In a spoofing attack, an attacker impersonates a legitimate user to access or tamper with data intended for or produced by the legitimate user. In wireless communication systems, these attacks may be detected by relying on features of the channel and transmitter radios. In this context, a popular approach is to exploit the dependence of the received signal strength (RSS) at multiple receivers or access points with respect to the spatial location of the transmitter. Existing schemes rely on long-term estimates, which makes it difficult to distinguish spoofing from movement of a legitimate user. This limitation is here addressed by means of a deep neural network that implicitly learns the distribution of pairs of short-term RSS vector estimates. The adopted network architecture imposes the invariance to permutations of the input (commutativity) that the decision problem exhibits. The merits of the proposed algorithm are corroborated on a data set that we collected.
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无线电贴图在无线通信和移动机器人任务中找到了许多应用,包括资源分配,干扰协调和任务规划。尽管已经提出了许多技术来构造来自空间分布测量的无线电映射,但是预先假定了这种测量的位置的位置。相反,本文提出了频谱测量,其中诸如无人航空车辆(UAV)的移动机器人在主动选择的一组位置处收集测量以在短测量时间内获得高质量地图估计。这是以两步执行的。首先,设计了两种新颖的算法,基于模型的在线贝叶斯估计器和数据驱动的深度学习算法,以更新地图估计和指示每个可能位置的测量信息的信息性。这些算法提供互补的益处,并且每次测量都具有恒定的复杂性。其次,不确定度量用于规划无人机的轨迹,以在最具信息地的位置收集测量。为了克服这个问题的组合复杂性,提出了一种动态编程方法,以通过线性时间的大不确定性的区域获取航路点列表。在现实数据集上进行的数值实验证实了所提出的方案快速构建精确的无线电贴图。
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给定有限数量的训练数据样本的分类的基本任务被考虑了具有已知参数统计模型的物理系统。基于独立的学习和统计模型的分类器面临使用小型训练集实现分类任务的主要挑战。具体地,单独依赖基于物理的统计模型的分类器通常遭受它们无法适当地调整底层的不可观察的参数,这导致系统行为的不匹配表示。另一方面,基于学习的分类器通常依赖于来自底层物理过程的大量培训数据,这在最实际的情况下可能不可行。本文提出了一种混合分类方法 - 被称为亚牙线的菌丝 - 利用基于物理的统计模型和基于学习的分类器。所提出的解决方案基于猜想,即通过融合它们各自的优势,刺鼠线将减轻与基于学习和统计模型的分类器的各个方法相关的挑战。所提出的混合方法首先使用可用(次优)统计估计程序来估计不可观察的模型参数,随后使用基于物理的统计模型来生成合成数据。然后,培训数据样本与基于学习的分类器中的合成数据结合到基于神经网络的域 - 对抗训练。具体地,为了解决不匹配问题,分类器将从训练数据和合成数据的映射学习到公共特征空间。同时,培训分类器以在该空间内找到判别特征,以满足分类任务。
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In this article we present SHARP, an original approach for obtaining human activity recognition (HAR) through the use of commercial IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) devices. SHARP grants the possibility to discern the activities of different persons, across different time-spans and environments. To achieve this, we devise a new technique to clean and process the channel frequency response (CFR) phase of the Wi-Fi channel, obtaining an estimate of the Doppler shift at a radio monitor device. The Doppler shift reveals the presence of moving scatterers in the environment, while not being affected by (environment-specific) static objects. SHARP is trained on data collected as a person performs seven different activities in a single environment. It is then tested on different setups, to assess its performance as the person, the day and/or the environment change with respect to those considered at training time. In the worst-case scenario, it reaches an average accuracy higher than 95%, validating the effectiveness of the extracted Doppler information, used in conjunction with a learning algorithm based on a neural network, in recognizing human activities in a subject and environment independent way. The collected CFR dataset and the code are publicly available for replicability and benchmarking purposes.
