预先训练的上下文化文本表示模型学习自然语言的有效表示,以使IT机器可以理解。在注意机制的突破之后,已经提出了新一代预磨模的模型,以便自变压器引入以来实现了良好的性能。来自变压器(BERT)的双向编码器表示已成为语言理解的最先进的模型。尽管取得了成功,但大多数可用的型号已经在印度欧洲语言中培训,但是对代表性的语言和方言的类似研究仍然稀疏。在本文中,我们调查了培训基于单语言变换器的语言模型的可行性,以获得代表语言的特定重点是突尼斯方言。我们评估了我们的语言模型对情感分析任务,方言识别任务和阅读理解问答任务。我们表明使用嘈杂的Web爬网数据而不是结构化数据(维基百科,文章等)更方便这些非标准化语言。此外,结果表明,相对小的Web爬网数据集导致与使用较大数据集获得的那些表现相同的性能。最后,我们在所有三个下游任务中达到或改善了最先进的Tunbert模型。我们释放出Tunbert净化模型和用于微调的数据集。
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Pre-trained transformers are now the de facto models in Natural Language Processing given their state-of-the-art results in many tasks and languages. However, most of the current models have been trained on languages for which large text resources are already available (such as English, French, Arabic, etc.). Therefore, there are still a number of low-resource languages that need more attention from the community. In this paper, we study the Algerian dialect which has several specificities that make the use of Arabic or multilingual models inappropriate. To address this issue, we collected more than one million Algerian tweets, and pre-trained the first Algerian language model: DziriBERT. When compared with existing models, DziriBERT achieves better results, especially when dealing with the Roman script. The obtained results show that pre-training a dedicated model on a small dataset (150 MB) can outperform existing models that have been trained on much more data (hundreds of GB). Finally, our model is publicly available to the community.
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文本分类是具有各种有趣应用程序的典型自然语言处理或计算语言学任务。随着社交媒体平台上的用户数量的增加,数据加速促进了有关社交媒体文本分类(SMTC)或社交媒体文本挖掘的新兴研究。与英语相比,越南人是低资源语言之一,仍然没有集中精力并彻底利用。受胶水成功的启发,我们介绍了社交媒体文本分类评估(SMTCE)基准,作为各种SMTC任务的数据集和模型的集合。借助拟议的基准,我们实施和分析了各种基于BERT的模型(Mbert,XLM-R和Distilmbert)和基于单语的BERT模型(Phobert,Vibert,Vibert,Velectra和Vibert4news)的有效性SMTCE基准。单语模型优于多语言模型,并实现所有文本分类任务的最新结果。它提供了基于基准的多语言和单语言模型的客观评估,该模型将使越南语言中有关贝尔特兰的未来研究有利。
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Due to their crucial role in all NLP, several benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate pretrained language models. In spite of these efforts, no public benchmark of diverse nature currently exists for evaluation of Arabic. This makes it challenging to measure progress for both Arabic and multilingual language models. This challenge is compounded by the fact that any benchmark targeting Arabic needs to take into account the fact that Arabic is not a single language but rather a collection of languages and varieties. In this work, we introduce ORCA, a publicly available benchmark for Arabic language understanding evaluation. ORCA is carefully constructed to cover diverse Arabic varieties and a wide range of challenging Arabic understanding tasks exploiting 60 different datasets across seven NLU task clusters. To measure current progress in Arabic NLU, we use ORCA to offer a comprehensive comparison between 18 multilingual and Arabic language models. We also provide a public leaderboard with a unified single-number evaluation metric (ORCA score) to facilitate future research.
