诸如人工智能(AI)之类的快速发展领域经常超过维基百科等百科全书来源的努力,这些来源如不完全介绍最近引入的主题或完全缺乏这种内容。因此,自动产生内容的方法是解决此信息过载的有价值的工具。我们表明,最近的预训练语言建模的进展可以组合为维基百科铅段生成的两级提取和抽象方法。我们扩展了这种方法,以产生更长的维基百科风格的摘要,并通过详细研究100参考人体收集的调查,研究这种方法在本申请中争取如何奋斗。这是利用Web资源利用WEAL Wikipedia风格摘要的第一次研究。
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有效的人类学习取决于广泛的教育材料,与学习者目前对该主题保持一致。虽然互联网彻底改变了人类的学习或教育,但仍存在大量资源可访问性障碍。即,过剩的在线信息可以使其充满努力导航和发现高质量的学习材料。在本文中,我们提出了教育资源发现(ERD)管道,用于为新颖域自动化Web资源发现。管道由三个主要步骤组成:数据收集,功能提取和资源分类。我们从一个已知的源域开始,通过传输学习在两个看不见的目标域上进行资源发现。我们首先从一组种子文档中收集频繁查询并在网上搜索以获取候选资源,例如讲座幻灯片和介绍博客帖子。然后我们介绍一个小说预用信息检索深神经网络模型,查询文件屏蔽语言建模(QD-MLM),以提取这些候选​​资源的深度特征。我们应用基于树的分类器来决定候选人是否是一个积极的学习资源。当在两个类似但新的靶域评估时,管道在评估时实现0.94和0.82的F1分数。最后,我们展示了该管道如何使应用程序有益于应用:调查的领先段落生成。这是据我们所知,这是考虑各种网络资源的研究。我们还释放了39,728个手动标记的Web资源的语料库,以及来自NLP,计算机视觉(CV)和统计信息(统计数据)的659个查询。
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社区问题应答(CQA)FORA,如堆栈溢出和雅虎!答案包含丰富的资源,对广泛的基于社区的问题答案。每个问题线程都可以通过不同的角度接收大量答案。答案摘要的一个目标是产生反映答案视角范围的摘要。抽象答案概述的主要障碍是没有数据集,可以提供监督制作这些摘要。最近的作品提出了创建此类数据的启发式,但这些是嘈杂的,并且不会涵盖答案中存在的所有观点。这项工作介绍了4,631个CQA线程的新型数据集,用于答案摘要,由专业语言学家策划。我们的管道收集了答案概述所涉及的所有子特设的注释,包括选择与问题相关的答案句子,根据透视图对这些句子进行分组,总结每个视角,并生成整体摘要。我们在这些子组织上分析和基准最先进的模型,并为多视角数据增强引入了一种新的无监督方法,这进一步提高了根据自动评估的整体摘要性能。最后,我们提出了加强学习奖励,以改善事实一致性和答案覆盖范围和分析改进领域。
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现有以查询为中心的摘要数据集的大小有限,使培训数据驱动的摘要模型提出了挑战。同时,以查询为重点的摘要语料库的手动构造昂贵且耗时。在本文中,我们使用Wikipedia自动收集超过280,000个示例的大型以查询为中心的摘要数据集(名为Wikiref),这可以用作数据增强的手段。我们还开发了一个基于BERT的以查询为重点的摘要模型(Q-bert),以从文档中提取句子作为摘要。为了更好地调整包含数百万个参数的巨大模型,我们仅识别和微调一个稀疏的子网络,这对应于整个模型参数的一小部分。三个DUC基准测试的实验结果表明,在Wikiref中预先培训的模型已经达到了合理的性能。在对特定基准数据集进行了微调后,具有数据增强的模型优于强大比较系统。此外,我们提出的Q-Bert模型和子网微调都进一步改善了模型性能。该数据集可在https://aka.ms/wikiref上公开获取。
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Recent lay language generation systems have used Transformer models trained on a parallel corpus to increase health information accessibility. However, the applicability of these models is constrained by the limited size and topical breadth of available corpora. We introduce CELLS, the largest (63k pairs) and broadest-ranging (12 journals) parallel corpus for lay language generation. The abstract and the corresponding lay language summary are written by domain experts, assuring the quality of our dataset. Furthermore, qualitative evaluation of expert-authored plain language summaries has revealed background explanation as a key strategy to increase accessibility. Such explanation is challenging for neural models to generate because it goes beyond simplification by adding content absent from the source. We derive two specialized paired corpora from CELLS to address key challenges in lay language generation: generating background explanations and simplifying the original abstract. We adopt retrieval-augmented models as an intuitive fit for the task of background explanation generation, and show improvements in summary quality and simplicity while maintaining factual correctness. Taken together, this work presents the first comprehensive study of background explanation for lay language generation, paving the path for disseminating scientific knowledge to a broader audience. CELLS is publicly available at: https://github.com/LinguisticAnomalies/pls_retrieval.
