人工神经网络从其生物学对应物中汲取了很多灵感,成为我们最好的机器感知系统。这项工作总结了一些历史,并将现代理论神经科学纳入了深度学习领域的人工神经网络的实验。具体而言,迭代幅度修剪用于训练稀疏连接的网络,重量减少33倍而不会损失性能。这些用于测试并最终拒绝这样的假设:仅体重稀疏就可以改善图像噪声稳健性。最近的工作减轻了使用重量稀疏性,激活稀疏性和主动树突建模的灾难性遗忘。本文复制了这些发现,并扩展了培训卷积神经网络的方法,以更具挑战性的持续学习任务。该代码已公开可用。
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AI的一个关键挑战是构建体现的系统,该系统在动态变化的环境中运行。此类系统必须适应更改任务上下文并持续学习。虽然标准的深度学习系统实现了最先进的静态基准的结果,但它们通常在动态方案中挣扎。在这些设置中,来自多个上下文的错误信号可能会彼此干扰,最终导致称为灾难性遗忘的现象。在本文中,我们将生物学启发的架构调查为对这些问题的解决方案。具体而言,我们表明树突和局部抑制系统的生物物理特性使网络能够以特定于上下文的方式动态限制和路由信息。我们的主要贡献如下。首先,我们提出了一种新颖的人工神经网络架构,该架构将活跃的枝形和稀疏表示融入了标准的深度学习框架中。接下来,我们在需要任务的适应性的两个单独的基准上研究这种架构的性能:Meta-World,一个机器人代理必须学习同时解决各种操纵任务的多任务强化学习环境;和一个持续的学习基准,其中模型的预测任务在整个训练中都会发生变化。对两个基准的分析演示了重叠但不同和稀疏的子网的出现,允许系统流动地使用最小的遗忘。我们的神经实现标志在单一架构上第一次在多任务和持续学习设置上取得了竞争力。我们的研究揭示了神经元的生物学特性如何通知深度学习系统,以解决通常不可能对传统ANN来解决的动态情景。
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Emergence of deep neural networks (DNNs) has raised enormous attention towards artificial neural networks (ANNs) once again. They have become the state-of-the-art models and have won different machine learning challenges. Although these networks are inspired by the brain, they lack biological plausibility, and they have structural differences compared to the brain. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been around for a long time, and they have been investigated to understand the dynamics of the brain. However, their application in real-world and complicated machine learning tasks were limited. Recently, they have shown great potential in solving such tasks. Due to their energy efficiency and temporal dynamics there are many promises in their future development. In this work, we reviewed the structures and performances of SNNs on image classification tasks. The comparisons illustrate that these networks show great capabilities for more complicated problems. Furthermore, the simple learning rules developed for SNNs, such as STDP and R-STDP, can be a potential alternative to replace the backpropagation algorithm used in DNNs.
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.
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最近的研究表明,卷积神经网络(CNNS)不是图像分类的唯一可行的解决方案。此外,CNN中使用的重量共享和反向验证不对应于预测灵长类动物视觉系统中存在的机制。为了提出更加生物合理的解决方案,我们设计了使用峰值定时依赖性塑性(STDP)和其奖励调制变体(R-STDP)学习规则训练的本地连接的尖峰神经网络(SNN)。使用尖刺神经元和局部连接以及强化学习(RL)将我们带到了所提出的架构中的命名法生物网络。我们的网络由速率编码的输入层组成,后跟局部连接的隐藏层和解码输出层。采用尖峰群体的投票方案进行解码。我们使用Mnist DataSet获取图像分类准确性,并评估我们有益于于不同目标响应的奖励系统的稳健性。
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为了在专门的神经形态硬件中进行节能计算,我们提出了尖峰神经编码,这是基于预测性编码理论的人工神经模型家族的实例化。该模型是同类模型,它是通过在“猜测和检查”的永无止境过程中运行的,神经元可以预测彼此的活动值,然后调整自己的活动以做出更好的未来预测。我们系统的互动性,迭代性质非常适合感官流预测的连续时间表述,并且如我们所示,模型的结构产生了局部突触更新规则,可以用来补充或作为在线峰值定位的替代方案依赖的可塑性。在本文中,我们对模型的实例化进行了实例化,该模型包括泄漏的集成和火灾单元。但是,我们系统所在的框架自然可以结合更复杂的神经元,例如Hodgkin-Huxley模型。我们在模式识别方面的实验结果证明了当二进制尖峰列车是通信间通信的主要范式时,模型的潜力。值得注意的是,尖峰神经编码在分类绩效方面具有竞争力,并且在从任务序列中学习时会降低遗忘,从而提供了更经济的,具有生物学上的替代品,可用于流行的人工神经网络。
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深度神经网络的潜在损失景观对他们的培训产生了很大影响,但由于计算限制,他们主要研究过。这项工作大大减少了计算这种损失景观所需的时间,并使用它们来研究通过迭代幅度修剪找到的获奖彩票票。我们还共享结果与某些损失景观投影方法和模型训练性和泛化误差之间的先前声明相关的相关性。
