首先,我们展示了全球规则提取在模型中标识的消费模式中如何阐明了最重要的人格,并讨论这些规则如何用于解释,验证和改进模型。其次,我们实施当地规则提取,以表明,由于其独特的财务行为,个人分配给个性课程,并且模型的预测信心与促进预测的特征数量之间存在积极的联系。我们的实验突出了全球和本地XAI方法的重要性。通过更好地了解预测模型如何工作,以及他们如何获得特定人的结果,Xai促进了一个世界的问责制,其中AI影响了世界各地数十亿人的生命。
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支持用户日常生活的代理商不仅需要考虑用户的特征,还要考虑用户的社交状况。现有在包括社交环境的工作使用某种类型的情况提示作为信息处理技术的输入,以评估用户的预期行为。但是,研究表明,确定情况的含义非常重要,这是我们称之为社会状况理解的步骤。我们建议使用情境的心理特征,这些情况在社会科学中提出了将含义归因于情境,作为社会状况理解的基础。使用来自用户研究的数据,我们从两个角度评估了该建议。首先,从技术角度来看,我们表明,情况的心理特征可以用作预测社会情况优先级的投入,并且可以从社会状况的特征中预测情况的心理特征。其次,我们研究了理解步骤在人机含义制造中的作用。我们表明,心理特征可以成功地用作向用户解释议程管理个人助理代理商的决定的基础。
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Deepfakes are computationally-created entities that falsely represent reality. They can take image, video, and audio modalities, and pose a threat to many areas of systems and societies, comprising a topic of interest to various aspects of cybersecurity and cybersafety. In 2020 a workshop consulting AI experts from academia, policing, government, the private sector, and state security agencies ranked deepfakes as the most serious AI threat. These experts noted that since fake material can propagate through many uncontrolled routes, changes in citizen behaviour may be the only effective defence. This study aims to assess human ability to identify image deepfakes of human faces (StyleGAN2:FFHQ) from nondeepfake images (FFHQ), and to assess the effectiveness of simple interventions intended to improve detection accuracy. Using an online survey, 280 participants were randomly allocated to one of four groups: a control group, and 3 assistance interventions. Each participant was shown a sequence of 20 images randomly selected from a pool of 50 deepfake and 50 real images of human faces. Participants were asked if each image was AI-generated or not, to report their confidence, and to describe the reasoning behind each response. Overall detection accuracy was only just above chance and none of the interventions significantly improved this. Participants' confidence in their answers was high and unrelated to accuracy. Assessing the results on a per-image basis reveals participants consistently found certain images harder to label correctly, but reported similarly high confidence regardless of the image. Thus, although participant accuracy was 62% overall, this accuracy across images ranged quite evenly between 85% and 30%, with an accuracy of below 50% for one in every five images. We interpret the findings as suggesting that there is a need for an urgent call to action to address this threat.
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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计算机视觉(CV)取得了显着的结果,在几个任务中表现优于人类。尽管如此,如果不正确处理,可能会导致重大歧视,因为CV系统高度依赖于他们所用的数据,并且可以在此类数据中学习和扩大偏见。因此,理解和发现偏见的问题至关重要。但是,没有关于视觉数据集中偏见的全面调查。因此,这项工作的目的是:i)描述可能在视觉数据集中表现出来的偏差; ii)回顾有关视觉数据集中偏置发现和量化方法的文献; iii)讨论现有的尝试收集偏见视觉数据集的尝试。我们研究的一个关键结论是,视觉数据集中发现和量化的问题仍然是开放的,并且在方法和可以解决的偏见范围方面都有改进的余地。此外,没有无偏见的数据集之类的东西,因此科学家和从业者必须意识到其数据集中的偏见并使它们明确。为此,我们提出了一个清单,以在Visual DataSet收集过程中发现不同类型的偏差。
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我们提出了一种新的四管齐下的方法,在文献中首次建立消防员的情境意识。我们构建了一系列深度学习框架,彼此之叠,以提高消防员在紧急首次响应设置中进行的救援任务的安全性,效率和成功完成。首先,我们使用深度卷积神经网络(CNN)系统,以实时地分类和识别来自热图像的感兴趣对象。接下来,我们将此CNN框架扩展了对象检测,跟踪,分割与掩码RCNN框架,以及具有多模级自然语言处理(NLP)框架的场景描述。第三,我们建立了一个深入的Q学习的代理,免受压力引起的迷失方向和焦虑,能够根据现场消防环境中观察和存储的事实来制定明确的导航决策。最后,我们使用了一种低计算无监督的学习技术,称为张量分解,在实时对异常检测进行有意义的特征提取。通过这些临时深度学习结构,我们建立了人工智能系统的骨干,用于消防员的情境意识。要将设计的系统带入消防员的使用,我们设计了一种物理结构,其中处理后的结果被用作创建增强现实的投入,这是一个能够建议他们所在地的消防员和周围的关键特征,这对救援操作至关重要在手头,以及路径规划功能,充当虚拟指南,以帮助迷彩的第一个响应者恢复安全。当组合时,这四种方法呈现了一种新颖的信息理解,转移和综合方法,这可能会大大提高消防员响应和功效,并降低寿命损失。
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Recent work in large language modeling (LLMs) has used fine-tuning to align outputs with the preferences of a prototypical user. This work assumes that human preferences are static and homogeneous across individuals, so that aligning to a a single "generic" user will confer more general alignment. Here, we embrace the heterogeneity of human preferences to consider a different challenge: how might a machine help people with diverse views find agreement? We fine-tune a 70 billion parameter LLM to generate statements that maximize the expected approval for a group of people with potentially diverse opinions. Human participants provide written opinions on thousands of questions touching on moral and political issues (e.g., "should we raise taxes on the rich?"), and rate the LLM's generated candidate consensus statements for agreement and quality. A reward model is then trained to predict individual preferences, enabling it to quantify and rank consensus statements in terms of their appeal to the overall group, defined according to different aggregation (social welfare) functions. The model produces consensus statements that are preferred by human users over those from prompted LLMs (>70%) and significantly outperforms a tight fine-tuned baseline that lacks the final ranking step. Further, our best model's consensus statements are preferred over the best human-generated opinions (>65%). We find that when we silently constructed consensus statements from only a subset of group members, those who were excluded were more likely to dissent, revealing the sensitivity of the consensus to individual contributions. These results highlight the potential to use LLMs to help groups of humans align their values with one another.
