3D多对象跟踪(MOT)近年来目睹了众多新颖的基准和方法,尤其是那些在“逐侦测”范式下的基准。尽管他们的进步和有用,但对他们的优势和劣势的深入分析尚不可用。在本文中,我们通过将它们分解为四个组成部分来总结当前的3D MOL方法:检测,关联,运动模型和生命周期管理的预处理。然后,我们将现有算法的故障情况归因于每个组件并详细研究它们。基于分析,我们提出了相应的改进,导致强大但简单的基线:简单进展。 Waymo Open DataSet和Nuscenes上的综合实验结果表明,我们的最终方法可以通过微小的修改来实现新的最先进的结果。此外,我们采取额外的步骤并重新思考当前的基准面是否真实地反映了真实挑战的算法能力。我们深入了解现有基准的细节,并找到一些有趣的事实。最后,我们分析了\ name \中剩余失败的分布和原因,并提出了3D MOT的未来方向。我们的代码可在https://github.com/tusimple/simpletrack获得。
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以前的在线3D多对象跟踪(3DMOT)方法在与几帧的新检测无关时终止ROCKET。但是如果一个物体刚刚变暗,就像被其他物体暂时封闭或者只是从FOV暂时封闭一样,过早地终止ROCKET将导致身份切换。我们揭示了过早的轨迹终端是现代3DMOT系统中身份开关的主要原因。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个不朽的跟踪器,一个简单的跟踪系统,它利用轨迹预测来维护对象变暗的物体的轨迹。我们使用一个简单的卡尔曼滤波器进行轨迹预测,并在目标不可见时通过预测保留轨迹。通过这种方法,我们可以避免由过早托管终止产生的96%的车辆标识开关。如果没有任何学习的参数,我们的方法在Waymo Open DataSet测试集上的车载类别的0.0001级和竞争Mota处实现了不匹配的比率。我们的不匹配比率比任何先前发表的方法低一倍。在NUSCENes上报告了类似的结果。我们相信拟议的不朽追踪器可以为推动3DMOT的极限提供简单而强大的解决方案。我们的代码可在https://github.com/immortaltracker/immortaltracker中找到。
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3D多对象跟踪旨在唯一,始终如一地识别所有移动实体。尽管在此设置中提供了丰富的时空信息,但当前的3D跟踪方法主要依赖于抽象的信息和有限的历史记录,例如单帧对象边界框。在这项工作中,我们开发了对交通场景的整体表示,该场景利用了现场演员的空间和时间信息。具体而言,我们通过将跟踪的对象表示为时空点和边界框的序列来重新将跟踪作为时空问题,并在悠久的时间历史上进行重新制定。在每个时间戳上,我们通过对对象历史记录的完整顺序进行的细化来改善跟踪对象的位置和运动估计。通过共同考虑时间和空间,我们的代表自然地编码了基本的物理先验,例如对象持久性和整个时间的一致性。我们的时空跟踪框架在Waymo和Nuscenes基准测试中实现了最先进的性能。
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多对象跟踪(MOT)的目标是检测和跟踪场景中的所有对象,同时为每个对象保留唯一的标识符。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的可靠的最新跟踪器,该跟踪器可以结合运动和外观信息的优势,以及摄像机运动补偿以及更准确的Kalman滤波器状态矢量。我们的新跟踪器在Mot17和Mot20测试集的Motchallenge [29,11]的数据集[29,11]中,Bot-Sort-Reid排名第一,就所有主要MOT指标而言:MOTA,IDF1和HOTA。对于Mot17:80.5 Mota,80.2 IDF1和65.0 HOTA。源代码和预培训模型可在https://github.com/niraharon/bot-sort上找到
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多任务学习的最新研究揭示了解决单个神经网络中相关问题的好处。 3D对象检测和多对象跟踪(MOT)是两个严重的相互交织的问题,可以预测并关联整个时间的对象实例位置。但是,3D MOT中的大多数先前作品都将检测器视为先前的分离管道,不一致地将检测器的输出作为跟踪器的输入。在这项工作中,我们提出了Minkowski Tracker,这是一种稀疏的时空R-CNN,可以共同解决对象检测和跟踪。受基于区域的CNN(R-CNN)的启发,我们建议将跟踪作为对象检测器R-CNN的第二阶段,该跟踪预测了轨道的分配概率。首先,Minkowski Tracker将4D点云作为输入,以生成时空鸟的视图(BEV)特征通过4D稀疏卷积编码器网络。然后,我们提出的TrackAlign聚集了BEV功能的轨道区域(ROI)功能。最后,Minkowski Tracker根据ROI功能预测的检测到追踪匹配概率更新了跟踪及其置信得分。我们在大规模实验中显示,我们方法的总体性能增益是由于四个因素:1。4D编码器的时间推理提高了检测性能2.对象检测的多任务学习和MOT共同增强了彼此3.检测到轨道比赛得分学习隐式运动模型以增强轨道分配4.检测到轨道匹配分数提高了轨道置信度得分的质量。结果,Minkowski Tracker在没有手工设计的运动模型的情况下实现了Nuscenes数据集跟踪任务上的最新性能。
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Tracking has traditionally been the art of following interest points through space and time. This changed with the rise of powerful deep networks. Nowadays, tracking is dominated by pipelines that perform object detection followed by temporal association, also known as tracking-by-detection. We present a simultaneous detection and tracking algorithm that is simpler, faster, and more accurate than the state of the art. Our