与人类相互作用的机器人和人造代理应该能够在没有偏见和不平等的情况下这样做,但是众所周知,面部感知系统对某些人来说比其他人的工作更差。在我们的工作中,我们旨在建立一个可以以更透明和包容的方式感知人类的系统。具体而言,我们专注于对人脸的动态表达,由于隐私问题以及面部本质上可识别的事实,这很难为广泛的人收集。此外,从互联网收集的数据集不一定代表一般人群。我们通过提供SIM2REAL方法来解决这个问题,在该方法中,我们使用一套3D模拟的人类模型,使我们能够创建一个可审核的合成数据集覆盖1)在六种基本情绪之外,代表性不足的面部表情(例如混乱); 2)种族或性别少数群体; 3)机器人可能在现实世界中遇到人类的广泛视角。通过增强包含包含4536个样本的合成数据集的123个样本的小型动态情感表达数据集,我们在自己的数据集上的准确性提高了15%,与外部基准数据集的11%相比,我们的精度为11%,与同一模型体系结构的性能相比没有合成训练数据。我们还表明,当体系结构的特征提取权重从头开始训练时,这一额外的步骤专门针对种族少数群体的准确性。
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愤怒等负面情绪的写照可以在文化和背景之间广泛变化,这取决于表达全面情绪的可接受性而不是抑制保持和谐。大多数情绪数据集收集了广泛的标签`“愤怒”下的数据,但社会信号可以从生气,轻蔑,愤怒,愤怒,仇恨等的范围内。在这项工作中,我们策划了第一个野外的多元文化视频情绪数据集,并通过询问文化流利的注释器来标记具有6个标签和13个Emojis的视频,深入了解愤怒相关的情感表达式。我们在我们的数据集中提供基准多标签分类器,并显示如何EMOJIS可以有效地用作注释的语言无话可测工具。
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我们介绍了Daisee,这是第一个多标签视频分类数据集,该数据集由112个用户捕获的9068个视频片段,用于识别野外无聊,混乱,参与度和挫败感的用户情感状态。该数据集具有四个级别的标签 - 每个情感状态都非常低,低,高和很高,它们是人群注释并与使用专家心理学家团队创建的黄金标准注释相关的。我们还使用当今可用的最先进的视频分类方法在此数据集上建立了基准结果。我们认为,黛西(Daisee)将为研究社区提供特征提取,基于上下文的推理以及为相关任务开发合适的机器学习方法的挑战,从而为进一步的研究提供了跳板。该数据集可在https://people.iith.ac.in/vineethnb/resources/daisee/daisee/index.html下载。
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自动影响使用视觉提示的识别是对人类和机器之间完全互动的重要任务。可以在辅导系统和人机交互中找到应用程序。朝向该方向的关键步骤是面部特征提取。在本文中,我们提出了一个面部特征提取器模型,由Realey公司提供的野外和大规模收集的视频数据集培训。数据集由百万标记的框架组成,2,616万科目。随着时间信息对情绪识别域很重要,我们利用LSTM单元来捕获数据中的时间动态。为了展示我们预先训练的面部影响模型的有利性质,我们使用Recola数据库,并与当前的最先进的方法进行比较。我们的模型在一致的相关系数方面提供了最佳结果。
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深度神经网络在人类分析中已经普遍存在,增强了应用的性能,例如生物识别识别,动作识别以及人重新识别。但是,此类网络的性能通过可用的培训数据缩放。在人类分析中,对大规模数据集的需求构成了严重的挑战,因为数据收集乏味,廉价,昂贵,并且必须遵守数据保护法。当前的研究研究了\ textit {合成数据}的生成,作为在现场收集真实数据的有效且具有隐私性的替代方案。这项调查介绍了基本定义和方法,在生成和采用合成数据进行人类分析时必不可少。我们进行了一项调查,总结了当前的最新方法以及使用合成数据的主要好处。我们还提供了公开可用的合成数据集和生成模型的概述。最后,我们讨论了该领域的局限性以及开放研究问题。这项调查旨在为人类分析领域的研究人员和从业人员提供。
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动态面部表达识别(FER)数据库为情感计算和应用提供了重要的数据支持。但是,大多数FER数据库都用几个基本的相互排斥性类别注释,并且仅包含一种模式,例如视频。单调的标签和模式无法准确模仿人类的情绪并实现现实世界中的应用。在本文中,我们提出了MAFW,这是一个大型多模式复合情感数据库,野外有10,045个视频Audio剪辑。每个剪辑都有一个复合的情感类别和几个句子,这些句子描述了剪辑中受试者的情感行为。对于复合情绪注释,每个剪辑都被归类为11种广泛使用的情绪中的一个或多个,即愤怒,厌恶,恐惧,幸福,中立,悲伤,惊喜,蔑视,焦虑,焦虑,无助和失望。为了确保标签的高质量,我们通过预期最大化(EM)算法来滤除不可靠的注释,然后获得11个单标签情绪类别和32个多标签情绪类别。据我们所知,MAFW是第一个带有复合情感注释和与情感相关的字幕的野外多模式数据库。此外,我们还提出了一种新型的基于变压器的表达片段特征学习方法,以识别利用不同情绪和方式之间表达变化关系的复合情绪。在MAFW数据库上进行的广泛实验显示了所提出方法的优势,而不是其他最先进的方法对单型和多模式FER的优势。我们的MAFW数据库可从https://mafw-database.github.io/mafw公开获得。
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As one of the most important psychic stress reactions, micro-expressions (MEs), are spontaneous and transient facial expressions that can reveal the genuine emotions of human beings. Thus, recognizing MEs (MER) automatically is becoming increasingly crucial in the field of affective computing, and provides essential technical support in lie detection, psychological analysis and other areas. However, the lack of abundant ME data seriously restricts the development of cutting-edge data-driven MER models. Despite the recent efforts of several spontaneous ME datasets to alleviate this problem, it is still a tiny amount of work. To solve the problem of ME data hunger, we construct a dynamic spontaneous ME dataset with the largest current ME data scale, called DFME (Dynamic Facial Micro-expressions), which includes 7,526 well-labeled ME videos induced by 671 participants and annotated by more than 20 annotators throughout three years. Afterwards, we adopt four classical spatiotemporal feature learning models on DFME to perform MER experiments to objectively verify the validity of DFME dataset. In addition, we explore different solutions to the class imbalance and key-frame sequence sampling problems in dynamic MER respectively on DFME, so as to provide a valuable reference for future research. The comprehensive experimental results show that our DFME dataset can facilitate the research of automatic MER, and provide a new benchmark for MER. DFME will be published via https://mea-lab-421.github.io.
