This paper solves a generalized version of the problem of multi-source model adaptation for semantic segmentation. Model adaptation is proposed as a new domain adaptation problem which requires access to a pre-trained model instead of data for the source domain. A general multi-source setting of model adaptation assumes strictly that each source domain shares a common label space with the target domain. As a relaxation, we allow the label space of each source domain to be a subset of that of the target domain and require the union of the source-domain label spaces to be equal to the target-domain label space. For the new setting named union-set multi-source model adaptation, we propose a method with a novel learning strategy named model-invariant feature learning, which takes full advantage of the diverse characteristics of the source-domain models, thereby improving the generalization in the target domain. We conduct extensive experiments in various adaptation settings to show the superiority of our method. The code is available at https://github.com/lzy7976/union-set-model-adaptation.

We consider the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation in semantic segmentation. A key in this campaign consists in reducing the domain shift, i.e., enforcing the data distributions of the two domains to be similar. One of the common strategies is to align the marginal distribution in the feature space through adversarial learning. However, this global alignment strategy does not consider the category-level joint distribution. A possible consequence of such global movement is that some categories which are originally well aligned between the source and target may be incorrectly mapped, thus leading to worse segmentation results in target domain. To address this problem, we introduce a category-level adversarial network, aiming to enforce local semantic consistency during the trend of global alignment. Our idea is to take a close look at the category-level joint distribution and align each class with an adaptive adversarial loss. Specifically, we reduce the weight of the adversarial loss for category-level aligned features while increasing the adversarial force for those poorly aligned. In this process, we decide how well a feature is category-level aligned between source and target by a co-training approach. In two domain adaptation tasks, i.e., GTA5 → Cityscapes and SYN-THIA → Cityscapes, we validate that the proposed method matches the state of the art in segmentation accuracy.

受益于从特定情况（源）收集的相当大的像素级注释，训练有素的语义分段模型表现得非常好，但由于大域移位而导致的新情况（目标）失败。为了缓解域间隙，先前的跨域语义分段方法始终在域对齐期间始终假设源数据和目标数据的共存。但是，在实际方案中访问源数据可能会引发隐私问题并违反知识产权。为了解决这个问题，我们专注于一个有趣和具有挑战性的跨域语义分割任务，其中仅向目标域提供训练源模型。具体地，我们提出了一种称为ATP的统一框架，其包括三种方案，即特征对准，双向教学和信息传播。首先，我们设计了课程熵最小化目标，以通过提供的源模型隐式对准目标功能与看不见的源特征。其次，除了vanilla自我训练中的正伪标签外，我们是第一个向该领域引入负伪标签的，并开发双向自我训练策略，以增强目标域中的表示学习。最后，采用信息传播方案来通过伪半监督学习进一步降低目标域内的域内差异。综合与跨城市驾驶数据集的广泛结果验证\ TextBF {ATP}产生最先进的性能，即使是需要访问源数据的方法。

Semantic segmentation is a key problem for many computer vision tasks. While approaches based on convolutional neural networks constantly break new records on different benchmarks, generalizing well to diverse testing environments remains a major challenge. In numerous real world applications, there is indeed a large gap between data distributions in train and test domains, which results in severe performance loss at run-time. In this work, we address the task of unsupervised domain adaptation in semantic segmentation with losses based on the entropy of the pixel-wise predictions. To this end, we propose two novel, complementary methods using (i) an entropy loss and (ii) an adversarial loss respectively. We demonstrate state-of-theart performance in semantic segmentation on two challenging "synthetic-2-real" set-ups 1 and show that the approach can also be used for detection.

无监督的域适应性（UDA）旨在使在标记的源域上训练的模型适应未标记的目标域。在本文中，我们提出了典型的对比度适应（PROCA），这是一种无监督域自适应语义分割的简单有效的对比度学习方法。以前的域适应方法仅考虑跨各个域的阶级内表示分布的对齐，而阶层间结构关系的探索不足，从而导致目标域上的对齐表示可能不像在源上歧视的那样容易歧视。域了。取而代之的是，ProCA将类间信息纳入班级原型，并采用以班级为中心的分布对齐进行适应。通过将同一类原型与阳性和其他类原型视为实现以集体为中心的分配对齐方式的负面原型，Proca在经典领域适应任务上实现了最先进的性能，{\ em i.e. text {and} synthia $ \ to $ cityScapes}。代码可在\ href {https://github.com/jiangzhengkai/proca} {proca}获得代码