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The term ``neuromorphic'' refers to systems that are closely resembling the architecture and/or the dynamics of biological neural networks. Typical examples are novel computer chips designed to mimic the architecture of a biological brain, or sensors that get inspiration from, e.g., the visual or olfactory systems in insects and mammals to acquire information about the environment. This approach is not without ambition as it promises to enable engineered devices able to reproduce the level of performance observed in biological organisms -- the main immediate advantage being the efficient use of scarce resources, which translates into low power requirements. The emphasis on low power and energy efficiency of neuromorphic devices is a perfect match for space applications. Spacecraft -- especially miniaturized ones -- have strict energy constraints as they need to operate in an environment which is scarce with resources and extremely hostile. In this work we present an overview of early attempts made to study a neuromorphic approach in a space context at the European Space Agency's (ESA) Advanced Concepts Team (ACT).
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最近,稀疏的培训方法已开始作为事实上的人工神经网络的培训和推理效率的方法。然而,这种效率只是理论上。在实践中,每个人都使用二进制掩码来模拟稀疏性,因为典型的深度学习软件和硬件已针对密集的矩阵操作进行了优化。在本文中,我们采用正交方法,我们表明我们可以训练真正稀疏的神经网络以收获其全部潜力。为了实现这一目标,我们介绍了三个新颖的贡献,这些贡献是专门为稀疏神经网络设计的:(1)平行训练算法及其相应的稀疏实现,(2)具有不可训练的参数的激活功能,以支持梯度流动,以支持梯度流量, (3)隐藏的神经元对消除冗余的重要性指标。总而言之,我们能够打破记录并训练有史以来最大的神经网络在代表力方面训练 - 达到蝙蝠大脑的大小。结果表明,我们的方法具有最先进的表现,同时为环保人工智能时代开辟了道路。
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过去十年来,人们对人工智能(AI)的兴趣激增几乎完全由人工神经网络(ANN)的进步驱动。尽管ANN为许多以前棘手的问题设定了最先进的绩效,但它们需要大量的数据和计算资源进行培训,并且由于他们采用了监督的学习,他们通常需要知道每个培训示例的正确标记的响应,并限制它们对现实世界域的可扩展性。尖峰神经网络(SNN)是使用更多类似脑部神经元的ANN的替代方法,可以使用无监督的学习来发现输入数据中的可识别功能,而又不知道正确的响应。但是,SNN在动态稳定性方面挣扎,无法匹配ANN的准确性。在这里,我们展示了SNN如何克服文献中发现的许多缺点,包括为消失的尖峰问题提供原则性解决方案,以优于所有现有的浅SNN,并等于ANN的性能。它在使用无标记的数据和仅1/50的训练时期使用无监督的学习时完成了这一点(标记数据仅用于最终的简单线性读数层)。该结果使SNN成为可行的新方法,用于使用未标记的数据集快速,准确,有效,可解释的机器学习。
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While machine learning is traditionally a resource intensive task, embedded systems, autonomous navigation, and the vision of the Internet of Things fuel the interest in resource-efficient approaches. These approaches aim for a carefully chosen trade-off between performance and resource consumption in terms of computation and energy. The development of such approaches is among the major challenges in current machine learning research and key to ensure a smooth transition of machine learning technology from a scientific environment with virtually unlimited computing resources into everyday's applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of machine learning techniques facilitating these real-world requirements. In particular, we focus on deep neural networks (DNNs), the predominant machine learning models of the past decade. We give a comprehensive overview of the vast literature that can be mainly split into three non-mutually exclusive categories: (i) quantized neural networks, (ii) network pruning, and (iii) structural efficiency. These techniques can be applied during training or as post-processing, and they are widely used to reduce the computational demands in terms of memory footprint, inference speed, and energy efficiency. We also briefly discuss different concepts of embedded hardware for DNNs and their compatibility with machine learning techniques as well as potential for energy and latency reduction. We substantiate our discussion with experiments on well-known benchmark datasets using compression techniques (quantization, pruning) for a set of resource-constrained embedded systems, such as CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. The obtained results highlight the difficulty of finding good trade-offs between resource efficiency and predictive performance.