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诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中,以封装最重要的信息,从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近,随着神经体系结构的出现,已经做出了重大的研究工作,以推动自动文本摘要系统,以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述,以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估:基准数据集,汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分,我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献,并进行经验分析,以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征,摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现,我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。
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查询聚焦的文本摘要(QFTS)任务旨在构建基于给定查询的文本文档摘要的构建系统。解决此任务的关键挑战是缺乏培训摘要模型的大量标记数据。在本文中,我们通过探索一系列域适应技术来解决这一挑战。鉴于最近在广泛的自然语言处理任务中进行预先接受的变压器模型的成功,我们利用此类模型为单文档和多文件方案的QFTS任务产生抽象摘要。对于域适应,我们使用预先训练的变压器的摘要模型应用了各种技术,包括转移学习,弱监督学习和远程监督。六个数据集的广泛实验表明,我们所提出的方法非常有效地为QFTS任务产生抽象摘要,同时在一组自动和人类评估指标上设置新的最先进的结果。
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学术研究是解决以前从未解决过的问题的探索活动。通过这种性质,每个学术研究工作都需要进行文献审查,以区分其Novelties尚未通过事先作品解决。在自然语言处理中,该文献综述通常在“相关工作”部分下进行。鉴于研究文件的其余部分和引用的论文列表,自动相关工作生成的任务旨在自动生成“相关工作”部分。虽然这项任务是在10年前提出的,但直到最近,它被认为是作为科学多文件摘要问题的变种。然而,即使在今天,尚未标准化了自动相关工作和引用文本生成的问题。在这项调查中,我们进行了一个元研究,从问题制定,数据集收集,方法方法,绩效评估和未来前景的角度来比较相关工作的现有文献,以便为读者洞察到国家的进步 - 最内容的研究,以及如何进行未来的研究。我们还调查了我们建议未来工作要考虑整合的相关研究领域。
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Multi-document summarization (MDS) has traditionally been studied assuming a set of ground-truth topic-related input documents is provided. In practice, the input document set is unlikely to be available a priori and would need to be retrieved based on an information need, a setting we call open-domain MDS. We experiment with current state-of-the-art retrieval and summarization models on several popular MDS datasets extended to the open-domain setting. We find that existing summarizers suffer large reductions in performance when applied as-is to this more realistic task, though training summarizers with retrieved inputs can reduce their sensitivity retrieval errors. To further probe these findings, we conduct perturbation experiments on summarizer inputs to study the impact of different types of document retrieval errors. Based on our results, we provide practical guidelines to help facilitate a shift to open-domain MDS. We release our code and experimental results alongside all data or model artifacts created during our investigation.
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Narrative summarization aims to produce a distilled version of a narrative to describe its most salient events and characters. Summarizing a narrative is challenging as it requires an understanding of event causality and character behaviors. To encourage research in this direction, we propose NarraSum, a large-scale narrative summarization dataset. It contains 122K narrative documents, which are collected from plot descriptions of movies and TV episodes with diverse genres, and their corresponding abstractive summaries. Experiments show that there is a large performance gap between humans and the state-of-the-art summarization models on NarraSum. We hope that this dataset will promote future research in summarization, as well as broader studies of natural language understanding and generation. The dataset is available at https://github.com/zhaochaocs/narrasum.