语义分割在广泛的计算机视觉应用中起着基本作用，提供了全球对图像​​的理解的关键信息。然而，最先进的模型依赖于大量的注释样本，其比在诸如图像分类的任务中获得更昂贵的昂贵的样本。由于未标记的数据替代地获得更便宜，因此无监督的域适应达到了语义分割社区的广泛成功并不令人惊讶。本调查致力于总结这一令人难以置信的快速增长的领域的五年，这包含了语义细分本身的重要性，以及将分段模型适应新环境的关键需求。我们提出了最重要的语义分割方法;我们对语义分割的域适应技术提供了全面的调查;我们揭示了多域学习，域泛化，测试时间适应或无源域适应等较新的趋势;我们通过描述在语义细分研究中最广泛使用的数据集和基准测试来结束本调查。我们希望本调查将在学术界和工业中提供具有全面参考指导的研究人员，并有助于他们培养现场的新研究方向。

Domain adaptation aims to bridge the domain shifts between the source and the target domain. These shifts may span different dimensions such as fog, rainfall, etc. However, recent methods typically do not consider explicit prior knowledge about the domain shifts on a specific dimension, thus leading to less desired adaptation performance. In this paper, we study a practical setting called Specific Domain Adaptation (SDA) that aligns the source and target domains in a demanded-specific dimension. Within this setting, we observe the intra-domain gap induced by different domainness (i.e., numerical magnitudes of domain shifts in this dimension) is crucial when adapting to a specific domain. To address the problem, we propose a novel Self-Adversarial Disentangling (SAD) framework. In particular, given a specific dimension, we first enrich the source domain by introducing a domainness creator with providing additional supervisory signals. Guided by the created domainness, we design a self-adversarial regularizer and two loss functions to jointly disentangle the latent representations into domainness-specific and domainness-invariant features, thus mitigating the intra-domain gap. Our method can be easily taken as a plug-and-play framework and does not introduce any extra costs in the inference time. We achieve consistent improvements over state-of-the-art methods in both object detection and semantic segmentation.

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is a promising task freeing people from heavy annotation work. However, domain discrepancies in low-level image statistics and high-level contexts compromise the segmentation performance over the target domain. A key idea to tackle this problem is to perform both image-level and feature-level adaptation jointly. Unfortunately, there is a lack of such unified approaches for UDA tasks in the existing literature. This paper proposes a novel UDA pipeline for semantic segmentation that unifies image-level and feature-level adaptation. Concretely, for image-level domain shifts, we propose a global photometric alignment module and a global texture alignment module that align images in the source and target domains in terms of image-level properties. For feature-level domain shifts, we perform global manifold alignment by projecting pixel features from both domains onto the feature manifold of the source domain; and we further regularize category centers in the source domain through a category-oriented triplet loss and perform target domain consistency regularization over augmented target domain images. Experimental results demonstrate that our pipeline significantly outperforms previous methods. In the commonly tested GTA5$\rightarrow$Cityscapes task, our proposed method using Deeplab V3+ as the backbone surpasses previous SOTA by 8%, achieving 58.2% in mIoU.

In this work, we present a method for unsupervised domain adaptation. Many adversarial learning methods train domain classifier networks to distinguish the features as either a source or target and train a feature generator network to mimic the discriminator. Two problems exist with these methods. First, the domain classifier only tries to distinguish the features as a source or target and thus does not consider task-specific decision boundaries between classes. Therefore, a trained generator can generate ambiguous features near class boundaries. Second, these methods aim to completely match the feature distributions between different domains, which is difficult because of each domain's characteristics.To solve these problems, we introduce a new approach that attempts to align distributions of source and target by utilizing the task-specific decision boundaries. We propose to maximize the discrepancy between two classifiers' outputs to detect target samples that are far from the support of the source. A feature generator learns to generate target features near the support to minimize the discrepancy. Our method outperforms other methods on several datasets of image classification and semantic segmentation. The codes are available at https://github. com/mil-tokyo/MCD_DA

Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.