tracker, CenterTrack, applies a detection model to a pair of images and detections from the prior frame. Given this minimal input, CenterTrack localizes objects and predicts their associations with the previous frame. That's it. CenterTrack is simple, online (no peeking into the future), and real-time. It achieves 67.8% MOTA on the MOT17 challenge at 22 FPS and 89.4% MOTA on the KITTI tracking benchmark at 15 FPS, setting a new state of the art on both datasets. CenterTrack is easily extended to monocular 3D tracking by regressing additional 3D attributes. Using monocular video input, it achieves 28.3% AMOTA@0.2 on the newly released nuScenes 3D tracking benchmark, substantially outperforming the monocular baseline on this benchmark while running at 28 FPS.
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3D多对象跟踪(MOT)确保在连续动态检测过程中保持一致性,有利于自动驾驶中随后的运动计划和导航任务。但是,基于摄像头的方法在闭塞情况下受到影响,准确跟踪基于激光雷达的方法的对象的不规则运动可能是具有挑战性的。某些融合方法效果很好,但不认为在遮挡下出现外观特征的不可信问题。同时,错误检测问题也显着影响跟踪。因此,我们根据组合的外观运动优化(Camo-Mot)提出了一种新颖的相机融合3D MOT框架,该框架使用相机和激光镜数据,并大大减少了由遮挡和错误检测引起的跟踪故障。对于遮挡问题,我们是第一个提出遮挡头来有效地选择最佳对象外观的人,从而减少了闭塞的影响。为了减少错误检测在跟踪中的影响,我们根据置信得分设计一个运动成本矩阵,从而提高了3D空间中的定位和对象预测准确性。由于现有的多目标跟踪方法仅考虑一个类别,因此我们还建议建立多类损失,以在多类别场景中实现多目标跟踪。在Kitti和Nuscenes跟踪基准测试上进行了一系列验证实验。我们提出的方法在KITTI测试数据集上的所有多模式MOT方法中实现了最先进的性能和最低的身份开关(IDS)值(CAR为23,行人为137)。并且我们提出的方法在Nuscenes测试数据集上以75.3%的AMOTA进行了所有算法中的最新性能。
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The problem of tracking multiple objects in a video sequence poses several challenging tasks. For tracking-bydetection, these include object re-identification, motion prediction and dealing with occlusions. We present a tracker (without bells and whistles) that accomplishes tracking without specifically targeting any of these tasks, in particular, we perform no training or optimization on tracking data. To this end, we exploit the bounding box regression of an object detector to predict the position of an object in the next frame, thereby converting a detector into a Tracktor. We demonstrate the potential of Tracktor and provide a new state-of-the-art on three multi-object tracking benchmarks by extending it with a straightforward re-identification and camera motion compensation.We then perform an analysis on the performance and failure cases of several state-of-the-art tracking methods in comparison to our Tracktor. Surprisingly, none of the dedicated tracking methods are considerably better in dealing with complex tracking scenarios, namely, small and occluded objects or missing detections. However, our approach tackles most of the easy tracking scenarios. Therefore, we motivate our approach as a new tracking paradigm and point out promising future research directions. Overall, Tracktor yields superior tracking performance than any current tracking method and our analysis exposes remaining and unsolved tracking challenges to inspire future research directions.