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这项研究提供了对僧伽罗文本分类的预训练语言模型的性能的首次全面分析。我们测试了一组不同的Sinhala文本分类任务,我们的分析表明,在包括Sinhala(XLM-R,Labse和Laser)的预训练的多语言模型中,XLM-R是迄今为止Sinhala文本的最佳模型分类。我们还预先培训了两种基于罗伯塔的单语僧伽罗模型,它们远远优于僧伽罗的现有预训练的语言模型。我们表明,在微调时,这些预训练的语言模型为僧伽罗文本分类树立了非常强大的基线,并且在标记数据不足以进行微调的情况下非常强大。我们进一步提供了一组建议,用于使用预训练的模型进行Sinhala文本分类。我们还介绍了新的注释数据集,可用于僧伽罗文本分类的未来研究,并公开发布我们的预培训模型。
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特定于语言的预训练模型已被证明比单语说在单语法评估设置中更准确,阿拉伯语也不例外。但是,我们发现先前发布的阿拉伯伯特模型显着培训。在这本技术报告中,我们展示了Jaber,Junior Arabic Bert,我们的预用语言模型原型专用于阿拉伯语。我们进行实证研究,以系统地评估模型在各种现有阿拉伯语NLU任务中的性能。实验结果表明,Jaber实现了Alue的最先进的表演,这是阿拉伯语了解评估的新基准,以及成熟的内部基准
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问题答案(QA)是自然语言处理中最具挑战性的最具挑战性的问题之一(NLP)。问答(QA)系统试图为给定问题产生答案。这些答案可以从非结构化或结构化文本生成。因此,QA被认为是可以用于评估文本了解系统的重要研究区域。大量的QA研究致力于英语语言,调查最先进的技术和实现最先进的结果。然而,由于阿拉伯QA中的研究努力和缺乏大型基准数据集,在阿拉伯语问答进展中的研究努力得到了很大速度的速度。最近许多预先接受的语言模型在许多阿拉伯语NLP问题中提供了高性能。在这项工作中,我们使用四个阅读理解数据集来评估阿拉伯QA的最先进的接种变压器模型,它是阿拉伯语 - 队,ArcD,AQAD和TYDIQA-GoldP数据集。我们微调并比较了Arabertv2基础模型,ArabertV0.2大型型号和ARAElectra模型的性能。在最后,我们提供了一个分析,了解和解释某些型号获得的低绩效结果。
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Pre-training large neural language models, such as BERT, has led to impressive gains on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Although this method has proven to be effective for many domains, it might not always provide desirable benefits. In this paper, we study the effects of hateful pre-training on low-resource hate speech classification tasks. While previous studies on the English language have emphasized its importance, we aim to augment their observations with some non-obvious insights. We evaluate different variations of tweet-based BERT models pre-trained on hateful, non-hateful, and mixed subsets of a 40M tweet dataset. This evaluation is carried out for the Indian languages Hindi and Marathi. This paper is empirical evidence that hateful pre-training is not the best pre-training option for hate speech detection. We show that pre-training on non-hateful text from the target domain provides similar or better results. Further, we introduce HindTweetBERT and MahaTweetBERT, the first publicly available BERT models pre-trained on Hindi and Marathi tweets, respectively. We show that they provide state-of-the-art performance on hate speech classification tasks. We also release hateful BERT for the two languages and a gold hate speech evaluation benchmark HateEval-Hi and HateEval-Mr consisting of manually labeled 2000 tweets each. The models and data are available at https://github.com/l3cube-pune/MarathiNLP .
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BERT,ROBERTA或GPT-3等复杂的基于注意力的语言模型的外观已允许在许多场景中解决高度复杂的任务。但是,当应用于特定域时,这些模型会遇到相当大的困难。诸如Twitter之类的社交网络就是这种情况,Twitter是一种不断变化的信息流,以非正式和复杂的语言编写的信息流,鉴于人类的重要作用,每个信息都需要仔细评估,即使人类也需要理解。通过自然语言处理解决该领域的任务涉及严重的挑战。当将强大的最先进的多语言模型应用于这种情况下,特定语言的细微差别用来迷失翻译。为了面对这些挑战,我们提出了\ textbf {bertuit},这是迄今为止针对西班牙语提出的较大变压器,使用Roberta Optimization进行了230m西班牙推文的大规模数据集进行了预培训。我们的动机是提供一个强大的资源,以更好地了解西班牙Twitter,并用于专注于该社交网络的应用程序,特别强调致力于解决该平台中错误信息传播的解决方案。对Bertuit进行了多个任务评估,并与M-Bert,XLM-Roberta和XLM-T进行了比较,该任务非常具有竞争性的多语言变压器。在这种情况下,使用应用程序显示了我们方法的实用性:一种可视化骗局和分析作者群体传播虚假信息的零击方法。错误的信息在英语以外的其他语言等平台上疯狂地传播,这意味着在英语说话之外转移时,变形金刚的性能可能会受到影响。
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We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a;Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pretrain deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).