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Studying facial expressions is a notoriously difficult endeavor. Recent advances in the field of affective computing have yielded impressive progress in automatically detecting facial expressions from pictures and videos. However, much of this work has yet to be widely disseminated in social science domains such as psychology. Current state of the art models require considerable domain expertise that is not traditionally incorporated into social science training programs. Furthermore, there is a notable absence of user-friendly and open-source software that provides a comprehensive set of tools and functions that support facial expression research. In this paper, we introduce Py-Feat, an open-source Python toolbox that provides support for detecting, preprocessing, analyzing, and visualizing facial expression data. Py-Feat makes it easy for domain experts to disseminate and benchmark computer vision models and also for end users to quickly process, analyze, and visualize face expression data. We hope this platform will facilitate increased use of facial expression data in human behavior research.
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由于昂贵的数据收集过程,微表达数据集的规模通常小得多,而不是其他计算机视觉领域的数据集,渲染大规模的训练较小稳定和可行。在本文中,我们的目标是制定一个协议,以自动综合1)的微型表达培训数据,其中2)允许我们在现实世界测试集上具有强烈准确性的培训模型。具体来说,我们发现了三种类型的动作单位(AUS),可以很好地构成培训的微表达式。这些AU来自真实世界的微表达式,早期宏观表达式,以及人类知识定义的AU和表达标签之间的关系。随着这些AU,我们的协议随后采用大量的面部图像,具有各种身份和用于微表达合成的现有面生成方法。微表达式识别模型在生成的微表达数据集上培训并在真实世界测试集上进行评估,其中获得非常竞争力和稳定的性能。实验结果不仅验证了这些AU和我们的数据集合合成协议的有效性,还揭示了微表达式的一些关键属性:它们横跨面部概括,靠近早期宏观表达式,可以手动定义。
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Recent studies have found that pain in infancy has a significant impact on infant development, including psychological problems, possible brain injury, and pain sensitivity in adulthood. However, due to the lack of specialists and the fact that infants are unable to express verbally their experience of pain, it is difficult to assess infant pain. Most existing infant pain assessment systems directly apply adult methods to infants ignoring the differences between infant expressions and adult expressions. Meanwhile, as the study of facial action coding system continues to advance, the use of action units (AUs) opens up new possibilities for expression recognition and pain assessment. In this paper, a novel AuE-IPA method is proposed for assessing infant pain by leveraging different engagement levels of AUs. First, different engagement levels of AUs in infant pain are revealed, by analyzing the class activation map of an end-to-end pain assessment model. The intensities of top-engaged AUs are then used in a regression model for achieving automatic infant pain assessment. The model proposed is trained and experimented on YouTube Immunization dataset, YouTube Blood Test dataset, and iCOPEVid dataset. The experimental results show that our AuE-IPA method is more applicable to infants and possesses stronger generalization ability than end-to-end assessment model and the classic PSPI metric.