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由于它们的时间加工能力及其低交换(尺寸,重量和功率)以及神经形态硬件中的节能实现,尖峰神经网络(SNNS)已成为传统人工神经网络(ANN)的有趣替代方案。然而,培训SNNS所涉及的挑战在准确性方面有限制了它们的表现,从而限制了他们的应用。因此,改善更准确的特征提取的学习算法和神经架构是SNN研究中的当前优先级之一。在本文中,我们展示了现代尖峰架构的关键组成部分的研究。我们在从最佳执行网络中凭经验比较了图像分类数据集中的不同技术。我们设计了成功的残余网络(Reset)架构的尖峰版本,并测试了不同的组件和培训策略。我们的结果提供了SNN设计的最新版本,它允许在尝试构建最佳视觉特征提取器时进行明智的选择。最后,我们的网络优于CIFAR-10(94.1%)和CIFAR-100(74.5%)数据集的先前SNN架构,并将现有技术与DVS-CIFAR10(71.3%)相匹配,参数较少而不是先前的状态艺术,无需安静转换。代码在https://github.com/vicenteax/spiking_resnet上获得。
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Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer the promise of low-power artificial intelligence. However, training deep SNNs from scratch or converting deep artificial neural networks to SNNs without loss of performance has been a challenge. Here we propose an exact mapping from a network with Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) to an SNN that fires exactly one spike per neuron. For our constructive proof, we assume that an arbitrary multi-layer ReLU network with or without convolutional layers, batch normalization and max pooling layers was trained to high performance on some training set. Furthermore, we assume that we have access to a representative example of input data used during training and to the exact parameters (weights and biases) of the trained ReLU network. The mapping from deep ReLU networks to SNNs causes zero percent drop in accuracy on CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and the ImageNet-like data sets Places365 and PASS. More generally our work shows that an arbitrary deep ReLU network can be replaced by an energy-efficient single-spike neural network without any loss of performance.
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我们日常生活中的深度学习是普遍存在的,包括自驾车,虚拟助理,社交网络服务,医疗服务,面部识别等,但是深度神经网络在训练和推理期间需要大量计算资源。该机器学习界主要集中在模型级优化(如深度学习模型的架构压缩),而系统社区则专注于实施级别优化。在其间,在算术界中提出了各种算术级优化技术。本文在模型,算术和实施级技术方面提供了关于资源有效的深度学习技术的调查,并确定了三种不同级别技术的资源有效的深度学习技术的研究差距。我们的调查基于我们的资源效率度量定义,阐明了较低级别技术的影响,并探讨了资源有效的深度学习研究的未来趋势。
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穗状花序的神经形状硬件占据了深度神经网络(DNN)的更节能实现的承诺,而不是GPU的标准硬件。但这需要了解如何在基于事件的稀疏触发制度中仿真DNN,否则能量优势丢失。特别地,解决序列处理任务的DNN通常采用难以使用少量尖峰效仿的长短期存储器(LSTM)单元。我们展示了许多生物神经元的面部,在每个尖峰后缓慢的超积极性(AHP)电流,提供了有效的解决方案。 AHP电流可以轻松地在支持多舱神经元模型的神经形状硬件中实现,例如英特尔的Loihi芯片。滤波近似理论解释为什么AHP-Neurons可以模拟LSTM单元的功能。这产生了高度节能的时间序列分类方法。此外,它为实现了非常稀疏的大量大型DNN来实现基础,这些大型DNN在文本中提取单词和句子之间的关系,以便回答有关文本的问题。
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尽管人工神经网络(ANN)取得了重大进展,但其设计过程仍在臭名昭著,这主要取决于直觉,经验和反复试验。这个依赖人类的过程通常很耗时,容易出现错误。此外,这些模型通常与其训练环境绑定,而没有考虑其周围环境的变化。神经网络的持续适应性和自动化对于部署后模型可访问性的几个领域至关重要(例如,IoT设备,自动驾驶汽车等)。此外,即使是可访问的模型,也需要频繁的维护后部署后,以克服诸如概念/数据漂移之类的问题,这可能是繁琐且限制性的。当前关于自适应ANN的艺术状况仍然是研究的过早领域。然而,一种自动化和持续学习形式的神经体系结构搜索(NAS)最近在深度学习研究领域中获得了越来越多的动力,旨在提供更强大和适应性的ANN开发框架。这项研究是关于汽车和CL之间交集的首次广泛综述,概述了可以促进ANN中充分自动化和终身可塑性的不同方法的研究方向。