深度学习极大地提高了语义细分的性能，但是，它的成功依赖于大量注释的培训数据的可用性。因此，许多努力致力于域自适应语义分割，重点是将语义知识从标记的源域转移到未标记的目标域。现有的自我训练方法通常需要多轮训练，而基于对抗训练的另一个流行框架已知对超参数敏感。在本文中，我们提出了一个易于训练的框架，该框架学习了域自适应语义分割的域不变原型。特别是，我们表明域的适应性与很少的学习共享一个共同的角色，因为两者都旨在识别一些从大量可见数据中学到的知识的看不见的数据。因此，我们提出了一个统一的框架，用于域适应和很少的学习。核心思想是使用从几个镜头注释的目标图像中提取的类原型来对源图像和目标图像的像素进行分类。我们的方法仅涉及一个阶段训练，不需要对大规模的未经通知的目标图像进行培训。此外，我们的方法可以扩展到域适应性和几乎没有射击学习的变体。关于适应GTA5到CITYSCAPES和合成景观的实验表明，我们的方法实现了对最先进的竞争性能。

传统的域自适应语义细分解决了在有限或没有其他监督下，将模型调整为新的目标域的任务。在解决输入域间隙的同时，标准域的适应设置假设输出空间没有域的变化。在语义预测任务中，通常根据不同的语义分类法标记不同的数据集。在许多现实世界中，目标域任务需要与源域施加的分类法不同。因此，我们介绍了更通用的自适应跨域语义细分（TAC）问题，从而使两个域之间的分类学不一致。我们进一步提出了一种共同解决图像级和标签级域适应的方法。在标签级别上，我们采用双边混合采样策略来增强目标域，并采用重新标记方法来统一和对齐标签空间。我们通过提出一种不确定性构造的对比度学习方法来解决图像级域间隙，从而导致更多的域不变和类别的歧义特征。我们在不同的TACS设置下广泛评估了框架的有效性：开放分类法，粗到精细的分类学和隐式重叠的分类学。我们的方法的表现超过了先前的最先进的利润，同时能够适应目标分类法。我们的实施可在https://github.com/ethruigong/tada上公开获得。

Convolutional neural network-based approaches for semantic segmentation rely on supervision with pixel-level ground truth, but may not generalize well to unseen image domains. As the labeling process is tedious and labor intensive, developing algorithms that can adapt source ground truth labels to the target domain is of great interest. In this paper, we propose an adversarial learning method for domain adaptation in the context of semantic segmentation. Considering semantic segmentations as structured outputs that contain spatial similarities between the source and target domains, we adopt adversarial learning in the output space. To further enhance the adapted model, we construct a multi-level adversarial network to effectively perform output space domain adaptation at different feature levels. Extensive experiments and ablation study are conducted under various domain adaptation settings, including synthetic-to-real and cross-city scenarios. We show that the proposed method performs favorably against the stateof-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and visual quality.

无监督的域适应（UDA）旨在使源域上培训的模型适应到新的目标域，其中没有可用标记的数据。在这项工作中，我们调查从合成计算机生成的域的UDA的问题，以用于学习语义分割的类似但实际的域。我们提出了一种与UDA的一致性正则化方法结合的语义一致的图像到图像转换方法。我们克服了将合成图像转移到真实的图像的先前限制。我们利用伪标签来学习生成的图像到图像转换模型，该图像到图像转换模型从两个域上的语义标签接收额外的反馈。我们的方法优于最先进的方法，将图像到图像转换和半监督学习与相关域适应基准，即Citycapes和Synthia上的CutyCapes和Synthia进行了全面的学习。

为了将训练有素的模型直接概括为看不见的目标域，域概括（DG）是一种新提出的学习范式，引起了很大的关注。以前的DG模型通常需要在训练过程中观察到的源域中的足够数量的带注释的样品。在本文中，我们放宽了有关完全注释的要求，并研究了半监督域的概括（SSDG），在训练过程中，只有一个源域与其他完全未标记的域一起完全注释。由于要解决观察到的源域之间的域间隙和预测看不见的目标域之间的挑战，我们提出了一个通过关节域吸引的标签和双分类器的新型深框架，以产生高质量的伪标记。具体来说，为了预测域移位下的准确伪标记，开发了一个域吸引的伪标记模块。此外，考虑到概括和伪标记之间的目标不一致：前者防止在所有源域上过度拟合，而后者可能过分适合未标记的源域，以高精度，我们采用双分类器来独立执行伪标记和域名，并在训练过程中执行伪造域通用化。 。当为未标记的源域生成准确的伪标记时，将域混合操作应用于标记和未标记域之间的新域，这对于提高模型的通用能力是有益的。公开可用的DG基准数据集的广泛结果显示了我们提出的SSDG方法的功效。