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When used in complex engineered systems, such as communication networks, artificial intelligence (AI) models should be not only as accurate as possible, but also well calibrated. A well-calibrated AI model is one that can reliably quantify the uncertainty of its decisions, assigning high confidence levels to decisions that are likely to be correct and low confidence levels to decisions that are likely to be erroneous. This paper investigates the application of conformal prediction as a general framework to obtain AI models that produce decisions with formal calibration guarantees. Conformal prediction transforms probabilistic predictors into set predictors that are guaranteed to contain the correct answer with a probability chosen by the designer. Such formal calibration guarantees hold irrespective of the true, unknown, distribution underlying the generation of the variables of interest, and can be defined in terms of ensemble or time-averaged probabilities. In this paper, conformal prediction is applied for the first time to the design of AI for communication systems in conjunction to both frequentist and Bayesian learning, focusing on demodulation, modulation classification, and channel prediction.
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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全球导航卫星系统通常在城市环境中表现较差,在城市环境中,设备和卫星之间的视线条件的可能性很低,因此需要替代的定位方法才能良好准确。我们提出了Locunet:用于本地化任务的卷积,端到端训练的神经网络,能够从少数基站(BSS)的接收信号强度(RSS)中估算用户的位置。在提出的方法中,要本地化的用户只需将测量的RSS报告给可能位于云中的中央处理单元。使用BSS和RSS测量值的Pathloss无线电图的估计,Locunet可以以最先进的精度定位用户,并在无线电图估计中享有高度鲁棒性。所提出的方法不需要对新环境进行预采样,并且适用于实时应用。此外,提供了两个新颖的数据集,可以在现实的城市环境中对RSS和TOA方法进行数值评估,并为研究社区公开提供。通过使用这些数据集,我们还提供了密集的城市场景中最先进的RSS和基于TOA的方法的公平比较,并以数值显示Locunet优于所有比较方法。
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Effective and adaptive interference management is required in next generation wireless communication systems. To address this challenge, Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA), relying on multi-antenna rate-splitting (RS) at the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receivers, has been intensively studied in recent years, albeit mostly under the assumption of perfect Channel State Information at the Receiver (CSIR) and ideal capacity-achieving modulation and coding schemes. To assess its practical performance, benefits, and limits under more realistic conditions, this work proposes a novel design for a practical RSMA receiver based on model-based deep learning (MBDL) methods, which aims to unite the simple structure of the conventional SIC receiver and the robustness and model agnosticism of deep learning techniques. The MBDL receiver is evaluated in terms of uncoded Symbol Error Rate (SER), throughput performance through Link-Level Simulations (LLS), and average training overhead. Also, a comparison with the SIC receiver, with perfect and imperfect CSIR, is given. Results reveal that the MBDL receiver outperforms by a significant margin the SIC receiver with imperfect CSIR, due to its ability to generate on demand non-linear symbol detection boundaries in a pure data-driven manner.
