探索和建立具有电生理特征和高计算效率的人工神经网络是计算机视觉领域的流行主题。受主要视觉皮层的工作机制的启发,脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)可以表现出同步振荡,难治期和指数衰减的特征。然而,电生理证据表明,当外部周期性信号刺激时,神经元表现出高度复杂的非线性动力学。这种混乱现象,也称为“蝴蝶效应”,无法用所有PCNN模型来解释。在这项工作中,我们分析了防止PCNN模型模仿真实主要视觉皮层的主要障碍。我们认为神经元激发是一个随机过程。然后,我们提出了一个新型的神经网络,称为连续耦合神经网络(CCNN)。理论分析表明,CCNN的动态行为与PCNN不同。数值结果表明,CCNN模型在直流刺激下表现出周期性的行为,并在交流刺激下表现出混沌行为,这与实际神经元的结果一致。此外,分析了CCNN模型的图像和视频处理机制。图像分割的实验结果表明,CCNN模型的性能要比视觉皮层神经网络模型的最先进。
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这项研究提出了依赖电压突触可塑性(VDSP),这是一种新型的脑启发的无监督的本地学习规则,用于在线实施HEBB对神经形态硬件的可塑性机制。拟议的VDSP学习规则仅更新了突触后神经元的尖峰的突触电导,这使得相对于标准峰值依赖性可塑性(STDP)的更新数量减少了两倍。此更新取决于突触前神经元的膜电位,该神经元很容易作为神经元实现的一部分,因此不需要额外的存储器来存储。此外,该更新还对突触重量进行了正规化,并防止重复刺激时的重量爆炸或消失。进行严格的数学分析以在VDSP和STDP之间达到等效性。为了验证VDSP的系统级性能,我们训练一个单层尖峰神经网络(SNN),以识别手写数字。我们报告85.01 $ \ pm $ 0.76%(平均$ \ pm $ s.d。)对于MNIST数据集中的100个输出神经元网络的精度。在缩放网络大小时,性能会提高(400个输出神经元的89.93 $ \ pm $ 0.41%,500个神经元为90.56 $ \ pm $ 0.27),这验证了大规模计算机视觉任务的拟议学习规则的适用性。有趣的是,学习规则比STDP更好地适应输入信号的频率,并且不需要对超参数进行手动调整。
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尖峰神经网络(SNN)引起了脑启发的人工智能和计算神经科学的广泛关注。它们可用于在多个尺度上模拟大脑中的生物信息处理。更重要的是,SNN是适当的抽象水平,可以将大脑和认知的灵感带入人工智能。在本文中,我们介绍了脑启发的认知智力引擎(Braincog),用于创建脑启发的AI和脑模拟模型。 Braincog将不同类型的尖峰神经元模型,学习规则,大脑区域等作为平台提供的重要模块。基于这些易于使用的模块,BrainCog支持各种受脑启发的认知功能,包括感知和学习,决策,知识表示和推理,运动控制和社会认知。这些受脑启发的AI模型已在各种受监督,无监督和强化学习任务上有效验证,并且可以用来使AI模型具有多种受脑启发的认知功能。为了进行大脑模拟,Braincog实现了决策,工作记忆,神经回路的结构模拟以及小鼠大脑,猕猴大脑和人脑的整个大脑结构模拟的功能模拟。一个名为BORN的AI引擎是基于Braincog开发的,它演示了如何将Braincog的组件集成并用于构建AI模型和应用。为了使科学追求解码生物智能的性质并创建AI,Braincog旨在提供必要且易于使用的构件,并提供基础设施支持,以开发基于脑部的尖峰神经网络AI,并模拟认知大脑在多个尺度上。可以在https://github.com/braincog-x上找到Braincog的在线存储库。
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The term ``neuromorphic'' refers to systems that are closely resembling the architecture and/or the dynamics of biological neural networks. Typical examples are novel computer chips designed to mimic the architecture of a biological brain, or sensors that get inspiration from, e.g., the visual or olfactory systems in insects and mammals to acquire information about the environment. This approach is not without ambition as it promises to enable engineered devices able to reproduce the level of performance observed in biological organisms -- the main immediate advantage being the efficient use of scarce resources, which translates into low power requirements. The emphasis on low power and energy efficiency of neuromorphic devices is a perfect match for space applications. Spacecraft -- especially miniaturized ones -- have strict energy constraints as they need to operate in an environment which is scarce with resources and extremely hostile. In this work we present an overview of early attempts made to study a neuromorphic approach in a space context at the European Space Agency's (ESA) Advanced Concepts Team (ACT).