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微表达(MES)是非自愿的面部运动,揭示了人们在高利害情况下隐藏的感受,并对医疗,国家安全,审讯和许多人机交互系统具有实际重要性。早期的MER方法主要基于传统的外观和几何特征。最近,随着各种领域的深度学习(DL)的成功,神经网络已得到MER的兴趣。不同于宏观表达,MES是自发的,微妙的,快速的面部运动,导致数据收集困难,因此具有小规模的数据集。由于上述我的角色,基于DL的MER变得挑战。迄今为止,已提出各种DL方法来解决我的问题并提高MER表现。在本调查中,我们对深度微表达识别(MER)进行了全面的审查,包括数据集,深度MER管道和最具影响力方法的基准标记。本调查定义了该领域的新分类法,包括基于DL的MER的所有方面。对于每个方面,总结和讨论了基本方法和高级发展。此外,我们得出了坚固的深层MER系统设计的剩余挑战和潜在方向。据我们所知,这是对深度MEL方法的第一次调查,该调查可以作为未来MER研究的参考点。
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动物运动跟踪和姿势识别的进步一直是动物行为研究的游戏规则改变者。最近,越来越多的作品比跟踪“更深”,并解决了对动物内部状态(例如情绪和痛苦)的自动认识,目的是改善动物福利,这使得这是对该领域进行系统化的及时时刻。本文对基于计算机的识别情感状态和动物的疼痛的研究进行了全面调查,并涉及面部行为和身体行为分析。我们总结了迄今为止在这个主题中所付出的努力 - 对它们进行分类,从不同的维度进行分类,突出挑战和研究差距,并提供最佳实践建议,以推进该领域以及一些未来的研究方向。
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来自静态图像的面部表情识别是计算机视觉应用中的一个具有挑战性的问题。卷积神经网络(CNN),用于各种计算机视觉任务的最先进的方法,在预测具有极端姿势,照明和闭塞条件的面部的表达式中已经有限。为了缓解这个问题,CNN通常伴随着传输,多任务或集合学习等技术,这些技术通常以增加的计算复杂性的成本提供高精度。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种基于零件的集合转移学习网络,其模型通过将面部特征的空间方向模式与特定表达相关来模拟人类如何识别面部表达。它由5个子网络组成,每个子网络从面部地标的五个子集中执行转移学习:眉毛,眼睛,鼻子,嘴巴或颌骨表达分类。我们表明我们所提出的集合网络使用从面部肌肉的电机运动发出的视觉模式来预测表达,并展示从面部地标定位转移到面部表情识别的实用性。我们在CK +,Jaffe和SFew数据集上测试所提出的网络,并且它分别优于CK +和Jaffe数据集的基准,分别为0.51%和5.34%。此外,所提出的集合网络仅包括1.65M的型号参数,确保在培训和实时部署期间的计算效率。我们所提出的集合的Grad-Cam可视化突出了其子网的互补性质,是有效集合网络的关键设计参数。最后,交叉数据集评估结果表明,我们建议的集合具有高泛化能力,使其适合现实世界使用。
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人类的情感认可是人工智能的积极研究领域,在过去几年中取得了实质性的进展。许多最近的作品主要关注面部区域以推断人类的情感,而周围的上下文信息没有有效地利用。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的深网络,有效地识别使用新的全球局部注意机制的人类情绪。我们的网络旨在独立地从两个面部和上下文区域提取特征,然后使用注意模块一起学习它们。以这种方式,面部和上下文信息都用于推断人类的情绪,从而增强分类器的歧视。密集实验表明,我们的方法超越了最近的最先进的方法,最近的情感数据集是公平的保证金。定性地,我们的全球局部注意力模块可以提取比以前的方法更有意义的注意图。我们网络的源代码和培训模型可在https://github.com/minhnhatvt/glamor-net上获得
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The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.