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长期以来,多对象跟踪中最常见的范式是逐个检测(TBD),首先检测到对象,然后通过视频帧关联。对于关联,大多数模型用于运动和外观提示。尽管仍然依靠这些提示,但最新的方法(例如,注意力)表明对训练数据和整体复杂框架的需求不断增加。我们声称1)如果采用某些关键的设计选择,可以从很少的培训数据中获得强大的提示,2)鉴于这些强大的提示,标准的基于匈牙利匹配的关联足以获得令人印象深刻的结果。我们的主要见解是确定允许标准重新识别网络在基于外观的跟踪方面表现出色的关键组件。我们广泛地分析了其故障案例,并表明我们的外观特征与简单运动模型的结合导致了强大的跟踪结果。我们的模型在MOT17和MOT20数据集上实现了最新的性能,在IDF1中最多可超过5.4pp,在IDF1和HOTA中的4.4pp优于先前的最新跟踪器。我们将在本文接受后发布代码和模型。
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Multi-object tracking is a cornerstone capability of any robotic system. Most approaches follow a tracking-by-detection paradigm. However, within this framework, detectors function in a low precision-high recall regime, ensuring a low number of false-negatives while producing a high rate of false-positives. This can negatively affect the tracking component by making data association and track lifecycle management more challenging. Additionally, false-negative detections due to difficult scenarios like occlusions can negatively affect tracking performance. Thus, we propose a method that learns shape and spatio-temporal affinities between consecutive frames to better distinguish between true-positive and false-positive detections and tracks, while compensating for false-negative detections. Our method provides a probabilistic matching of detections that leads to robust data association and track lifecycle management. We quantitatively evaluate our method through ablative experiments and on the nuScenes tracking benchmark where we achieve state-of-the-art results. Our method not only estimates accurate, high-quality tracks but also decreases the overall number of false-positive and false-negative tracks. Please see our project website for source code and demo videos: sites.google.com/view/shasta-3d-mot/home.
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To track the 3D locations and trajectories of the other traffic participants at any given time, modern autonomous vehicles are equipped with multiple cameras that cover the vehicle's full surroundings. Yet, camera-based 3D object tracking methods prioritize optimizing the single-camera setup and resort to post-hoc fusion in a multi-camera setup. In this paper, we propose a method for panoramic 3D object tracking, called CC-3DT, that associates and models object trajectories both temporally and across views, and improves the overall tracking consistency. In particular, our method fuses 3D detections from multiple cameras before association, reducing identity switches significantly and improving motion modeling. Our experiments on large-scale driving datasets show that fusion before association leads to a large margin of improvement over post-hoc fusion. We set a new state-of-the-art with 12.6% improvement in average multi-object tracking accuracy (AMOTA) among all camera-based methods on the competitive NuScenes 3D tracking benchmark, outperforming previously published methods by 6.5% in AMOTA with the same 3D detector.
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We propose a Cascaded Buffered IoU (C-BIoU) tracker to track multiple objects that have irregular motions and indistinguishable appearances. When appearance features are unreliable and geometric features are confused by irregular motions, applying conventional Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) methods may generate unsatisfactory results. To address this issue, our C-BIoU tracker adds buffers to expand the matching space of detections and tracks, which mitigates the effect of irregular motions in two aspects: one is to directly match identical but non-overlapping detections and tracks in adjacent frames, and the other is to compensate for the motion estimation bias in the matching space. In addition, to reduce the risk of overexpansion of the matching space, cascaded matching is employed: first matching alive tracks and detections with a small buffer, and then matching unmatched tracks and detections with a large buffer. Despite its simplicity, our C-BIoU tracker works surprisingly well and achieves state-of-the-art results on MOT datasets that focus on irregular motions and indistinguishable appearances. Moreover, the C-BIoU tracker is the dominant component for our 2-nd place solution in the CVPR'22 SoccerNet MOT and ECCV'22 MOTComplex DanceTrack challenges. Finally, we analyze the limitation of our C-BIoU tracker in ablation studies and discuss its application scope.