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近年来,尖峰神经网络(SNN)由于其丰富的时空动力学,各种编码方法和事件驱动的特征而自然拟合神经形态硬件,因此在脑启发的智能上受到了广泛的关注。随着SNN的发展,受到脑科学成就启发和针对人工通用智能的新兴研究领域的脑力智能变得越来越热。本文回顾了最新进展,并讨论了来自五个主要研究主题的SNN的新领域,包括基本要素(即尖峰神经元模型,编码方法和拓扑结构),神经形态数据集,优化算法,软件,软件和硬件框架。我们希望我们的调查能够帮助研究人员更好地了解SNN,并激发新作品以推进这一领域。
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Understanding how biological neural networks carry out learning using spike-based local plasticity mechanisms can lead to the development of powerful, energy-efficient, and adaptive neuromorphic processing systems. A large number of spike-based learning models have recently been proposed following different approaches. However, it is difficult to assess if and how they could be mapped onto neuromorphic hardware, and to compare their features and ease of implementation. To this end, in this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of representative brain-inspired synaptic plasticity models and mixed-signal CMOS neuromorphic circuits within a unified framework. We review historical, bottom-up, and top-down approaches to modeling synaptic plasticity, and we identify computational primitives that can support low-latency and low-power hardware implementations of spike-based learning rules. We provide a common definition of a locality principle based on pre- and post-synaptic neuron information, which we propose as a fundamental requirement for physical implementations of synaptic plasticity. Based on this principle, we compare the properties of these models within the same framework, and describe the mixed-signal electronic circuits that implement their computing primitives, pointing out how these building blocks enable efficient on-chip and online learning in neuromorphic processing systems.
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人工智能革命(AI)提出了巨大的存储和数据处理要求。大量的功耗和硬件开销已成为构建下一代AI硬件的主要挑战。为了减轻这种情况,神经形态计算引起了极大的关注,因为它在功耗非常低的功能方面具有出色的数据处理能力。尽管无情的研究已经进行了多年,以最大程度地减少神经形态硬件的功耗,但我们离达到人脑的能源效率还有很长的路要走。此外,设计复杂性和过程变化阻碍了当前神经形态平台的大规模实现。最近,由于其出色的速度和功率指标,在低温温度中实施神经形态计算系统的概念引起了人们的兴趣。可以设计几种低温装置,可作为具有超低功率需求的神经形态原始设备。在这里,我们全面回顾了低温神经形态硬件。我们将现有的低温神经形态硬件分类为几个分层类别,并根据关键性能指标绘制比较分析。我们的分析简洁地描述了相关电路拓扑的操作,并概述了最先进的技术平台遇到的优势和挑战。最后,我们提供了见解,以规避这些挑战,以实现未来的研究发展。
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在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种光电尖峰,能够以超速率($ \ \左右100磅/光学尖峰)和低能耗($ <$ PJ /秒码)运行。所提出的系统结合了具有负差分电导的可激发谐振隧道二极管(RTD)元件,耦合到纳米级光源(形成主节点)或光电探测器(形成接收器节点)。我们在数值上学习互连的主接收器RTD节点系统的尖峰动态响应和信息传播功能。使用脉冲阈值和集成的关键功能,我们利用单个节点来对顺序脉冲模式进行分类,并对图像特征(边缘)识别执行卷积功能。我们还展示了光学互连的尖峰神经网络模型,用于处理超过10 Gbps的时空数据,具有高推理精度。最后,我们展示了利用峰值定时依赖性可塑性的片外监督的学习方法,使能RTD的光子尖峰神经网络。这些结果证明了RTD尖峰节点用于低占地面积,低能量,高速光电实现神经形态硬件的潜在和可行性。