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由于免费的在线百科全书具有大量内容,因此Wikipedia和Wikidata是许多自然语言处理(NLP)任务的关键,例如信息检索,知识基础构建,机器翻译,文本分类和文本摘要。在本文中,我们介绍了Wikides,这是一个新颖的数据集,用于为文本摘要问题提供Wikipedia文章的简短描述。该数据集由6987个主题上的80K英语样本组成。我们设置了一种两阶段的摘要方法 - 描述生成(I阶段)和候选排名(II阶段)作为一种依赖于转移和对比学习的强大方法。对于描述生成,与其他小规模的预训练模型相比,T5和BART表现出了优越性。通过将对比度学习与Beam Search的不同输入一起应用,基于度量的排名模型优于直接描述生成模型,在主题独立拆分和独立于主题的独立拆分中,最高可达22个胭脂。此外,第II期中的结果描述得到了人类评估的支持,其中45.33%以上,而I阶段的23.66%则支持针对黄金描述。在情感分析方面,生成的描述无法有效地从段落中捕获所有情感极性,同时从黄金描述中更好地完成此任务。自动产生的新描述减少了人类为创建它们的努力,并丰富了基于Wikidata的知识图。我们的论文对Wikipedia和Wikidata产生了实际影响,因为有成千上万的描述。最后,我们预计Wikides将成为从短段落中捕获显着信息的相关作品的有用数据集。策划的数据集可公开可用:https://github.com/declare-lab/wikides。
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以查询为中心的摘要(QFS)旨在产生应答感兴趣的特定问题的摘要,从而实现更大的用户控制和个性化。虽然最近发布的数据集如QMSUM或Aquamuse,促进QFS中的研究工作,但该领域缺乏对适用建模方法的广泛空间的全面研究。在本文中,考虑到两种普遍的方法,我们对QFS进行了系统探索,探讨了QFS:两阶段的采掘解决方案和端到端模型。在这些类别中,我们调查现有方法,并呈现了在QMSUM数据集上实现最先进的性能的两个模型扩展,其边缘高达3.38 Rouge-1,3.72 Rouge-2和3.28 Rouge-L。通过定量实验,我们突出了不同模型配置之间的权衡,并探讨了摘要任务之间的转移能力。代码和检查点公开可用:https://github.com/salesforce/query-focused-sum。
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科学主题的分类方案概述了其知识体系。它还可以用于促进访问研究文章和与受试者相关的其他材料。例如,ACM计算分类系统(CCS)用于ACM数字库搜索界面以及索引计算机科学论文。我们观察到,计算语言学(CL)和自然语言处理(NLP),不存在综合分类系统等CCS或数学主题分类(MSC)。我们提出了一个分类方案 - 基于在这一主题的77个大学课程的在线讲座的分析,Cl / NLP的Clicker。目前拟议的分类学包括334个主题,并侧重于CL / NLP的教育方面;它主要是基于,但不是完全,在NLP课程的讲义中。我们讨论这种分类系统如何帮助各种现实世界应用,包括辅导平台,资源检索,资源推荐,先决条件链学习和调查生成。
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The research on text summarization for low-resource Indian languages has been limited due to the availability of relevant datasets. This paper presents a summary of various deep-learning approaches used for the ILSUM 2022 Indic language summarization datasets. The ISUM 2022 dataset consists of news articles written in Indian English, Hindi, and Gujarati respectively, and their ground-truth summarizations. In our work, we explore different pre-trained seq2seq models and fine-tune those with the ILSUM 2022 datasets. In our case, the fine-tuned SoTA PEGASUS model worked the best for English, the fine-tuned IndicBART model with augmented data for Hindi, and again fine-tuned PEGASUS model along with a translation mapping-based approach for Gujarati. Our scores on the obtained inferences were evaluated using ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, and ROUGE-4 as the evaluation metrics.
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Large pre-trained language models have recently enabled open-ended generation frameworks (e.g., prompt-to-text NLG) to tackle a variety of tasks going beyond the traditional data-to-text generation. While this framework is more general, it is under-specified and often leads to a lack of controllability restricting their real-world usage. We propose a new grounded keys-to-text generation task: the task is to generate a factual description about an entity given a set of guiding keys, and grounding passages. To address this task, we introduce a new dataset, called EntDeGen. Inspired by recent QA-based evaluation measures, we propose an automatic metric, MAFE, for factual correctness of generated descriptions. Our EntDescriptor model is equipped with strong rankers to fetch helpful passages and generate entity descriptions. Experimental result shows a good correlation (60.14) between our proposed metric and human judgments of factuality. Our rankers significantly improved the factual correctness of generated descriptions (15.95% and 34.51% relative gains in recall and precision). Finally, our ablation study highlights the benefit of combining keys and groundings.