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互联网连接系统的指数增长产生了许多挑战,例如频谱短缺问题,需要有效的频谱共享(SS)解决方案。复杂和动态的SS系统可以接触不同的潜在安全性和隐私问题,需要保护机制是自适应,可靠和可扩展的。基于机器学习(ML)的方法经常提议解决这些问题。在本文中,我们对最近的基于ML的SS方法,最关键的安全问题和相应的防御机制提供了全面的调查。特别是,我们详细说明了用于提高SS通信系统的性能的最先进的方法,包括基于ML基于ML的基于的数据库辅助SS网络,ML基于基于的数据库辅助SS网络,包括基于ML的数据库辅助的SS网络,基于ML的LTE-U网络,基于ML的环境反向散射网络和其他基于ML的SS解决方案。我们还从物理层和基于ML算法的相应防御策略的安全问题,包括主要用户仿真(PUE)攻击,频谱感测数据伪造(SSDF)攻击,干扰攻击,窃听攻击和隐私问题。最后,还给出了对ML基于ML的开放挑战的广泛讨论。这种全面的审查旨在为探索新出现的ML的潜力提供越来越复杂的SS及其安全问题,提供基础和促进未来的研究。
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低成本毫米波(MMWAVE)通信和雷达设备的商业可用性开始提高消费市场中这种技术的渗透,为第五代(5G)的大规模和致密的部署铺平了道路(5G) - 而且以及6G网络。同时,普遍存在MMWAVE访问将使设备定位和无设备的感测,以前所未有的精度,特别是对于Sub-6 GHz商业级设备。本文使用MMWAVE通信和雷达设备在基于设备的定位和无设备感应中进行了现有技术的调查,重点是室内部署。我们首先概述关于MMWAVE信号传播和系统设计的关键概念。然后,我们提供了MMWaves启用的本地化和感应方法和算法的详细说明。我们考虑了在我们的分析中的几个方面,包括每个工作的主要目标,技术和性能,每个研究是否达到了一定程度的实现,并且该硬件平台用于此目的。我们通过讨论消费者级设备的更好算法,密集部署的数据融合方法以及机器学习方法的受过教育应用是有前途,相关和及时的研究方向的结论。
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第五代(5G)网络和超越设想巨大的东西互联网(物联网)推出,以支持延长现实(XR),增强/虚拟现实(AR / VR),工业自动化,自主驾驶和智能所有带来的破坏性应用一起占用射频(RF)频谱的大规模和多样化的IOT设备。随着频谱嘎嘎和吞吐量挑战,这种大规模的无线设备暴露了前所未有的威胁表面。 RF指纹识别是预约的作为候选技术,可以与加密和零信任安全措施相结合,以确保无线网络中的数据隐私,机密性和完整性。在未来的通信网络中,在这项工作中,在未来的通信网络中的相关性,我们对RF指纹识别方法进行了全面的调查,从传统观点到最近的基于深度学习(DL)的算法。现有的调查大多专注于无线指纹方法的受限制呈现,然而,许多方面仍然是不可能的。然而,在这项工作中,我们通过解决信号智能(SIGINT),应用程序,相关DL算法,RF指纹技术的系统文献综述来缓解这一点,跨越过去二十年的RF指纹技术的系统文献综述,对数据集和潜在研究途径的讨论 - 必须以百科全书的方式阐明读者的必要条件。
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最近,基于深层神经网络(DNN)的物理层通信技术引起了极大的兴趣。尽管模拟实验已经验证了它们增强通信系统和出色性能的潜力,但对理论分析的关注很少。具体而言,物理层中的大多数研究都倾向于专注于DNN模型在无线通信问题上的应用,但理论上不了解DNN在通信系统中的工作方式。在本文中,我们旨在定量分析为什么DNN可以在物理层中与传统技术相比,并在计算复杂性方面提高其成本。为了实现这一目标,我们首先分析基于DNN的发射器的编码性能,并将其与传统发射器进行比较。然后,我们理论上分析了基于DNN的估计器的性能,并将其与传统估计器进行比较。第三,我们调查并验证在信息理论概念下基于DNN的通信系统中如何播放信息。我们的分析开发了一种简洁的方式,可以在物理层通信中打开DNN的“黑匣子”,可用于支持基于DNN的智能通信技术的设计,并有助于提供可解释的性能评估。
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毫米波(MMWAVE)定位算法利用MMWAVE信号的准光传播,从而在接收器处产生稀疏角谱。基于角度的定位的几何方法通常需要了解环境的地图和接入点的位置。因此,若干作品求助于自动学习,以便从接收的MMWAVE信号的特性推断设备的位置。但是,为这些模型收集培训数据是一个重大负担。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个浅色神经网络模型,以便在室内本地化MMWAVE设备。该模型需要比文献中提出的更少的重量。因此,可以在资源受限的硬件中实现,并且需要更少的培训样本来汇聚。我们还建议通过从基于几何形状的MMWAVE定位算法检索(固有的不完美)位置估计来缓解培训数据收集工作。即使在这种情况下,我们的结果表明,所提出的神经网络也表现出与最先进的算法一样好或更好。
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Visible light positioning has the potential to yield sub-centimeter accuracy in indoor environments, yet conventional received signal strength (RSS)-based localization algorithms cannot achieve this because their performance degrades from optical multipath reflection. However, this part of the optical received signal is deterministic due to the often static and predictable nature of the optical wireless channel. In this paper, the performance of optical channel impulse response (OCIR)-based localization is studied using an artificial neural network (ANN) to map embedded features of the OCIR to the user equipment's location. Numerical results show that OCIR-based localization outperforms conventional RSS techniques by two orders of magnitude using only two photodetectors as anchor points. The ANN technique can take advantage of multipath features in a wide range of scenarios, from using only the DC value to relying on high-resolution time sampling that can result in sub-centimeter accuracy.