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Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.
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The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) challenge is a benchmark in visual object category recognition and detection, providing the vision and machine learning communities with a standard dataset of images and annotation, and standard evaluation procedures. Organised annually from 2005 to present, the challenge and its associated dataset has become accepted as the benchmark for object detection.This paper describes the dataset and evaluation procedure. We review the state-of-the-art in evaluated methods for both classification and detection, analyse whether the methods are statistically different, what they are learning from the images (e.g. the object or its context), and what the methods find easy or confuse. The paper concludes with lessons learnt in the three year history of the challenge, and proposes directions for future improvement and extension.
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It does not matter whether it is a job interview with Tech Giants, Wall Street firms, or a small startup; all candidates want to demonstrate their best selves or even present themselves better than they really are. Meanwhile, recruiters want to know the candidates' authentic selves and detect soft skills that prove an expert candidate would be a great fit in any company. Recruiters worldwide usually struggle to find employees with the highest level of these skills. Digital footprints can assist recruiters in this process by providing candidates' unique set of online activities, while social media delivers one of the largest digital footprints to track people. In this study, for the first time, we show that a wide range of behavioral competencies consisting of 16 in-demand soft skills can be automatically predicted from Instagram profiles based on the following lists and other quantitative features using machine learning algorithms. We also provide predictions on Big Five personality traits. Models were built based on a sample of 400 Iranian volunteer users who answered an online questionnaire and provided their Instagram usernames which allowed us to crawl the public profiles. We applied several machine learning algorithms to the uniformed data. Deep learning models mostly outperformed by demonstrating 70% and 69% average Accuracy in two-level and three-level classifications respectively. Creating a large pool of people with the highest level of soft skills, and making more accurate evaluations of job candidates is possible with the application of AI on social media user-generated data.
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使用计算笔记本(例如,Jupyter Notebook),数据科学家根据他们的先前经验和外部知识(如在线示例)合理化他们的探索性数据分析(EDA)。对于缺乏关于数据集或问题的具体了解的新手或数据科学家,有效地获得和理解外部信息对于执行EDA至关重要。本文介绍了eDassistant,一个jupyterlab扩展,支持EDA的原位搜索示例笔记本电脑和有用的API的推荐,由搜索结果的新颖交互式可视化供电。代码搜索和推荐是由最先进的机器学习模型启用的,培训在线收集的EDA笔记本电脑的大型语料库。进行用户学习,以调查埃迪卡斯特和数据科学家的当前实践(即,使用外部搜索引擎)。结果证明了埃迪斯坦特的有效性和有用性,与会者赞赏其对EDA的顺利和环境支持。我们还报告了有关代码推荐工具的几种设计意义。
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人为决策的合作努力实现超出人类或人工智能表现的团队绩效。但是,许多因素都会影响人类团队的成功,包括用户的领域专业知识,AI系统的心理模型,对建议的信任等等。这项工作检查了用户与三种模拟算法模型的互动,所有这些模型都具有相似的精度,但对其真正的正面和真实负率进行了不同的调整。我们的研究检查了在非平凡的血管标签任务中的用户性能,参与者表明给定的血管是流动还是停滞。我们的结果表明,虽然AI-Assistant的建议可以帮助用户决策,但用户相对于AI的基线性能和AI错误类型的补充调整等因素会显着影响整体团队的整体绩效。新手用户有所改善,但不能达到AI的准确性。高度熟练的用户通常能够识别何时应遵循AI建议,并通常保持或提高其性能。与AI相似的准确性水平的表演者在AI建议方面是最大的变化。此外,我们发现用户对AI的性能亲戚的看法也对给出AI建议时的准确性是否有所提高产生重大影响。这项工作提供了有关与人类协作有关的因素的复杂性的见解,并提供了有关如何开发以人为中心的AI算法来补充用户在决策任务中的建议。
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