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Text summarization is a user-preference based task, i.e., for one document, users often have different priorities for summary. As a key aspect of customization in summarization, granularity is used to measure the semantic coverage between the summary and source document. However, developing systems that can generate summaries with customizable semantic coverage is still an under-explored topic. In this paper, we propose the first unsupervised multi-granularity summarization framework, GranuSum. We take events as the basic semantic units of the source documents and propose to rank these events by their salience. We also develop a model to summarize input documents with given events as anchors and hints. By inputting different numbers of events, GranuSum is capable of producing multi-granular summaries in an unsupervised manner. Meanwhile, we annotate a new benchmark GranuDUC that contains multiple summaries at different granularities for each document cluster. Experimental results confirm the substantial superiority of GranuSum on multi-granularity summarization over strong baselines. Further, by exploiting the event information, GranuSum also exhibits state-of-the-art performance under the conventional unsupervised abstractive setting. Dataset for this paper can be found at: https://github.com/maszhongming/GranuDUC
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健康素养被出现为制定适当的健康决策和确保治疗结果的关键因素。然而,医学术语和该领域的专业语言的复杂结构使健康信息尤为难以解释。因此,迫切需要对自动化方法来提高生物医学文献的可访问性,以提高一般人群。这个问题可以作为医疗保健专业人员语言与公众的语言之间的翻译问题。在本文中,我们介绍了自动化生物医学科学评论的制定语言摘要的新任务,建设了一个数据集,以支持自动化方法的开发和评估,以提高生物医学文献的可访问性。我们对解决这项任务的各种挑战进行了分析,包括不仅对关键要点的总结,而且还概述了对背景知识和专业语言的简化的解释。我们试验最先进的摘要模型以及多种数据增强技术,并使用自动指标和人工评估评估其性能。结果表明,与专家专家专门开发的参考摘要相比,使用当代神经架构产生的自动产生的摘要可以实现有希望的质量和可读性(最佳Rouge-L为50.24和Flesch-Kincaid可读性得分为13.30)。我们还讨论了目前尝试的局限性,为未来工作提供了洞察和方向。
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现有摘要系统主要生成纯粹依赖源文档内容的摘要。但是,即使对于人类,我们通常需要一些引用或示例,帮助我们充分了解源文档并以特定格式写入摘要。但是如何找到高质量的样式,并将它们纳入总结系统仍然挑战和探索。在本文中,我们提出了一种由致密的猎犬和摘要提升的新型检索增强的抽象概要框架。首先,检索几个密切相关的示例作为补充输入,以帮助生成模型更全面地了解文本。此外,检索的示例也可以在引导模型以捕获特定语料库的写入风格中起作用。我们在多个域和两个骨干型号的各种摘要数据集上验证我们的方法:BERT和BART。结果表明,与强大的预训练模型相比,我们的框架在胭脂-1分数中获得了1.38〜4.66的显着改善,并在账单上实现了新的最先进。人类评估表明我们的检索增强模型可以更好地捕获特定于域的书写风格。
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Aspect or query-based summarization has recently caught more attention, as it can generate differentiated summaries based on users' interests. However, the current dataset for aspect or query-based summarization either focuses on specific domains, contains relatively small-scale instances, or includes only a few aspect types. Such limitations hinder further explorations in this direction. In this work, we take advantage of crowd-sourcing knowledge on Wikipedia.org and automatically create a high-quality, large-scale open-domain aspect-based summarization dataset named OASum, which contains more than 3.7 million instances with around 1 million different aspects on 2 million Wikipedia pages. We provide benchmark results on OAsum and demonstrate its ability for diverse aspect-based summarization generation. To overcome the data scarcity problem on specific domains, we also perform zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning on seven downstream datasets. Specifically, zero/few-shot and fine-tuning results show that the model pre-trained on our corpus demonstrates a strong aspect or query-focused generation ability compared with the backbone model. Our dataset and pre-trained checkpoints are publicly available.
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传统上,文本聚类方法包含在多文件摘要(MDS)中作为一种用于应对相当大的信息重复的手段。集群被利用以表明信息显着性并避免冗余。这些方法集中在聚类句子上,即使密切相关的句子也通常包含非对齐信息。在这项工作中,我们重新审视聚类方法,将命题分组为更精确的信息对齐。具体而言,我们的方法检测到突出的命题,将它们聚集到释义集群中,并通过融合其命题来为每个集群生成代表性句子。我们的摘要方法在自动胭脂评分和人类偏好中,通过了在DUC 2004和TAC 2011数据集中的先前最先进的MDS方法。
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