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Understanding the facial expressions of our interlocutor is important to enrich the communication and to give it a depth that goes beyond the explicitly expressed. In fact, studying one's facial expression gives insight into their hidden emotion state. However, even as humans, and despite our empathy and familiarity with the human emotional experience, we are only able to guess what the other might be feeling. In the fields of artificial intelligence and computer vision, Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) is a topic that is still in full growth mostly with the advancement of deep learning approaches and the improvement of data collection. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of three state-of-the-art networks, each having their own approach to improve on FER tasks, on three FER datasets. The first and second sections respectively describe the three datasets and the three studied network architectures designed for an FER task. The experimental protocol, the results and their interpretation are outlined in the remaining sections.
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创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是一种长期衰弱的精神状况,是针对灾难性生活事件(例如军事战斗,性侵犯和自然灾害)而发展的。 PTSD的特征是过去的创伤事件,侵入性思想,噩梦,过度维护和睡眠障碍的闪回,所有这些都会影响一个人的生活,并导致相当大的社会,职业和人际关系障碍。 PTSD的诊断是由医学专业人员使用精神障碍诊断和统计手册(DSM)中定义的PTSD症状的自我评估问卷进行的。在本文中,这是我们第一次收集,注释并为公共发行准备了一个新的视频数据库,用于自动PTSD诊断,在野生数据集中称为PTSD。该数据库在采集条件下表现出“自然”和巨大的差异,面部表达,照明,聚焦,分辨率,年龄,性别,种族,遮挡和背景。除了描述数据集集合的详细信息外,我们还提供了评估野生数据集中PTSD的基于计算机视觉和机器学习方法的基准。此外,我们建议并评估基于深度学习的PTSD检测方法。提出的方法显示出非常有希望的结果。有兴趣的研究人员可以从:http://www.lissi.fr/ptsd-dataset/下载PTSD-in-wild数据集的副本
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大量人群遭受全世界认知障碍。认知障碍的早期发现对患者和护理人员来说都非常重要。然而,现有方法具有短缺,例如诊所和神经影像阶段参与的时间消耗和财务费用。已经发现认知障碍的患者显示出异常的情绪模式。在本文中,我们展示了一种新的深度卷积网络的系统,通过分析面部情绪的演变来检测认知障碍,而参与者正在观看设计的视频刺激。在我们所提出的系统中,使用来自MobileNet的层和支持向量机(SVM)的图层开发了一种新的面部表情识别算法,这在3个数据集中显示了令人满意的性能。为了验证拟议的检测认知障碍系统,已经邀请了61名老年人,包括认知障碍和健康人作为对照组的患者参加实验,并相应地建立了一个数据集。使用此数据集,所提出的系统已成功实现73.3%的检测精度。
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Training facial emotion recognition models requires large sets of data and costly annotation processes. To alleviate this problem, we developed a gamified method of acquiring annotated facial emotion data without an explicit labeling effort by humans. The game, which we named Facegame, challenges the players to imitate a displayed image of a face that portrays a particular basic emotion. Every round played by the player creates new data that consists of a set of facial features and landmarks, already annotated with the emotion label of the target facial expression. Such an approach effectively creates a robust, sustainable, and continuous machine learning training process. We evaluated Facegame with an experiment that revealed several contributions to the field of affective computing. First, the gamified data collection approach allowed us to access a rich variation of facial expressions of each basic emotion due to the natural variations in the players' facial expressions and their expressive abilities. We report improved accuracy when the collected data were used to enrich well-known in-the-wild facial emotion datasets and consecutively used for training facial emotion recognition models. Second, the natural language prescription method used by the Facegame constitutes a novel approach for interpretable explainability that can be applied to any facial emotion recognition model. Finally, we observed significant improvements in the facial emotion perception and expression skills of the players through repeated game play.
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识别面部视频的连续情绪和动作单元(AU)强度需要对表达动态的空间和时间理解。现有作品主要依赖2D面的外观来提取这种动态。这项工作着重于基于参数3D面向形状模型的有希望的替代方案,该模型解散了不同的变异因素,包括表达诱导的形状变化。我们旨在了解与最先进的2D外观模型相比,在估计价值和AU强度方面表现性3D面部形状如何。我们基准了四个最近的3D面对准模型:Expnet,3DDFA-V2,DECA和EMOCA。在价值估计中,3D面模型的表达特征始终超过以前的作品,并在SEWA和AVEC 2019 CES CORPORA上的平均一致性相关性分别为.739和.574。我们还研究了BP4D和DISFA数据集的AU强度估计的3D面形状如何执行,并报告说3D脸部功能在AUS 4、6、10、12和25中与2D外观特征相当,但没有整个集合。 aus。为了理解这种差异,我们在价值和AUS之间进行了对应分析,该分析指出,准确的价值预测可能仅需要少数AU的知识。
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