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最近的多目标跟踪(MOT)系统利用高精度的对象探测器;然而,培训这种探测器需要大量标记的数据。虽然这种数据广泛适用于人类和车辆,但其他动物物种显着稀缺。我们目前稳健的置信跟踪(RCT),一种算法,旨在保持鲁棒性能,即使检测质量差。与丢弃检测置信信息的先前方法相比,RCT采用基本上不同的方法,依赖于精确的检测置信度值来初始化曲目,扩展轨道和滤波器轨道。特别地,RCT能够通过有效地使用低置信度检测(以及单个物体跟踪器)来最小化身份切换,以保持对象的连续轨道。为了评估在存在不可靠的检测中的跟踪器,我们提出了一个挑战的现实世界水下鱼跟踪数据集,Fishtrac。在对FISHTRAC以及UA-DETRAC数据集的评估中,我们发现RCT在提供不完美的检测时优于其他算法,包括最先进的深单和多目标跟踪器以及更经典的方法。具体而言,RCT具有跨越方法的最佳平均热量,可以成功返回所有序列的结果,并且具有比其他方法更少的身份交换机。
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近年来,多个对象跟踪引起了研究人员的极大兴趣,它已成为计算机视觉中的趋势问题之一,尤其是随着自动驾驶的最新发展。 MOT是针对不同问题的关键视觉任务之一,例如拥挤的场景中的闭塞,相似的外观,小物体检测难度,ID切换等,以应对这些挑战,因为研究人员试图利用变压器的注意力机制,与田径的相互关系,与田径的相互关系,图形卷积神经网络,与暹罗网络不同帧中对象的外观相似性,他们还尝试了基于IOU匹配的CNN网络,使用LSTM的运动预测。为了将这些零散的技术在雨伞下采用,我们研究了过去三年发表的一百多篇论文,并试图提取近代研究人员更关注的技术来解决MOT的问题。我们已经征集了许多应用,可能性以及MOT如何与现实生活有关。我们的评论试图展示研究人员使用过时的技术的不同观点,并为潜在的研究人员提供了一些未来的方向。此外,我们在这篇评论中包括了流行的基准数据集和指标。
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多目标跟踪(MOT)的典型管道是使用探测器进行对象本地化,并在重新识别(RE-ID)之后进行对象关联。该管道通过对象检测和重新ID的最近进展部分而部分地激励,并且部分地通过现有的跟踪数据集中的偏差激励,其中大多数物体倾向于具有区分外观和RE-ID模型足以建立关联。为了响应这种偏见,我们希望重新强调多目标跟踪的方法也应该在对象外观不充分辨别时起作用。为此,我们提出了一个大型数据集,用于多人跟踪,人类具有相似的外观,多样化的运动和极端关节。由于数据集包含主要组跳舞视频,我们将其命名为“DanceTrack”。我们预计DanceTrack可以提供更好的平台,以开发更多的MOT算法,这些算法依赖于视觉识别并更依赖于运动分析。在我们的数据集上,我们在数据集上基准测试了几个最先进的追踪器,并在与现有基准测试中遵守DanceTrack的显着性能下降。 DataSet,项目代码和竞争服务器播放:\ url {https://github.com/danceTrack}。
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How would you fairly evaluate two multi-object tracking algorithms (i.e. trackers), each one employing a different object detector? Detectors keep improving, thus trackers can make less effort to estimate object states over time. Is it then fair to compare a new tracker employing a new detector with another tracker using an old detector? In this paper, we propose a novel performance measure, named Tracking Effort Measure (TEM), to evaluate trackers that use different detectors. TEM estimates the improvement that the tracker does with respect to its input data (i.e. detections) at frame level (intra-frame complexity) and sequence level (inter-frame complexity). We evaluate TEM over well-known datasets, four trackers and eight detection sets. Results show that, unlike conventional tracking evaluation measures, TEM can quantify the effort done by the tracker with a reduced correlation on the input detections. Its implementation is publicly available online at https://github.com/vpulab/MOT-evaluation.