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由于它们的低能量消耗,对神经形态计算设备上的尖刺神经网络(SNNS)越来越兴趣。最近的进展使培训SNNS在精度方面开始与传统人工神经网络(ANNS)进行竞争,同时在神经胸壁上运行时的节能。然而,培训SNNS的过程仍然基于最初为ANNS开发的密集的张量操作,这不利用SNN的时空稀疏性质。我们在这里介绍第一稀疏SNN BackPropagation算法,该算法与最新的现有技术实现相同或更好的准确性,同时显着更快,更高的记忆力。我们展示了我们对不同复杂性(时尚 - MNIST,神经影像学 - MNIST和Spiking Heidelberg数字的真实数据集的有效性,在不失精度的情况下实现了高达150倍的后向通行证的加速,而不会减少精度。
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Understanding how biological neural networks carry out learning using spike-based local plasticity mechanisms can lead to the development of powerful, energy-efficient, and adaptive neuromorphic processing systems. A large number of spike-based learning models have recently been proposed following different approaches. However, it is difficult to assess if and how they could be mapped onto neuromorphic hardware, and to compare their features and ease of implementation. To this end, in this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of representative brain-inspired synaptic plasticity models and mixed-signal CMOS neuromorphic circuits within a unified framework. We review historical, bottom-up, and top-down approaches to modeling synaptic plasticity, and we identify computational primitives that can support low-latency and low-power hardware implementations of spike-based learning rules. We provide a common definition of a locality principle based on pre- and post-synaptic neuron information, which we propose as a fundamental requirement for physical implementations of synaptic plasticity. Based on this principle, we compare the properties of these models within the same framework, and describe the mixed-signal electronic circuits that implement their computing primitives, pointing out how these building blocks enable efficient on-chip and online learning in neuromorphic processing systems.
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在连续学习期间,人工神经网络(ANNS)经历灾难性的遗忘(CF)。相比之下,大脑可以在没有任何灾难性遗忘的迹象的情况下连续学习。尖峰神经网络(SNNS)是下一代ANN,具有从生物神经网络借入的许多功能。因此,SNNS可能希望更好地适应CF。在本文中,我们研究SNNS对CF的易感性,并测试几种用于减轻灾难性遗忘的生物启发方法。 SNNS受到基于Spike-Timing依赖的塑性(STDP)的生物合理的本地培训规则。本地培训禁止基于全局损失函数的梯度直接使用CF防御方法。我们开发并测试了该方法,以确定基于随机Langevin动态的突触(重量)的重要性,而无需梯度。还测试了一种从模拟神经网络改编的灾难性遗忘预防的其他几种方法。实验是在Spyketorch环境中自由的数据集进行的。
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近年来,尖峰神经网络(SNN)由于其丰富的时空动力学,各种编码方法和事件驱动的特征而自然拟合神经形态硬件,因此在脑启发的智能上受到了广泛的关注。随着SNN的发展,受到脑科学成就启发和针对人工通用智能的新兴研究领域的脑力智能变得越来越热。本文回顾了最新进展,并讨论了来自五个主要研究主题的SNN的新领域,包括基本要素(即尖峰神经元模型,编码方法和拓扑结构),神经形态数据集,优化算法,软件,软件和硬件框架。我们希望我们的调查能够帮助研究人员更好地了解SNN,并激发新作品以推进这一领域。
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