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在本文中,我们介绍了TweetNLP,这是社交媒体中自然语言处理(NLP)的集成平台。TweetNLP支持一套多样化的NLP任务,包括诸如情感分析和命名实体识别的通用重点领域,以及社交媒体特定的任务,例如表情符号预测和进攻性语言识别。特定于任务的系统由专门用于社交媒体文本的合理大小的基于变压器的语言模型(尤其是Twitter)提供动力,无需专用硬件或云服务即可运行。TweetNLP的主要贡献是:(1)使用适合社会领域的各种特定于任务的模型,用于支持社交媒体分析的现代工具包的集成python库;(2)使用我们的模型进行无编码实验的交互式在线演示;(3)涵盖各种典型社交媒体应用的教程。
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In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.
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编码单词语义属性的密集词向量或“Word Embeddings”现在已成为机器翻译(MT),问题应答(QA),字感消解(WSD)和信息检索(IR)中的NLP任务的积分。在本文中,我们使用各种现有方法为14个印度语言创建多个单词嵌入。我们将这些嵌入的嵌入式为所有这些语言,萨姆萨姆,孟加拉,古吉拉蒂,印地教派,kannada,konkani,malayalam,marathi,尼泊尔,odiya,punjabi,梵语,泰米尔和泰雅古士在一个单一的存储库中。相对较新的方法,强调迎合上下文(BERT,ELMO等),表明了显着的改进,但需要大量资源来产生可用模型。我们释放使用上下文和非上下文方法生成的预训练嵌入。我们还使用Muse和XLM来培训所有上述语言的交叉语言嵌入。为了展示我们嵌入的效果,我们为所有这些语言评估了我们对XPOS,UPOS和NER任务的嵌入模型。我们使用8种不同的方法释放了436个型号。我们希望他们对资源受限的印度语言NLP有用。本文的标题是指最初在1924年出版的福斯特的着名小说“一段是印度”。
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Automated offensive language detection is essential in combating the spread of hate speech, particularly in social media. This paper describes our work on Offensive Language Identification in low resource Indic language Marathi. The problem is formulated as a text classification task to identify a tweet as offensive or non-offensive. We evaluate different mono-lingual and multi-lingual BERT models on this classification task, focusing on BERT models pre-trained with social media datasets. We compare the performance of MuRIL, MahaTweetBERT, MahaTweetBERT-Hateful, and MahaBERT on the HASOC 2022 test set. We also explore external data augmentation from other existing Marathi hate speech corpus HASOC 2021 and L3Cube-MahaHate. The MahaTweetBERT, a BERT model, pre-trained on Marathi tweets when fine-tuned on the combined dataset (HASOC 2021 + HASOC 2022 + MahaHate), outperforms all models with an F1 score of 98.43 on the HASOC 2022 test set. With this, we also provide a new state-of-the-art result on HASOC 2022 / MOLD v2 test set.