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Multi-animal tracking (MAT), a multi-object tracking (MOT) problem, is crucial for animal motion and behavior analysis and has many crucial applications such as biology, ecology and animal conservation. Despite its importance, MAT is largely under-explored compared to other MOT problems such as multi-human tracking due to the scarcity of dedicated benchmarks. To address this problem, we introduce AnimalTrack, a dedicated benchmark for multi-animal tracking in the wild. Specifically, AnimalTrack consists of 58 sequences from a diverse selection of 10 common animal categories. On average, each sequence comprises of 33 target objects for tracking. In order to ensure high quality, every frame in AnimalTrack is manually labeled with careful inspection and refinement. To our best knowledge, AnimalTrack is the first benchmark dedicated to multi-animal tracking. In addition, to understand how existing MOT algorithms perform on AnimalTrack and provide baselines for future comparison, we extensively evaluate 14 state-of-the-art representative trackers. The evaluation results demonstrate that, not surprisingly, most of these trackers become degenerated due to the differences between pedestrians and animals in various aspects (e.g., pose, motion, and appearance), and more efforts are desired to improve multi-animal tracking. We hope that AnimalTrack together with evaluation and analysis will foster further progress on multi-animal tracking. The dataset and evaluation as well as our analysis will be made available at https://hengfan2010.github.io/projects/AnimalTrack/.
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本文旨在解决多个对象跟踪(MOT),这是计算机视觉中的一个重要问题,但由于许多实际问题,尤其是阻塞,因此仍然具有挑战性。确实,我们提出了一种新的实时深度透视图 - 了解多个对象跟踪(DP-MOT)方法,以解决MOT中的闭塞问题。首先提出了一个简单但有效的主题深度估计(SODE),以在2D场景中自动以无监督的方式自动订购检测到的受试者的深度位置。使用SODE的输出,提出了一个新的活动伪3D KALMAN滤波器,即具有动态控制变量的Kalman滤波器的简单但有效的扩展,以动态更新对象的运动。此外,在数据关联步骤中提出了一种新的高阶关联方法,以合并检测到的对象之间的一阶和二阶关系。与标准MOT基准的最新MOT方法相比,提出的方法始终达到最先进的性能。
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多对象跟踪(MOT)是现代高级驾驶员辅助系统(ADA)和自动驾驶(AD)系统的关键应用之一。 MOT的大多数解决方案都是基于随机矢量贝叶斯过滤器,例如Global最近的邻居(GNN)以及基于规则的启发轨道维护。随着随机有限集(RFS)理论的发展,最近已将RFS贝叶斯过滤器应用于ADA和AD Systems的MOT任务中。但是,由于计算成本和实施复杂性,它们在实际流量中的有用性是对疑问的。在本文中,据透露,具有基于规则的启发式轨道维护的GNN不足以在ADA和AD系统中基于激光雷达的MOT任务。通过系统地比较几个不同的基于对象过滤器的跟踪框架,包括传统的随机矢量贝叶斯滤波器,以及基于规则的启发式跟踪维护和RFS贝叶斯过滤器,可以说明这种判断。此外,提出了一个简单有效的跟踪器,即使用全局最近邻居(GNN-PMB)跟踪器的Poisson Multi-Bernoulli滤波器,建议用于基于激光雷达的MOT任务。拟议的GNN-PMB跟踪器在Nuscenes测试数据集中取得了竞争性的结果,并显示出优于其他最先进的LIDAR的跟踪性能,而Haver Holly Holling Trackers,Lidar和基于摄像机的基于摄像头的跟踪器。
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由于3D对象检测和2D MOT的快速发展,3D多对象跟踪(MOT)已取得了巨大的成就。最近的高级工作通常采用一系列对象属性,例如位置,大小,速度和外观,以提供3D MOT的关联线索。但是,由于某些视觉噪音,例如遮挡和模糊,这些提示可能无法可靠,从而导致跟踪性能瓶颈。为了揭示困境,我们进行了广泛的经验分析,以揭示每个线索的关键瓶颈及其彼此之间的相关性。分析结果激发了我们有效地吸收所有线索之间的优点,并适应性地产生最佳的应对方式。具体而言,我们提出位置和速度质量学习,该学习有效地指导网络估计预测对象属性的质量。基于这些质量估计,我们提出了一种质量意识的对象关联(QOA)策略,以利用质量得分作为实现强大关联的重要参考因素。尽管具有简单性,但广泛的实验表明,提出的策略可显着提高2.2%的AMOTA跟踪性能,而我们的方法的表现优于所有现有的最先进的Nuscenes上的最新作品。此外,Qtrack在Nuscenes验证和测试集上实现了48.0%和51.1%的AMOTA跟踪性能,这大大降低了纯摄像头和基于LIDAR的跟踪器之间的性能差距。
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