我们分享了我们最近的发现，以试图培训通用分割网络的各种细胞类型和成像方式。我们的方法建立在广义的U-NET体系结构上，该体系结构允许单独评估每个组件。我们修改了传统的二进制培训目标，以包括三个类以进行直接实例细分。进行了有关培训方案，培训设置，网络骨架和各个模块的详细实验。我们提出的培训方案依次从每个数据集中吸取小匹配，并且在优化步骤之前积累了梯度。我们发现，培训通用网络的关键是所有数据集上的历史监督，并且有必要以公正的方式对每个数据集进行采样。我们的实验还表明，可能存在共同的特征来定义细胞类型和成像方式的细胞边界，这可以允许应用训练有素的模型完全看不见的数据集。一些培训技巧可以进一步提高细分性能，包括交叉渗透损失功能中的班级权重，精心设计的学习率调度程序，较大的图像作物以进行上下文信息以及不平衡类别的其他损失条款。我们还发现，由于它们更可靠的统计估计和更高的语义理解，分割性能可以受益于组规范化层和缺陷的空间金字塔池模块。我们参与了在IEEE国际生物医学成像研讨会（ISBI）2021举行的第六个细胞跟踪挑战（CTC）。我们的方法被评估为在主要曲目的初始提交期间，作为最佳亚军，并在额外的竞争中获得了第三名，以准备摘要出版物。

Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.

The 1$^{\text{st}}$ Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023 focused on maritime computer vision for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), and organized several subchallenges in this domain: (i) UAV-based Maritime Object Detection, (ii) UAV-based Maritime Object Tracking, (iii) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Segmentation and (iv) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Detection. The subchallenges were based on the SeaDronesSee and MODS benchmarks. This report summarizes the main findings of the individual subchallenges and introduces a new benchmark, called SeaDronesSee Object Detection v2, which extends the previous benchmark by including more classes and footage. We provide statistical and qualitative analyses, and assess trends in the best-performing methodologies of over 130 submissions. The methods are summarized in the appendix. The datasets, evaluation code and the leaderboard are publicly available at https://seadronessee.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/macvi.

大多数现有的深神经网络都是静态的，这意味着它们只能以固定的复杂性推断。但资源预算可以大幅度不同。即使在一个设备上，实惠预算也可以用不同的场景改变，并且对每个所需预算的反复培训网络是非常昂贵的。因此，在这项工作中，我们提出了一种称为Mutualnet的一般方法，以训练可以以各种资源约束运行的单个网络。我们的方法列举了具有各种网络宽度和输入分辨率的模型配置队列。这种相互学习方案不仅允许模型以不同的宽度分辨率配置运行，而且还可以在这些配置之间传输独特的知识，帮助模型来学习更强大的表示。 Mutualnet是一般的培训方法，可以应用于各种网络结构（例如，2D网络：MobileNets，Reset，3D网络：速度，X3D）和各种任务（例如，图像分类，对象检测，分段和动作识别），并证明了实现各种数据集的一致性改进。由于我们只培训了这一模型，它对独立培训多种型号而言，它也大大降低了培训成本。令人惊讶的是，如果动态资源约束不是一个问题，则可以使用Mutualnet来显着提高单个网络的性能。总之，Mutualnet是静态和自适应，2D和3D网络的统一方法。代码和预先训练的模型可用于\ url {https://github.com/tayang1122/mutualnet}。

组织学图像中核和腺体的实例分割是用于癌症诊断，治疗计划和生存分析的计算病理学工作流程中的重要一步。随着现代硬件的出现，大规模质量公共数据集的最新可用性以及社区组织的宏伟挑战已经看到了自动化方法的激增，重点是特定领域的挑战，这对于技术进步和临床翻译至关重要。在这项调查中，深入分析了过去五年（2017-2022）中发表的原子核和腺体实例细分的126篇论文，进行了深入分析，讨论了当前方法的局限性和公开挑战。此外，提出了潜在的未来研究方向，并总结了最先进方法的贡献。此外，还提供了有关公开可用数据集的概括摘要以及关于说明每种挑战的最佳性能方法的巨大挑战的详细见解。此外，我们旨在使读者现有研究的现状和指针在未来的发展方向上开发可用于临床实践的方法，从而可以改善诊断，分级，预后和癌症的治疗计划。据我们所知，以前没有工作回顾了朝向这一方向的组织学图像中的实例细分。

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

语义分割是将类标签分配给图像中每个像素的问题，并且是自动车辆视觉堆栈的重要组成部分，可促进场景的理解和对象检测。但是，许多表现最高的语义分割模型非常复杂且笨拙，因此不适合在计算资源有限且低延迟操作的板载自动驾驶汽车平台上部署。在这项调查中，我们彻底研究了旨在通过更紧凑，更有效的模型来解决这种未对准的作品，该模型能够在低内存嵌入式系统上部署，同时满足实时推理的限制。我们讨论了该领域中最杰出的作品，根据其主要贡献将它们置于分类法中，最后我们评估了在一致的硬件和软件设置下，所讨论模型的推理速度，这些模型代表了具有高端的典型研究环境GPU和使用低内存嵌入式GPU硬件的现实部署方案。我们的实验结果表明，许多作品能够在资源受限的硬件上实时性能，同时说明延迟和准确性之间的一致权衡。

Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.

Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

准确且强大的视觉对象跟踪是最具挑战性和最基本的计算机视觉问题之一。它需要在图像序列中估计目标的轨迹，仅给出其初始位置和分段，或者在边界框的形式中粗略近似。判别相关滤波器（DCF）和深度暹罗网络（SNS）被出现为主导跟踪范式，这导致了重大进展。在过去十年的视觉对象跟踪快速演变之后，该调查介绍了90多个DCFS和暹罗跟踪器的系统和彻底审查，基于九个跟踪基准。首先，我们介绍了DCF和暹罗跟踪核心配方的背景理论。然后，我们在这些跟踪范式中区分和全面地审查共享以及具体的开放研究挑战。此外，我们彻底分析了DCF和暹罗跟踪器对九个基准的性能，涵盖了视觉跟踪的不同实验方面：数据集，评估度量，性能和速度比较。通过提出根据我们的分析提出尊重开放挑战的建议和建议来完成调查。

深度学习已被广​​泛用于医学图像分割，并且录制了录制了该领域深度学习的成功的大量论文。在本文中，我们使用深层学习技术对医学图像分割的全面主题调查。本文进行了两个原创贡献。首先，与传统调查相比，直接将深度学习的文献分成医学图像分割的文学，并为每组详细介绍了文献，我们根据从粗略到精细的多级结构分类目前流行的文献。其次，本文侧重于监督和弱监督的学习方法，而不包括无监督的方法，因为它们在许多旧调查中引入而且他们目前不受欢迎。对于监督学习方法，我们分析了三个方面的文献：骨干网络的选择，网络块的设计，以及损耗功能的改进。对于虚弱的学习方法，我们根据数据增强，转移学习和交互式分割进行调查文献。与现有调查相比，本调查将文献分类为比例不同，更方便读者了解相关理由，并将引导他们基于深度学习方法思考医学图像分割的适当改进。

In this work we address the task of semantic image segmentation with Deep Learning and make three main contributions that are experimentally shown to have substantial practical merit. First, we highlight convolution with upsampled filters, or 'atrous convolution', as a powerful tool in dense prediction tasks. Atrous convolution allows us to explicitly control the resolution at which feature responses are computed within Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. It also allows us to effectively enlarge the field of view of filters to incorporate larger context without increasing the number of parameters or the amount of computation. Second, we propose atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) to robustly segment objects at multiple scales. ASPP probes an incoming convolutional feature layer with filters at multiple sampling rates and effective fields-of-views, thus capturing objects as well as image context at multiple scales. Third, we improve the localization of object boundaries by combining methods from DCNNs and probabilistic graphical models. The commonly deployed combination of max-pooling and downsampling in DCNNs achieves invariance but has a toll on localization accuracy. We overcome this by combining the responses at the final DCNN layer with a fully connected Conditional Random Field (CRF), which is shown both qualitatively and quantitatively to improve localization performance. Our proposed "DeepLab" system sets the new state-of-art at the PASCAL VOC-2012 semantic image segmentation task, reaching 79.7% mIOU in the test set, and advances the results on three other datasets: PASCAL-Context, PASCAL-Person-Part, and Cityscapes. All of our code is made publicly available online.

由于图像的复杂性和活细胞的时间变化，来自明亮场光显微镜图像的活细胞分割具有挑战性。最近开发的基于深度学习（DL）的方法由于其成功和有希望的结果而在医学和显微镜图像分割任务中变得流行。本文的主要目的是开发一种基于U-NET的深度学习方法，以在明亮场传输光学显微镜中分割HeLa系的活细胞。为了找到适合我们数据集的最合适的体系结构，提出了剩余的注意U-net，并将其与注意力和简单的U-NET体系结构进行了比较。注意机制突出了显着的特征，并抑制了无关图像区域中的激活。残余机制克服了消失的梯度问题。对于简单，注意力和剩余的关注U-NET，我们数据集的平均值得分分别达到0.9505、0.9524和0.9530。通过将残留和注意机制应用在一起，在平均值和骰子指标中实现了最准确的语义分割结果。应用的分水岭方法适用于这种最佳的（残留的关注）语义分割结果，使每个单元格的特定信息进行了分割。