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在过去的五年中,基于自动变压器的体系结构的兴起导致了许多自然语言任务的最新表现。尽管这些方法越来越受欢迎,但它们需要大量的数据和计算资源。在数据范围的应用程序条件下,在资源不足的语言上,基准测试方法仍然非常需要对方法进行基准测试。大多数预训练的语言模型都使用英语进行了大规模研究,其中只有少数在法语上进行了评估。在本文中,我们提出了一个统一的基准测试,重点是评估模型质量及其对两个法语口语理解任务的生态影响。尤其是我们基于13个完善的基于变压器的模型基于法语的两个可用语言理解任务:媒体和ATIS-FR。在此框架内,我们表明紧凑的模型可以与较大的模型达到可比的结果,而生态影响却大大降低。但是,此假设是细微的,取决于考虑的压缩方法。
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对于许多任务,基于变压器的体系结构已经实现了最新的结果,从而导致实践从使用特定于任务的架构到预先训练的语言模型的微调。持续的趋势包括具有越来越多的数据和参数的培训模型,这需要大量资源。它导致了强有力的搜索,以提高基于仅针对英语评估的算法和硬件改进的算法和硬件改进。这引发了有关其可用性的疑问,当应用于小规模的学习问题时,对于资源不足的语言任务,有限的培训数据可用。缺乏适当尺寸的语料库是应用数据驱动和转移学习的方法的障碍。在本文中,我们建立了致力于基于变压器模型的可用性的最新努力,并建议评估这些改进的法语表现,而法语的效果很少。我们通过通过数据增强,超参数优化和跨语性转移来调查各种培训策略来解决与数据稀缺有关的不稳定。我们还为法国弗拉伯特(Fralbert)引入了一种新的紧凑型模型,该模型在低资源环境中被证明具有竞争力。
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在多语言甚至单语言中鉴定的模型的零拍跨语言能力刺激了许多假设,以解释这一有趣的经验结果。但是,由于预处理的成本,大多数研究都使用公共模型的公共模型,其预处理方法(例如代币化,语料库规模和计算预算的选择)可能会大不相同。当研究人员对自己的模型预识时,他们通常会在预算有限的情况下这样做,并且与SOTA模型相比,最终的模型的表现可能明显不足。这些实验差异导致有关这些模型跨语性能力的性质的各种不一致的结论。为了帮助对该主题进行进一步研究,我们发布了10个单语字节级模型,并在相同的配置下进行了严格审慎的概述,并具有大型计算预算(相当于V100的420天)和Corpora,比原始BERT大4倍。由于它们不含令牌,因此消除了看不见的令牌嵌入的问题,从而使研究人员可以在具有不同脚本的语言中尝试更广泛的跨语言实验。此外,我们释放了在不自然语言文本上预测的两个模型,这些模型可用于理智检查实验。关于质量检查和NLI任务的实验表明,我们的单语模型实现了多语言的竞争性能,因此可以加强我们对语言模型中跨语性可传递性的理解。
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Understanding customer feedback is becoming a necessity for companies to identify problems and improve their products and services. Text classification and sentiment analysis can play a major role in analyzing this data by using a variety of machine and deep learning approaches. In this work, different transformer-based models are utilized to explore how efficient these models are when working with a German customer feedback dataset. In addition, these pre-trained models are further analyzed to determine if adapting them to a specific domain using unlabeled data can yield better results than off-the-shelf pre-trained models. To evaluate the models, two downstream tasks from the GermEval 2017 are considered. The experimental results show that transformer-based models can reach significant improvements compared to a fastText baseline and outperform the published scores and previous models. For the subtask Relevance Classification, the best models achieve a micro-averaged $F1$-Score of 96.1 % on the first test set and 95.9 % on the second one, and a score of 85.1 % and 85.3 % for the subtask Polarity Classification.
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社交媒体职位的情感分析和各种营销和情感目的的评论正在获得认可。随着各种母语中的代码混合含量的增加,需要康复研究来产生有前途的结果。这篇研究论文以广泛的Dravidian语言kannada,泰米尔和马拉雅拉姆的语义混合社交媒体评论的情感分析,对这项研究赋予了这项研究。它描述了Dravidian-Codemix在Fire 2021通过使用预先训练的模型如Ulmfit和Multi语言BERT在代码混合数据集,音译(TRAAI)上的训练型模型,英文翻译(TRAA)的培训模型来描述TRAI数据和所有三个的结合。结果记录在本研究论文中,最佳型号分别在泰米尔,克南纳和马拉雅拉姆任务中站在4号,第5和第10位。
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我们介绍了Twhin-Bert,这是一种多语言语言模型,该模型在流行的社交网络Twitter上训练了内域数据。Twhin-bert与先前的预训练的语言模型有所不同,因为它不仅接受了基于文本的自学训练,而且还具有基于Twitter异质信息网络(TWHIN)中丰富社交活动的社会目标。我们的模型接受了70亿条推文的培训,涵盖了100多种不同的语言,为简短,嘈杂,用户生成的文本提供了有价值的表示形式。我们对各种多语言社会建议和语义理解任务进行评估,并证明了对既定的预训练的语言模型的大幅改进。我们将自由开放源代码Twhin-Bert和我们为研究社区提供的精心策划标签预测和社会参与基准数据集。
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