主题控制的摘要是一个具有广泛潜在应用的新兴研究领域。但是，现有方法受到重大局限性。首先，目前尚无针对此任务的确定评估指标。此外，现有的方法基于经常性架构，与最新的基于变压器的架构相比，这可能会大大限制其性能，同时它们还需要对模型的架构进行修改以控制主题。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的面向主题的评估措施，以根据生成的摘要与所需主题之间的主题亲和力自动评估生成的摘要。我们还进行了一项用户研究，以验证该措施的可靠性。最后，我们提出了简单而有力的方法，用于将主题控制的摘要要么将主题嵌入到模型的体系结构中，要么采用控制令牌来指导摘要生成。实验结果表明，与更复杂的基于嵌入的方法相比，对照令牌可以实现更好的性能，同时更快。

Content-Controllable Summarization generates summaries focused on the given controlling signals. Due to the lack of large-scale training corpora for the task, we propose a plug-and-play module RelAttn to adapt any general summarizers to the content-controllable summarization task. RelAttn first identifies the relevant content in the source documents, and then makes the model attend to the right context by directly steering the attention weight. We further apply an unsupervised online adaptive parameter searching algorithm to determine the degree of control in the zero-shot setting, while such parameters are learned in the few-shot setting. By applying the module to three backbone summarization models, experiments show that our method effectively improves all the summarizers, and outperforms the prefix-based method and a widely used plug-and-play model in both zero- and few-shot settings. Tellingly, more benefit is observed in the scenarios when more control is needed.

诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中，以封装最重要的信息，从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近，随着神经体系结构的出现，已经做出了重大的研究工作，以推动自动文本摘要系统，以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中，我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述，以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估：基准数据集，汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分，我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献，并进行经验分析，以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征，摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现，我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。

查询聚焦的文本摘要（QFTS）任务旨在构建基于给定查询的文本文档摘要的构建系统。解决此任务的关键挑战是缺乏培训摘要模型的大量标记数据。在本文中，我们通过探索一系列域适应技术来解决这一挑战。鉴于最近在广泛的自然语言处理任务中进行预先接受的变压器模型的成功，我们利用此类模型为单文档和多文件方案的QFTS任务产生抽象摘要。对于域适应，我们使用预先训练的变压器的摘要模型应用了各种技术，包括转移学习，弱监督学习和远程监督。六个数据集的广泛实验表明，我们所提出的方法非常有效地为QFTS任务产生抽象摘要，同时在一组自动和人类评估指标上设置新的最先进的结果。

We introduce extreme summarization, a new single-document summarization task which does not favor extractive strategies and calls for an abstractive modeling approach. The idea is to create a short, one-sentence news summary answering the question "What is the article about?". We collect a real-world, large scale dataset for this task by harvesting online articles from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). We propose a novel abstractive model which is conditioned on the article's topics and based entirely on convolutional neural networks. We demonstrate experimentally that this architecture captures longrange dependencies in a document and recognizes pertinent content, outperforming an oracle extractive system and state-of-the-art abstractive approaches when evaluated automatically and by humans. 1

利用预训练语言模型的抽象摘要系统在基准数据集上取得了卓越的结果。但是，此类模型已被证明更容易幻觉，这些事实对输入背景不忠。在本文中，我们提出了一种通过实体覆盖范围控制（ECC）来补救实体级外部幻觉的方法。我们首先计算实体覆盖范围的精度，并为每个培训示例提供相应的控制代码，该示例隐含地指导该模型在训练阶段识别忠实的内容。我们通过从Wikipedia提取的大但嘈杂的数据中进行中间调整进一步扩展了我们的方法，以解锁零击摘要。我们表明，根据我们对三个基准数据集XSUM，PubMed和Samsum的实验结果，根据我们在监督的微调和零射击设置中，可以在监督微调和零摄像设置中更加忠实和显着的抽象性汇总。

现有摘要系统主要生成纯粹依赖源文档内容的摘要。但是，即使对于人类，我们通常需要一些引用或示例，帮助我们充分了解源文档并以特定格式写入摘要。但是如何找到高质量的样式，并将它们纳入总结系统仍然挑战和探索。在本文中，我们提出了一种由致密的猎犬和摘要提升的新型检索增强的抽象概要框架。首先，检索几个密切相关的示例作为补充输入，以帮助生成模型更全面地了解文本。此外，检索的示例也可以在引导模型以捕获特定语料库的写入风格中起作用。我们在多个域和两个骨干型号的各种摘要数据集上验证我们的方法：BERT和BART。结果表明，与强大的预训练模型相比，我们的框架在胭脂-1分数中获得了1.38〜4.66的显着改善，并在账单上实现了新的最先进。人类评估表明我们的检索增强模型可以更好地捕获特定于域的书写风格。

多文件摘要（MDS）是信息聚合的有效工具，它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是，首先，系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学，总结神经网络的设计策略，并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后，我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。

Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT; Devlin et al. 2019) represents the latest incarnation of pretrained language models which have recently advanced a wide range of natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we showcase how BERT can be usefully applied in text summarization and propose a general framework for both extractive and abstractive models. We introduce a novel document-level encoder based on BERT which is able to express the semantics of a document and obtain representations for its sentences. Our extractive model is built on top of this encoder by stacking several intersentence Transformer layers. For abstractive summarization, we propose a new fine-tuning schedule which adopts different optimizers for the encoder and the decoder as a means of alleviating the mismatch between the two (the former is pretrained while the latter is not). We also demonstrate that a two-staged fine-tuning approach can further boost the quality of the generated summaries. Experiments on three datasets show that our model achieves stateof-the-art results across the board in both extractive and abstractive settings. 1

对比学习模型在无监督的视觉表示学习中取得了巨大成功，这使得相同图像的不同视图的特征表示之间的相似性最大化，同时最小化不同图像的视图的特征表示之间的相似性。在文本摘要中，输出摘要是输入文档的较短形式，它们具有类似的含义。在本文中，我们提出了对监督抽象文本摘要的对比学习模型，在那里我们查看文档，它的金摘要及其模型生成的摘要，与相同的平均表示的不同视图，并在培训期间最大化它们之间的相似性。我们在三个不同的摘要数据集上改进了一个强序列到序列文本生成模型（即，BART）。人类评估还表明，与其对应物相比，我们的模型达到了更好的忠实性评级，没有对比的目标。

Controllable summarization allows users to generate customized summaries with specified attributes. However, due to the lack of designated annotations of controlled summaries, existing works have to craft pseudo datasets by adapting generic summarization benchmarks. Furthermore, most research focuses on controlling single attributes individually (e.g., a short summary or a highly abstractive summary) rather than controlling a mix of attributes together (e.g., a short and highly abstractive summary). In this paper, we propose MACSum, the first human-annotated summarization dataset for controlling mixed attributes. It contains source texts from two domains, news articles and dialogues, with human-annotated summaries controlled by five designed attributes (Length, Extractiveness, Specificity, Topic, and Speaker). We propose two simple and effective parameter-efficient approaches for the new task of mixed controllable summarization based on hard prompt tuning and soft prefix tuning. Results and analysis demonstrate that hard prompt models yield the best performance on all metrics and human evaluations. However, mixed-attribute control is still challenging for summarization tasks. Our dataset and code are available at https://github.com/psunlpgroup/MACSum.

Information overloading requires the need for summarizers to extract salient information from the text. Currently, there is an overload of dialogue data due to the rise of virtual communication platforms. The rise of Covid-19 has led people to rely on online communication platforms like Zoom, Slack, Microsoft Teams, Discord, etc. to conduct their company meetings. Instead of going through the entire meeting transcripts, people can use meeting summarizers to select useful data. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive surveys in the field of meeting summarizers. In this survey, we aim to cover recent meeting summarization techniques. Our survey offers a general overview of text summarization along with datasets and evaluation metrics for meeting summarization. We also provide the performance of each summarizer on a leaderboard. We conclude our survey with different challenges in this domain and potential research opportunities for future researchers.

Prompts with different control signals (e.g., length, keywords, etc.) can be used to control text summarization. When control signals are available, they can control the properties of generated summaries and potentially improve summarization quality (since more information are given). Unfortunately, control signals are not already available during inference time. In this paper, we propose Lotus (shorthand for Latent Prompt Tuning for Summarization), which is a single model that can be applied in both controlled and uncontrolled (without control signals) modes. During training, Lotus learns latent prompt representations from prompts with gold control signals using a contrastive learning objective. Experiments show Lotus in uncontrolled mode consistently improves upon strong (uncontrollable) summarization models across four different summarization datasets. We also demonstrate generated summaries can be controlled using prompts with user specified control tokens.

由于免费的在线百科全书具有大量内容，因此Wikipedia和Wikidata是许多自然语言处理（NLP）任务的关键，例如信息检索，知识基础构建，机器翻译，文本分类和文本摘要。在本文中，我们介绍了Wikides，这是一个新颖的数据集，用于为文本摘要问题提供Wikipedia文章的简短描述。该数据集由6987个主题上的80K英语样本组成。我们设置了一种两阶段的摘要方法 - 描述生成（I阶段）和候选排名（II阶段）作为一种依赖于转移和对比学习的强大方法。对于描述生成，与其他小规模的预训练模型相比，T5和BART表现出了优越性。通过将对比度学习与Beam Search的不同输入一起应用，基于度量的排名模型优于直接描述生成模型，在主题独立拆分和独立于主题的独立拆分中，最高可达22个胭脂。此外，第II期中的结果描述得到了人类评估的支持，其中45.33％以上，而I阶段的23.66％则支持针对黄金描述。在情感分析方面，生成的描述无法有效地从段落中捕获所有情感极性，同时从黄金描述中更好地完成此任务。自动产生的新描述减少了人类为创建它们的努力，并丰富了基于Wikidata的知识图。我们的论文对Wikipedia和Wikidata产生了实际影响，因为有成千上万的描述。最后，我们预计Wikides将成为从短段落中捕获显着信息的相关作品的有用数据集。策划的数据集可公开可用：https：//github.com/declare-lab/wikides。