边缘检测是许多计算机视觉应用的基础。最先进的国家主要依赖于两个决定性因素的深度学习：数据集内容和网络的体系结构。大多数公共可用数据集未策划边缘检测任务。在这里，我们为此约束提供解决方案。首先，我们认为边缘，轮廓和边界尽管它们重叠，是需要单独的基准数据集的三个不同的视觉功能。为此，我们介绍了一个新的边缘数据集。其次，我们提出了一种新颖的架构，称为边缘检测（Dexined）的密集极端成立网络，可以从划痕的情况下培训，而没有任何预先训练的重量。Dexined优于所呈现的数据集中的其他算法。它还概括到其他数据集没有任何微调。由于IT输出的更锐利和更精细的边缘，所以更高的Dexined质量也显着显着。

随着深度学习方法的进步，如深度卷积神经网络，残余神经网络，对抗网络的进步。 U-Net架构最广泛利用生物医学图像分割，以解决目标区域或子区域的识别和检测的自动化。在最近的研究中，基于U-Net的方法在不同应用中显示了最先进的性能，以便在脑肿瘤，肺癌，阿尔茨海默，乳腺癌等疾病的早期诊断和治疗中发育计算机辅助诊断系统等，使用各种方式。本文通过描述U-Net框架来提出这些方法的成功，然后通过执行1）型号的U-Net变体进行综合分析，2）模特内分类，建立更好的见解相关的挑战和解决方案。此外，本文还强调了基于U-Net框架在持续的大流行病，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-COV-2）中的贡献也称为Covid-19。最后，分析了这些U-Net变体的优点和相似性以及生物医学图像分割所涉及的挑战，以发现该领域的未来未来的研究方向。

语义分割是自主车辆了解周围场景的关键技术。当代模型的吸引力表现通常以牺牲重计算和冗长的推理时间为代价，这对于自行车来说是无法忍受的。在低分辨率图像上使用轻量级架构（编码器 - 解码器或双路）或推理，最近的方法实现了非常快的场景解析，即使在单个1080TI GPU上以100多件FPS运行。然而，这些实时方法与基于扩张骨架的模型之间的性能仍有显着差距。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一家专门为实时语义细分设计的高效底座。所提出的深层双分辨率网络（DDRNET）由两个深部分支组成，之间进行多个双边融合。此外，我们设计了一个名为Deep聚合金字塔池（DAPPM）的新上下文信息提取器，以基于低分辨率特征映射放大有效的接收字段和熔丝多尺度上下文。我们的方法在城市景观和Camvid数据集上的准确性和速度之间实现了新的最先进的权衡。特别是，在单一的2080Ti GPU上，DDRNET-23-Slim在Camvid测试组上的Citycapes试验组102 FPS上的102 FPS，74.7％Miou。通过广泛使用的测试增强，我们的方法优于最先进的模型，需要计算得多。 CODES和培训的型号在线提供。

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

基于无人机（UAV）基于无人机的视觉对象跟踪已实现了广泛的应用，并且由于其多功能性和有效性而引起了智能运输系统领域的越来越多的关注。作为深度学习革命性趋势的新兴力量，暹罗网络在基于无人机的对象跟踪中闪耀，其准确性，稳健性和速度有希望的平衡。由于开发了嵌入式处理器和深度神经网络的逐步优化，暹罗跟踪器获得了广泛的研究并实现了与无人机的初步组合。但是，由于无人机在板载计算资源和复杂的现实情况下，暹罗网络的空中跟踪仍然在许多方面都面临严重的障碍。为了进一步探索基于无人机的跟踪中暹罗网络的部署，这项工作对前沿暹罗跟踪器进行了全面的审查，以及使用典型的无人机板载处理器进行评估的详尽无人用分析。然后，进行板载测试以验证代表性暹罗跟踪器在现实世界无人机部署中的可行性和功效。此外，为了更好地促进跟踪社区的发展，这项工作分析了现有的暹罗跟踪器的局限性，并进行了以低弹片评估表示的其他实验。最后，深入讨论了基于无人机的智能运输系统的暹罗跟踪的前景。领先的暹罗跟踪器的统一框架，即代码库及其实验评估的结果，请访问https://github.com/vision4robotics/siamesetracking4uav。

在本文中，我们介绍了Siammask，这是一个实时使用相同简单方法实时执行视觉对象跟踪和视频对象分割的框架。我们通过通过二进制细分任务来增强其损失，从而改善了流行的全面暹罗方法的离线培训程序。离线训练完成后，SiamMask只需要一个单个边界框来初始化，并且可以同时在高框架速率下进行视觉对象跟踪和分割。此外，我们表明可以通过简单地以级联的方式重新使用多任务模型来扩展框架以处理多个对象跟踪和细分。实验结果表明，我们的方法具有较高的处理效率，每秒约55帧。它可以在视觉对象跟踪基准测试中产生实时最新结果，同时以高速进行视频对象分割基准测试以高速显示竞争性能。