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我们考虑从多个移动设备收集的测量预测蜂窝网络性能(信号映射)的问题。我们制定在线联合学习框架内的问题:(i)联合学习(FL)使用户能够协作培训模型,同时保持其培训数据; (ii)由于用户移动随着时间的推移,并且用于以在线方式用于本地培训,因此收集测量。我们考虑一个诚实但很好的服务器,他们使用梯度(DLG)类型的攻击深泄漏来观察来自目标用户的更新,并使用深度泄漏(DLG)类型的攻击,最初开发的是重建DNN图像分类器的训练数据。我们使应用于我们的设置的DLG攻击的关键观察,Infers Infers Infers批次的本地数据的平均位置,因此可以用于以粗糙粒度重建目标用户的轨迹。我们表明,已经通过梯度的平均来提供适度的隐私保护,这是联合平均所固有的。此外,我们提出了一种算法,该算法可以在本地应用,以策划用于本地更新的批次,以便在不伤害实用程序的情况下有效保护其位置隐私。最后,我们表明,参与FL的多个用户的效果取决于其轨迹的相似性。据我们所知,这是第一次研究DLG攻击在众群时空数据的环境中。
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在2015年和2019年之间,地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”,研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用,并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人,仍然在测试阶段,承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,在研究和开发的那些中,最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。
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Link-Adaptation(LA)是无线通信的最重要方面之一,其中发射器使用的调制和编码方案(MCS)适用于通道条件,以满足某些目标误差率。在具有离细胞外干扰的单用户SISO(SU-SISO)系统中,LA是通过计算接收器处计算后平均值 - 交换后噪声比(SINR)进行的。可以在使用线性探测器的多用户MIMO(MU-MIMO)接收器中使用相同的技术。均衡后SINR的另一个重要用途是用于物理层(PHY)抽象,其中几个PHY块(例如通道编码器,检测器和通道解码器)被抽象模型取代,以加快系统级级别的模拟。但是,对于具有非线性接收器的MU-MIMO系统,尚无等效于平衡后的SINR,这使LA和PHY抽象都极具挑战性。这份由两部分组成的论文解决了这个重要问题。在这一部分中,提出了一个称为检测器的称为比特 - 金属解码速率(BMDR)的度量,该指标提出了相当于后平等SINR的建议。由于BMDR没有封闭形式的表达式可以启用其瞬时计算,因此一种机器学习方法可以预测其以及广泛的仿真结果。
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正交频分复用(OFDM)已广泛应用于当前通信系统。人工智能(AI)addm接收器目前被带到最前沿替换和改进传统的OFDM接收器。在这项研究中,我们首先比较两个AI辅助OFDM接收器,即数据驱动的完全连接的深神经网络和模型驱动的COMNet,通过广泛的仿真和实时视频传输,使用5G快速原型制作系统进行跨越式-Air(OTA)测试。我们在离线训练和真实环境之间的频道模型之间的差异差异导致的模拟和OTA测试之间找到了性能差距。我们开发一种新颖的在线培训系统,称为SwitchNet接收器,以解决此问题。该接收器具有灵活且可扩展的架构,可以通过在线训练几个参数来适应真实频道。从OTA测试中,AI辅助OFDM接收器,尤其是SwitchNet接收器,对真实环境具有鲁棒,并且对未来的通信系统有前途。我们讨论了本文初步研究的潜在挑战和未来的研究。
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Communication and computation are often viewed as separate tasks. This approach is very effective from the perspective of engineering as isolated optimizations can be performed. On the other hand, there are many cases where the main interest is a function of the local information at the devices instead of the local information itself. For such scenarios, information theoretical results show that harnessing the interference in a multiple-access channel for computation, i.e., over-the-air computation (OAC), can provide a significantly higher achievable computation rate than the one with the separation of communication and computation tasks. Besides, the gap between OAC and separation in terms of computation rate increases with more participating nodes. Given this motivation, in this study, we provide a comprehensive survey on practical OAC methods. After outlining fundamentals related to OAC, we discuss the available OAC schemes with their pros and cons. We then provide an overview of the enabling mechanisms and relevant metrics to achieve reliable computation in the wireless channel. Finally, we summarize the potential applications of OAC and point out some future directions.
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In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.
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