Text summarization is a user-preference based task, i.e., for one document, users often have different priorities for summary. As a key aspect of customization in summarization, granularity is used to measure the semantic coverage between the summary and source document. However, developing systems that can generate summaries with customizable semantic coverage is still an under-explored topic. In this paper, we propose the first unsupervised multi-granularity summarization framework, GranuSum. We take events as the basic semantic units of the source documents and propose to rank these events by their salience. We also develop a model to summarize input documents with given events as anchors and hints. By inputting different numbers of events, GranuSum is capable of producing multi-granular summaries in an unsupervised manner. Meanwhile, we annotate a new benchmark GranuDUC that contains multiple summaries at different granularities for each document cluster. Experimental results confirm the substantial superiority of GranuSum on multi-granularity summarization over strong baselines. Further, by exploiting the event information, GranuSum also exhibits state-of-the-art performance under the conventional unsupervised abstractive setting. Dataset for this paper can be found at: https://github.com/maszhongming/GranuDUC

Multi-document summarization (MDS) has traditionally been studied assuming a set of ground-truth topic-related input documents is provided. In practice, the input document set is unlikely to be available a priori and would need to be retrieved based on an information need, a setting we call open-domain MDS. We experiment with current state-of-the-art retrieval and summarization models on several popular MDS datasets extended to the open-domain setting. We find that existing summarizers suffer large reductions in performance when applied as-is to this more realistic task, though training summarizers with retrieved inputs can reduce their sensitivity retrieval errors. To further probe these findings, we conduct perturbation experiments on summarizer inputs to study the impact of different types of document retrieval errors. Based on our results, we provide practical guidelines to help facilitate a shift to open-domain MDS. We release our code and experimental results alongside all data or model artifacts created during our investigation.

最先进的抽象摘要系统经常生成\ emph {幻觉};即，不直接从源文本中推断的内容。尽管被认为是不正确的，我们发现非常令人难潮的内容是事实，即与世界知识一致。这些事实幻觉通过提供有用的背景信息，可以在摘要中受益。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的检测方法，将事实与实体的非事实幻觉分开。我们的方法分别使用实体的先前和后验概率，分别是预训练和芬特的屏蔽语言模型。经验结果表明，我们的方法在精度和F1分数方面大大优于两种基线％，与人类判断强烈相关。百分比对事实分类任务。此外，我们显示我们的探测器，当用作离线增强学习（RL）算法中的奖励信号时，显着提高了摘要的事实性，同时保持抽象水平。

在本文中，我们建议利用对话的独特特征，共享参与者的常识性知识，以解决总结它们的困难。我们提出了病态的框架，该框架使用常识推论作为其他背景。与以前仅依赖于输入对话的工作相比，Sick使用外部知识模型来生成丰富的常识推断，并选择具有基于相似性选择方法的最可能的推理。基于生病的，病人++的理解为监督，在总结多任务学习环境中的对话时，添加了产生常识推断的任务。实验结果表明，通过注入常识性知识，我们的框架比现有方法产生更多信息和一致的摘要。

文本摘要的重写方法结合了提取性和抽象的方法，使用抽象模型提高了提取性摘要的简洁性和可读性。退出重写系统将每个提取性句子作为唯一的输入，它相对集中，但可能会失去必要的背景知识和话语上下文。在本文中，我们调查了上下文化的重写，该重写消耗了整个文档并考虑了摘要上下文。我们将上下文重写正式化为具有组标签对齐的SEQ2SEQ，将组标签引入了模拟对齐方式的解决方案，并通过基于内容的地址来识别提取句子。结果表明，我们的方法显着优于非上下文重写系统，而无需加强学习，从而在多个提取器上实现了胭脂分数的强烈改进。

GPT-3等模型的零和少量提示的最新成功导致了NLP研究的范式转移。在本文中，我们研究了其对文本摘要的影响，重点是新闻摘要的经典基准领域。首先，我们研究了零击GPT-3与在大型摘要数据集中训练的微调模型的比较。我们表明，不仅人类压倒性地更喜欢GPT-3摘要，而且这些摘要也不遭受普通数据集特异性问题（例如事实差的问题）。接下来，我们研究这对评估意味着什么，尤其是黄金标准测试集的作用。我们的实验表明，基于参考和无参考的自动指标，例如最近提出的基于质量检查或基于质量的事实方法无法可靠地评估零击摘要。最后，我们讨论了未来的研究挑战，除了通用摘要之外，特别是基于关键字和方面的摘要，表明了优势微调方法与零拍的提示相比如何。为了支持进一步的研究，我们发布：（a）在4个标准摘要基准中，从微调和零摄像模型中产生的10K生成的摘要，（b）1K人类偏好判断和比较不同系统的普通系统，以进行通用和关键字的不同系统。基于摘要。