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We propose a novel backpropagation algorithm for training spiking neural networks (SNNs) that encodes information in the relative multiple spike timing of individual neurons without single-spike restrictions. The proposed algorithm inherits the advantages of conventional timing-based methods in that it computes accurate gradients with respect to spike timing, which promotes ideal temporal coding. Unlike conventional methods where each neuron fires at most once, the proposed algorithm allows each neuron to fire multiple times. This extension naturally improves the computational capacity of SNNs. Our SNN model outperformed comparable SNN models and achieved as high accuracy as non-convolutional artificial neural networks. The spike count property of our networks was altered depending on the time constant of the postsynaptic current and the membrane potential. Moreover, we found that there existed the optimal time constant with the maximum test accuracy. That was not seen in conventional SNNs with single-spike restrictions on time-to-fast-spike (TTFS) coding. This result demonstrates the computational properties of SNNs that biologically encode information into the multi-spike timing of individual neurons. Our code would be publicly available.
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最近的研究表明,卷积神经网络(CNNS)不是图像分类的唯一可行的解决方案。此外,CNN中使用的重量共享和反向验证不对应于预测灵长类动物视觉系统中存在的机制。为了提出更加生物合理的解决方案,我们设计了使用峰值定时依赖性塑性(STDP)和其奖励调制变体(R-STDP)学习规则训练的本地连接的尖峰神经网络(SNN)。使用尖刺神经元和局部连接以及强化学习(RL)将我们带到了所提出的架构中的命名法生物网络。我们的网络由速率编码的输入层组成,后跟局部连接的隐藏层和解码输出层。采用尖峰群体的投票方案进行解码。我们使用Mnist DataSet获取图像分类准确性,并评估我们有益于于不同目标响应的奖励系统的稳健性。
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尖峰神经网络(SNN)提供了一个新的计算范式,能够高度平行,实时处理。光子设备是设计与SNN计算范式相匹配的高带宽,平行体系结构的理想选择。 CMO和光子元件的协整允许将低损耗的光子设备与模拟电子设备结合使用,以更大的非线性计算元件的灵活性。因此,我们在整体硅光子学(SIPH)过程上设计和模拟了光电尖峰神经元电路,该过程复制了超出泄漏的集成和火(LIF)之外有用的尖峰行为。此外,我们探索了两种学习算法,具有使用Mach-Zehnder干涉法(MZI)网格作为突触互连的片上学习的潜力。实验证明了随机反向传播(RPB)的变体,并在简单分类任务上与标准线性回归的性能相匹配。同时,将对比性HEBBIAN学习(CHL)规则应用于由MZI网格组成的模拟神经网络,以进行随机输入输出映射任务。受CHL训练的MZI网络的性能比随机猜测更好,但不符合理想神经网络的性能(没有MZI网格施加的约束)。通过这些努力,我们证明了协调的CMO和SIPH技术非常适合可扩展的SNN计算体系结构的设计。
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Emergence of deep neural networks (DNNs) has raised enormous attention towards artificial neural networks (ANNs) once again. They have become the state-of-the-art models and have won different machine learning challenges. Although these networks are inspired by the brain, they lack biological plausibility, and they have structural differences compared to the brain. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been around for a long time, and they have been investigated to understand the dynamics of the brain. However, their application in real-world and complicated machine learning tasks were limited. Recently, they have shown great potential in solving such tasks. Due to their energy efficiency and temporal dynamics there are many promises in their future development. In this work, we reviewed the structures and performances of SNNs on image classification tasks. The comparisons illustrate that these networks show great capabilities for more complicated problems. Furthermore, the simple learning rules developed for SNNs, such as STDP and R-STDP, can be a potential alternative to replace the backpropagation algorithm used in DNNs.
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用于神经形态计算的生物学启发的尖峰神经元是具有动态状态变量的非线性滤波器 - 与深度学习中使用的无状态神经元模型非常不同。 Notel Intel的神经形态研究处理器Loihi 2的下一个版本支持各种具有完全可编程动态的最有状态尖峰神经元模型。在这里,我们展示了先进的尖峰神经元模型,可用于有效地处理仿真Loihi 2硬件的仿真实验中的流数据。在一个示例中,共振和火(RF)神经元用于计算短时间傅里叶变换(STFT),其具有类似的计算复杂度,但是输出带宽的47倍而不是传统的STFT。在另一个例子中,我们描述了一种使用时间率RF神经元的光学流量估计算法,其需要比传统的基于DNN的解决方案超过90倍。我们还展示了有前途的初步结果,使用BackPropagation培训RF神经元进行音频分类任务。最后,我们表明,跳跃的血管谐振器 - RF神经元的变体 - 重复耳蜗的新特性,并激励一种有效的基于尖峰的谱图编码器。
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This chapter sheds light on the synaptic organization of the brain from the perspective of computational neuroscience. It provides an introductory overview on how to account for empirical data in mathematical models, implement them in software, and perform simulations reflecting experiments. This path is demonstrated with respect to four key aspects of synaptic signaling: the connectivity of brain networks, synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and the heterogeneity across synapses. Each step and aspect of the modeling and simulation workflow comes with its own challenges and pitfalls, which are highlighted and addressed in detail.
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为了在专门的神经形态硬件中进行节能计算,我们提出了尖峰神经编码,这是基于预测性编码理论的人工神经模型家族的实例化。该模型是同类模型,它是通过在“猜测和检查”的永无止境过程中运行的,神经元可以预测彼此的活动值,然后调整自己的活动以做出更好的未来预测。我们系统的互动性,迭代性质非常适合感官流预测的连续时间表述,并且如我们所示,模型的结构产生了局部突触更新规则,可以用来补充或作为在线峰值定位的替代方案依赖的可塑性。在本文中,我们对模型的实例化进行了实例化,该模型包括泄漏的集成和火灾单元。但是,我们系统所在的框架自然可以结合更复杂的神经元,例如Hodgkin-Huxley模型。我们在模式识别方面的实验结果证明了当二进制尖峰列车是通信间通信的主要范式时,模型的潜力。值得注意的是,尖峰神经编码在分类绩效方面具有竞争力,并且在从任务序列中学习时会降低遗忘,从而提供了更经济的,具有生物学上的替代品,可用于流行的人工神经网络。
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由于具有高生物学合理性和低能消耗在神经形态硬件上的特性,因此尖峰神经网络(SNN)非常重要。作为获得深SNN的有效方法,转化方法在各种大型数据集上表现出高性能。但是,它通常遭受严重的性能降解和高时间延迟。特别是,以前的大多数工作都集中在简单的分类任务上,同时忽略了与ANN输出的精确近似。在本文中,我们首先从理论上分析转换误差,并得出时间变化极端对突触电流的有害影响。我们提出尖峰校准(Spicalib),以消除离散尖峰对输出分布的损坏,并修改脂肪,以使任意最大化层无损地转换。此外,提出了针对最佳标准化参数的贝叶斯优化,以避免经验设置。实验结果证明了分类,对象检测和分割任务的最新性能。据我们所知,这是第一次获得与ANN同时在这些任务上相当的SNN。此外,我们只需要先前在检测任务上工作的1/50推理时间,并且可以在0.492 $ \ times $ $下在分段任务上实现相同的性能。
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The binding problem is one of the fundamental challenges that prevent the artificial neural network (ANNs) from a compositional understanding of the world like human perception, because disentangled and distributed representations of generative factors can interfere and lead to ambiguity when complex data with multiple objects are presented. In this paper, we propose a brain-inspired hybrid neural network (HNN) that introduces temporal binding theory originated from neuroscience into ANNs by integrating spike timing dynamics (via spiking neural networks, SNNs) with reconstructive attention (by ANNs). Spike timing provides an additional dimension for grouping, while reconstructive feedback coordinates the spikes into temporal coherent states. Through iterative interaction of ANN and SNN, the model continuously binds multiple objects at alternative synchronous firing times in the SNN coding space. The effectiveness of the model is evaluated on synthetic datasets of binary images. By visualization and analysis, we demonstrate that the binding is explainable, soft, flexible, and hierarchical. Notably, the model is trained on single object datasets without explicit supervision on grouping, but successfully binds multiple objects on test datasets, showing its compositional generalization capability. Further results show its binding ability in dynamic situations.
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尖峰神经网络(SNN)被认为是执行各种学习任务的透视基础 - 无监督,监督和强化学习。通过突触可塑性实施SNN的学习 - 根据通常和突触后神经元的活性确定突触权重的规则。各种学习制度的多样性假设不同形式的突触可塑性可能是最有效的,例如,无监督和监督学习,因为它在生活神经元中观察到了从基本尖峰定时依赖性塑性(STDP)模型的许多偏差。在本文中,我们向无监督学习问题施加的可塑性规则制定具体要求,并构建新的可塑性模型概括STDP并满足这些要求。这种可塑性模型作为本工作中提出的新型监督学习算法的主要逻辑组成部分,称为Scobul(基于尖峰相关的学习)。我们还介绍了确认这些突触塑性规则和算法Scobul效率的计算机仿真实验结果。
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受生物神经元的启发,激活功能在许多现实世界中常用的任何人工神经网络的学习过程中起着重要作用。文献中已经提出了各种激活功能,用于分类和回归任务。在这项工作中,我们调查了过去已经使用的激活功能以及当前的最新功能。特别是,我们介绍了多年来激活功能的各种发展以及这些激活功能的优势以及缺点或局限性。我们还讨论了经典(固定)激活功能,包括整流器单元和自适应激活功能。除了基于表征的激活函数的分类法外,还提出了基于应用的激活函数的分类法。为此,对MNIST,CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100等分类数据集进行了各种固定和自适应激活函数的系统比较。近年来,已经出现了一个具有物理信息的机器学习框架,以解决与科学计算有关的问题。为此,我们还讨论了在物理知识的机器学习框架中使用的激活功能的各种要求。此外,使用Tensorflow,Pytorch和Jax等各种机器学习库之间进行了不同的固定和自适应激活函数进行各种比较。
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Event-based simulations of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are fast and accurate. However, they are rarely used in the context of event-based gradient descent because their implementations on GPUs are difficult. Discretization with the forward Euler method is instead often used with gradient descent techniques but has the disadvantage of being computationally expensive. Moreover, the lack of precision of discretized simulations can create mismatches between the simulated models and analog neuromorphic hardware. In this work, we propose a new exact error-backpropagation through spikes method for SNNs, extending Fast \& Deep to multiple spikes per neuron. We show that our method can be efficiently implemented on GPUs in a fully event-based manner, making it fast to compute and precise enough for analog neuromorphic hardware. Compared to the original Fast \& Deep and the current state-of-the-art event-based gradient-descent algorithms, we demonstrate increased performance on several benchmark datasets with both feedforward and convolutional SNNs. In particular, we show that multi-spike SNNs can have advantages over single-spike networks in terms of convergence, sparsity, classification latency and sensitivity to the dead neuron problem.
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