域的适应性是将所学的共享知识从源域转移到新的环境，即目标域。一种常见的做法是在标记的源域数据和未标记的目标域数据上训练模型。然而，由于对源域的强有力监督，学到的模型通常会偏差。大多数研究人员采用早期策略来防止过度拟合，但是由于缺乏目标域验证集，因此何时停止培训仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种高效的自举方法，称为Adaboost学生，在培训过程中明确学习互补模型，并使用户摆脱经验的早期停止。 Adaboost学生将深入的模型学习与常规培训策略（即自适应增强）相结合，并在学习模型与数据采样器之间进行互动。我们采用一个自适应数据采样器来逐步促进硬样品学习并汇总“弱”模型以防止过度拟合。广泛的实验表明，（1）无需担心停止时间，Adaboost学生通过在培训期间通过有效的互补模型学习提供了一个强大的解决方案。 （2）Adaboost学生与大多数领域适应方法是正交的，可以将其与现有方法结合使用，以进一步改善最新性能。我们已经在三个广泛使用的场景细分域适应基准上取得了竞争成果。

We propose a novel unsupervised domain adaptation framework based on domain-specific batch normalization in deep neural networks. We aim to adapt to both domains by specializing batch normalization layers in convolutional neural networks while allowing them to share all other model parameters, which is realized by a twostage algorithm. In the first stage, we estimate pseudolabels for the examples in the target domain using an external unsupervised domain adaptation algorithm-for example, MSTN [27] or CPUA [14]-integrating the proposed domain-specific batch normalization. The second stage learns the final models using a multi-task classification loss for the source and target domains. Note that the two domains have separate batch normalization layers in both stages. Our framework can be easily incorporated into the domain adaptation techniques based on deep neural networks with batch normalization layers. We also present that our approach can be extended to the problem with multiple source domains. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on multiple benchmark datasets and achieves the state-of-theart accuracy in the standard setting and the multi-source domain adaption scenario.

Although unsupervised domain adaptation methods have achieved remarkable performance in semantic scene segmentation in visual perception for self-driving cars, these approaches remain impractical in real-world use cases. In practice, the segmentation models may encounter new data that have not been seen yet. Also, the previous data training of segmentation models may be inaccessible due to privacy problems. Therefore, to address these problems, in this work, we propose a Continual Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (CONDA) approach that allows the model to continuously learn and adapt with respect to the presence of the new data. Moreover, our proposed approach is designed without the requirement of accessing previous training data. To avoid the catastrophic forgetting problem and maintain the performance of the segmentation models, we present a novel Bijective Maximum Likelihood loss to impose the constraint of predicted segmentation distribution shifts. The experimental results on the benchmark of continual unsupervised domain adaptation have shown the advanced performance of the proposed CONDA method.

In this paper, we investigate a challenging unsupervised domain adaptation setting -unsupervised model adaptation. We aim to explore how to rely only on unlabeled target data to improve performance of an existing source prediction model on the target domain, since labeled source data may not be available in some real-world scenarios due to data privacy issues. For this purpose, we propose a new framework, which is referred to as collaborative class conditional generative adversarial net to bypass the dependence on the source data. Specifically, the prediction model is to be improved through generated target-style data, which provides more accurate guidance for the generator. As a result, the generator and the prediction model can collaborate with each other without source data. Furthermore, due to the lack of supervision from source data, we propose a weight constraint that encourages similarity to the source model. A clustering-based regularization is also introduced to produce more discriminative features in the target domain. Compared to conventional domain adaptation methods, our model achieves superior performance on multiple adaptation tasks with only unlabeled target data, which verifies its effectiveness in this challenging setting.

Unsupervised source-free domain adaptation methods aim to train a model to be used in the target domain utilizing the pretrained source-domain model and unlabeled target-domain data, where the source data may not be accessible due to intellectual property or privacy issues. These methods frequently utilize self-training with pseudo-labeling thresholded by prediction confidence. In a source-free scenario, only supervision comes from target data, and thresholding limits the contribution of the self-training. In this study, we utilize self-training with a mean-teacher approach. The student network is trained with all predictions of the teacher network. Instead of thresholding the predictions, the gradients calculated from the pseudo-labels are weighted based on the reliability of the teacher's predictions. We propose a novel method that uses proxy-based metric learning to estimate reliability. We train a metric network on the encoder features of the teacher network. Since the teacher is updated with the moving average, the encoder feature space is slowly changing. Therefore, the metric network can be updated in training time, which enables end-to-end training. We also propose a metric-based online ClassMix method to augment the input of the student network where the patches to be mixed are decided based on the metric reliability. We evaluated our method in synthetic-to-real and cross-city scenarios. The benchmarks show that our method significantly outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods.