We investigate data-driven texture modeling via analysis and synthesis with generative adversarial networks. For network training and testing, we have compiled a diverse set of spatially homogeneous textures, ranging from stochastic to regular. We adopt StyleGAN3 for synthesis and demonstrate that it produces diverse textures beyond those represented in the training data. For texture analysis, we propose GAN inversion using a novel latent domain reconstruction consistency criterion for synthesized textures, and iterative refinement with Gramian loss for real textures. We propose perceptual procedures for evaluating network capabilities, exploring the global and local behavior of latent space trajectories, and comparing with existing texture analysis-synthesis techniques.

我们呈现SeveryGan，一种能够从单个输入示例自动生成砖纹理映射的方法。与大多数现有方法相比，专注于解决合成问题，我们的工作同时解决问题，合成和涤纶性。我们的关键思想是认识到，通过越野落扩展技术训练的生成网络内的潜伏空间产生具有在接缝交叉点的连续性的输出，然后可以通过裁剪中心区域进入彩色图像。由于不是潜在空间的每个值都有有效的来产生高质量的输出，因此我们利用鉴别者作为能够在采样过程中识别无伪纹理的感知误差度量。此外，与之前的深度纹理合成的工作相比，我们的模型设计和优化，以便使用多层纹理表示，使由多个地图组成的纹理，例如Albedo，法线等。我们广泛地测试网络的设计选择架构，丢失功能和采样参数。我们在定性和定量上展示我们的方法优于以前的方法和适用于不同类型的纹理。

我们表明，诸如Stylegan和Biggan之类的预训练的生成对抗网络（GAN）可以用作潜在银行，以提高图像超分辨率的性能。尽管大多数现有面向感知的方法试图通过以对抗性损失学习来产生现实的产出，但我们的方法，即生成的潜在银行（GLEAN），通过直接利用预先训练的gan封装的丰富而多样的先验来超越现有实践。但是，与需要在运行时需要昂贵的图像特定优化的普遍的GAN反演方法不同，我们的方法只需要单个前向通行证才能修复。可以轻松地将Glean合并到具有多分辨率Skip连接的简单编码器银行decoder架构中。采用来自不同生成模型的先验，可以将收集到各种类别（例如人的面孔，猫，建筑物和汽车）。我们进一步提出了一个轻巧的Glean，名为Lightglean，该版本仅保留Glean中的关键组成部分。值得注意的是，Lightglean仅由21％的参数和35％的拖鞋组成，同时达到可比的图像质量。我们将方法扩展到不同的任务，包括图像着色和盲图恢复，广泛的实验表明，与现有方法相比，我们提出的模型表现出色。代码和模型可在https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmediting上找到。

Our goal with this survey is to provide an overview of the state of the art deep learning technologies for face generation and editing. We will cover popular latest architectures and discuss key ideas that make them work, such as inversion, latent representation, loss functions, training procedures, editing methods, and cross domain style transfer. We particularly focus on GAN-based architectures that have culminated in the StyleGAN approaches, which allow generation of high-quality face images and offer rich interfaces for controllable semantics editing and preserving photo quality. We aim to provide an entry point into the field for readers that have basic knowledge about the field of deep learning and are looking for an accessible introduction and overview.

Figure 1. The proposed pixel2style2pixel framework can be used to solve a wide variety of image-to-image translation tasks. Here we show results of pSp on StyleGAN inversion, multi-modal conditional image synthesis, facial frontalization, inpainting and super-resolution.

在许多远程成像的应用中，我们面临的情景，其中出现在捕获的图像中的人通常被大气湍流降级。然而，由于劣化使图像成为几何扭曲和模糊，因此恢复用于面部验证的这种降级的图像是困难的。为了减轻湍流效果，本文提出了第一种湍流缓解方法，该方法利用培训的GaN封装的视觉前沿。基于视觉前沿，我们建议学习在空间周期性上下文距离上保留恢复图像的身份。在考虑网络学习中的身份差异时，这种距离可以保持来自GaN的恢复图像的现实主义。另外，提出了通过在没有身份变化的情况下引入更多外观方差来促进身份保留学习的分层伪连接。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法在恢复结果的视觉质量和面部验证准确性中显着优于现有技术。

edu.hk (a) Image Reconstruction (b) Image Colorization (c) Image Super-Resolution (d) Image Denoising (e) Image Inpainting (f) Semantic Manipulation Figure 1: Multi-code GAN prior facilitates many image processing applications using the reconstruction from fixed PGGAN [23] models.

StyleGAN has achieved great progress in 2D face reconstruction and semantic editing via image inversion and latent editing. While studies over extending 2D StyleGAN to 3D faces have emerged, a corresponding generic 3D GAN inversion framework is still missing, limiting the applications of 3D face reconstruction and semantic editing. In this paper, we study the challenging problem of 3D GAN inversion where a latent code is predicted given a single face image to faithfully recover its 3D shapes and detailed textures. The problem is ill-posed: innumerable compositions of shape and texture could be rendered to the current image. Furthermore, with the limited capacity of a global latent code, 2D inversion methods cannot preserve faithful shape and texture at the same time when applied to 3D models. To solve this problem, we devise an effective self-training scheme to constrain the learning of inversion. The learning is done efficiently without any real-world 2D-3D training pairs but proxy samples generated from a 3D GAN. In addition, apart from a global latent code that captures the coarse shape and texture information, we augment the generation network with a local branch, where pixel-aligned features are added to faithfully reconstruct face details. We further consider a new pipeline to perform 3D view-consistent editing. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art inversion methods in both shape and texture reconstruction quality. Code and data will be released.

This paper proposes Markovian Generative Adversarial Networks (MGANs), a method for training generative neural networks for efficient texture synthesis. While deep neural network approaches have recently demonstrated remarkable results in terms of synthesis quality, they still come at considerable computational costs (minutes of run-time for low-res images). Our paper addresses this efficiency issue. Instead of a numerical deconvolution in previous work, we precompute a feedforward, strided convolutional network that captures the feature statistics of Markovian patches and is able to directly generate outputs of arbitrary dimensions. Such network can directly decode brown noise to realistic texture, or photos to artistic paintings. With adversarial training, we obtain quality comparable to recent neural texture synthesis methods. As no optimization is required any longer at generation time, our run-time performance (0.25M pixel images at 25Hz) surpasses previous neural texture synthesizers by a significant margin (at least 500 times faster). We apply this idea to texture synthesis, style transfer, and video stylization.

生成照片 - 现实图像，语义编辑和表示学习是高分辨率生成模型的许多潜在应用中的一些。最近在GAN的进展将它们建立为这些任务的绝佳选择。但是，由于它们不提供推理模型，因此使用GaN潜在空间无法在实际图像上完成诸如分类的图像编辑或下游任务。尽管培训了训练推理模型或设计了一种迭代方法来颠覆训练有素的发生器，但之前的方法是数据集（例如人类脸部图像）和架构（例如样式）。这些方法是非延伸到新型数据集或架构的。我们提出了一般框架，该框架是不可知的架构和数据集。我们的主要识别是，通过培训推断和生成模型在一起，我们允许它们彼此适应并收敛到更好的质量模型。我们的\ textbf {invang}，可逆GaN的简短，成功将真实图像嵌入到高质量的生成模型的潜在空间。这使我们能够执行图像修复，合并，插值和在线数据增强。我们展示了广泛的定性和定量实验。

对于现实和生动的着色，最近已经利用了生成先验。但是，由于其表示空间有限，因此这种生成先验的野外复杂图像通常会失败。在本文中，我们提出了BigColor，这是一种新型的着色方法，可为具有复杂结构的不同野外图像提供生动的着色。虽然先前的生成先验训练以综合图像结构和颜色，但我们在关注颜色合成之前就学会了一种生成颜色，鉴于图像的空间结构。通过这种方式，我们减轻了从生成先验中合成图像结构的负担，并扩大其表示空间以覆盖各种图像。为此，我们提出了一个以Biggan启发的编码生成网络，该网络使用空间特征映射而不是空间框架的Biggan潜在代码，从而产生了扩大的表示空间。我们的方法可以在单个正向传球中为各种输入提供强大的着色，支持任意输入分辨率，并提供多模式着色结果。我们证明，BigColor明显优于现有方法，尤其是在具有复杂结构的野外图像上。

The primary aim of single-image super-resolution is to construct a high-resolution (HR) image from a corresponding low-resolution (LR) input. In previous approaches, which have generally been supervised, the training objective typically measures a pixel-wise average distance between the super-resolved (SR) and HR images. Optimizing such metrics often leads to blurring, especially in high variance (detailed) regions. We propose an alternative formulation of the super-resolution problem based on creating realistic SR images that downscale correctly. We present a novel super-resolution algorithm addressing this problem, PULSE (Photo Upsampling via Latent Space Exploration), which generates high-resolution, realistic images at resolutions previously unseen in the literature. It accomplishes this in an entirely self-supervised fashion and is not confined to a specific degradation operator used during training, unlike previous methods (which require training on databases of LR-HR image pairs for supervised learning). Instead of starting with the LR image and slowly adding detail, PULSE traverses the high-resolution natural image manifold, searching for images that downscale to the original LR image. This is formalized through the "downscaling loss," which guides exploration through the latent space of a generative model. By leveraging properties of high-dimensional Gaussians, we restrict the search space to guarantee that our outputs are realistic. PULSE thereby generates super-resolved images that both are realistic and downscale correctly. We show extensive experimental results demonstrating the efficacy of our approach in the domain of face super-resolution (also known as face hallucination). We also present a discussion of the limitations and biases of the method as currently implemented with an accompanying model card with relevant metrics. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in perceptual quality at higher resolutions and scale factors than previously pos-sible.

Single image super-resolution is the task of inferring a high-resolution image from a single low-resolution input. Traditionally, the performance of algorithms for this task is measured using pixel-wise reconstruction measures such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) which have been shown to correlate poorly with the human perception of image quality. As a result, algorithms minimizing these metrics tend to produce over-smoothed images that lack highfrequency textures and do not look natural despite yielding high PSNR values.We propose a novel application of automated texture synthesis in combination with a perceptual loss focusing on creating realistic textures rather than optimizing for a pixelaccurate reproduction of ground truth images during training. By using feed-forward fully convolutional neural networks in an adversarial training setting, we achieve a significant boost in image quality at high magnification ratios. Extensive experiments on a number of datasets show the effectiveness of our approach, yielding state-of-the-art results in both quantitative and qualitative benchmarks.

最近的方法（例如材料gan）已使用无条件的gan来生成每像素材料图，或作为从输入照片重建材料之前的材料。这些模型可以生成各种随机材料外观，但没有任何将生成材料限制为特定类别或控制生成材料的粗体结构的机制，例如砖墙上的精确砖布局。此外，从单个输入照片中重建的材料通常具有伪像，并且通常不可易换，这限制了它们在实际内容创建管道中的使用。我们提出了Tilegen，这是一种针对SVBRDFS的生成模型，该模型特定于材料类别，始终可易换，并且在提供的输入结构模式上有条件。 Tilegen是Stylegan的变体，其架构经过修改以始终生成可易于的（周期性）材料图。除了标准的“样式”潜在代码外，Tilegen还可以选择拍摄条件图像，从而使用户直接控制材料的主要空间（和可选的颜色）功能。例如，在砖块中，用户可以指定砖布局和砖块，或者在皮革材料中，皱纹和褶皱的位置。我们的反渲染方法可以通过优化找到一种材料，从而感知到单个目标照片。这种重建也可以以用户提供的模式为条件。所得的材料是可拆卸的，可以大于目标图像，并且可以通过改变条件来编辑。

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) typically suffer from overfitting when limited training data is available. To facilitate GAN training, current methods propose to use data-specific augmentation techniques. Despite the effectiveness, it is difficult for these methods to scale to practical applications. In this work, we present ScoreMix, a novel and scalable data augmentation approach for various image synthesis tasks. We first produce augmented samples using the convex combinations of the real samples. Then, we optimize the augmented samples by minimizing the norms of the data scores, i.e., the gradients of the log-density functions. This procedure enforces the augmented samples close to the data manifold. To estimate the scores, we train a deep estimation network with multi-scale score matching. For different image synthesis tasks, we train the score estimation network using different data. We do not require the tuning of the hyperparameters or modifications to the network architecture. The ScoreMix method effectively increases the diversity of data and reduces the overfitting problem. Moreover, it can be easily incorporated into existing GAN models with minor modifications. Experimental results on numerous tasks demonstrate that GAN models equipped with the ScoreMix method achieve significant improvements.

Despite the breakthroughs in accuracy and speed of single image super-resolution using faster and deeper convolutional neural networks, one central problem remains largely unsolved: how do we recover the finer texture details when we super-resolve at large upscaling factors? The behavior of optimization-based super-resolution methods is principally driven by the choice of the objective function. Recent work has largely focused on minimizing the mean squared reconstruction error. The resulting estimates have high peak signal-to-noise ratios, but they are often lacking high-frequency details and are perceptually unsatisfying in the sense that they fail to match the fidelity expected at the higher resolution. In this paper, we present SRGAN, a generative adversarial network (GAN) for image superresolution (SR). To our knowledge, it is the first framework capable of inferring photo-realistic natural images for 4× upscaling factors. To achieve this, we propose a perceptual loss function which consists of an adversarial loss and a content loss. The adversarial loss pushes our solution to the natural image manifold using a discriminator network that is trained to differentiate between the super-resolved images and original photo-realistic images. In addition, we use a content loss motivated by perceptual similarity instead of similarity in pixel space. Our deep residual network is able to recover photo-realistic textures from heavily downsampled images on public benchmarks. An extensive mean-opinion-score (MOS) test shows hugely significant gains in perceptual quality using SRGAN. The MOS scores obtained with SRGAN are closer to those of the original high-resolution images than to those obtained with any state-of-the-art method.

图像介入寻求一种语义一致的方法，以根据其未掩盖的内容来恢复损坏的图像。以前的方法通常将训练有素的甘恩重复使用，然后在产生逼真的斑块中用于缺少GAN反转的孔。然而，在这些算法中对硬约束的无知可能会产生gan倒置和图像插入之间的差距。在解决这个问题的情况下，我们在本文中设计了一个新颖的GAN反转模型，用于图像插入，称为Interverfill，主要由带有预调制模块的编码器和具有F＆W+潜在空间的GAN生成器组成。在编码器中，预调制网络利用多尺度结构将更多的歧视语义编码为样式向量。为了弥合GAN倒置和图像插入之间的缝隙，提出了F＆W+潜在空间以消除巨大的颜色差异和语义不一致。为了重建忠实和逼真的图像，一个简单而有效的软上升平均潜在模块旨在捕获更多样化的内域模式，以合成大型腐败的高保真质地。在包括Ploce2，Celeba-HQ，Metfaces和Scenery在内的四个具有挑战性的数据集上进行的全面实验表明，我们的Intervill效果优于定性和定量的高级方法，并支持室外图像的完成。

We present a high-fidelity 3D generative adversarial network (GAN) inversion framework that can synthesize photo-realistic novel views while preserving specific details of the input image. High-fidelity 3D GAN inversion is inherently challenging due to the geometry-texture trade-off in 3D inversion, where overfitting to a single view input image often damages the estimated geometry during the latent optimization. To solve this challenge, we propose a novel pipeline that builds on the pseudo-multi-view estimation with visibility analysis. We keep the original textures for the visible parts and utilize generative priors for the occluded parts. Extensive experiments show that our approach achieves advantageous reconstruction and novel view synthesis quality over state-of-the-art methods, even for images with out-of-distribution textures. The proposed pipeline also enables image attribute editing with the inverted latent code and 3D-aware texture modification. Our approach enables high-fidelity 3D rendering from a single image, which is promising for various applications of AI-generated 3D content.

现有的GAN倒置和编辑方法适用于具有干净背景的对齐物体，例如肖像和动物面孔，但通常会为更加困难的类别而苦苦挣扎，具有复杂的场景布局和物体遮挡，例如汽车，动物和室外图像。我们提出了一种新方法，以在gan的潜在空间（例如stylegan2）中倒转和编辑复杂的图像。我们的关键想法是用一系列层的集合探索反演，从而将反转过程适应图像的难度。我们学会预测不同图像段的“可逆性”，并将每个段投影到潜在层。更容易的区域可以倒入发电机潜在空间中的较早层，而更具挑战性的区域可以倒入更晚的特征空间。实验表明，与最新的复杂类别的方法相比，我们的方法获得了更好的反转结果，同时保持下游的编辑性。请参阅我们的项目页面，网址为https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~saminversion。

近年来，着色吸引了越来越多的兴趣。经典的基于参考的方法通常依靠外部颜色图像来获得合理的结果。检索此类示例不可避免地需要大型图像数据库或在线搜索引擎。最近的基于深度学习的方法可以自动以低成本为图像着色。但是，总是伴随着不满意的文物和不连贯的颜色。在这项工作中，我们提出了GCP颜色化，以利用预审前的生成对抗网络（GAN）封装的丰富和多样化的颜色先验进行自动着色。具体而言，我们首先通过GAN编码器“检索”匹配的功能（类似于示例），然后将这些功能与功能调制量合并到着色过程中。得益于强大的生成颜色先验（GCP）和精致的设计，我们的GCP颜色可以通过单个前向传球产生生动的颜色。此外，通过修改GAN潜在代码获得多样化的结果非常方便。 GCP颜色还继承了可解释的gan的功能，并可以通过穿过甘恩潜在空间来实现可控制和平滑的过渡。广泛的实验和用户研究表明，GCP颜色比以前的作品具有出色的性能。代码可在https://github.com/tothebeginning/gcp-colorization上找到。