交互式机器学习(IML)应使智能系统能够从其最终用户进行交互式学习,并迅速变得越来越重要。尽管它将人类置于循环中,但相互作用主要是通过错过上下文信息的相互解释来执行的。此外,Caipi等当前的模型IML策略仅限于“破坏性”反馈,这意味着它们仅允许专家阻止学习者使用无关的功能。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新颖的互动框架,称为文本域的语义互动学习。我们将将建设性和上下文反馈纳入学习者的问题将其作为找到一个架构的任务,以找到(a)在人与机器之间实现更多的语义对齐,并且(b)同时有助于维持输入域的统计特征。根据有意义的更正生成用户定义的反例。因此,我们介绍了一种称为smanticpush的技术,该技术可有效地将人类对人类的概念校正转换为非排除培训示例,以便将学习者的推理推向所需的行为。在几个实验中,我们表明我们的方法在预测性能以及下游多级分类任务中的局部解释质量方面显然优于Caipi(一种最先进的IML策略)。
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Despite widespread adoption, machine learning models remain mostly black boxes. Understanding the reasons behind predictions is, however, quite important in assessing trust, which is fundamental if one plans to take action based on a prediction, or when choosing whether to deploy a new model. Such understanding also provides insights into the model, which can be used to transform an untrustworthy model or prediction into a trustworthy one.In this work, we propose LIME, a novel explanation technique that explains the predictions of any classifier in an interpretable and faithful manner, by learning an interpretable model locally around the prediction. We also propose a method to explain models by presenting representative individual predictions and their explanations in a non-redundant way, framing the task as a submodular optimization problem. We demonstrate the flexibility of these methods by explaining different models for text (e.g. random forests) and image classification (e.g. neural networks). We show the utility of explanations via novel experiments, both simulated and with human subjects, on various scenarios that require trust: deciding if one should trust a prediction, choosing between models, improving an untrustworthy classifier, and identifying why a classifier should not be trusted.
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为了提高模型透明度并允许用户形成训练有素的ML模型的心理模型,解释对AI和机器学习(ML)社区的兴趣越来越高。但是,解释可以超越这种方式通信作为引起用户控制的机制,因为一旦用户理解,他们就可以提供反馈。本文的目的是介绍研究概述,其中解释与交互式功能相结合,是从头开始学习新模型并编辑和调试现有模型的手段。为此,我们绘制了最先进的概念图,根据其预期目的以及它们如何构建相互作用,突出它们之间的相似性和差异来分组相关方法。我们还讨论开放研究问题并概述可能的方向,希望促使人们对这个开花研究主题进行进一步的研究。
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与此同时,在可解释的人工智能(XAI)的研究领域中,已经开发了各种术语,动机,方法和评估标准。随着XAI方法的数量大大增长,研究人员以及从业者以及从业者需要一种方法:掌握主题的广度,比较方法,并根据特定用例所需的特征选择正确的XAI方法语境。在文献中,可以找到许多不同细节水平和深度水平的XAI方法分类。虽然他们经常具有不同的焦点,但它们也表现出许多重叠点。本文统一了这些努力,并提供了XAI方法的分类,这是关于目前研究中存在的概念的概念。在结构化文献分析和元研究中,我们识别并审查了XAI方法,指标和方法特征的50多个最引用和最新的调查。总结在调查调查中,我们将文章的术语和概念合并为统一的结构化分类。其中的单一概念总计超过50个不同的选择示例方法,我们相应地分类。分类学可以为初学者,研究人员和从业者提供服务作为XAI方法特征和方面的参考和广泛概述。因此,它提供了针对有针对性的,用例导向的基础和上下文敏感的未来研究。
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自动错误通常涉及培训数据和学习过程,调试机器学习模型很难。如果我们没有关于模型如何实际工作的线索,这变得更加困难。在这项调查中,我们审查了利用解释的论文使人类提供反馈和调试NLP模型。我们称这个问题解释为基础的人类调试(EBHD)。特别是,我们沿着EBHD的三个维度(错误上下文,工作流程和实验设置)分类和讨论现有工作,编译EBHD组件如何影响反馈提供商的调查结果,并突出可能是未来的研究方向的打开问题。
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In the last years many accurate decision support systems have been constructed as black boxes, that is as systems that hide their internal logic to the user. This lack of explanation constitutes both a practical and an ethical issue. The literature reports many approaches aimed at overcoming this crucial weakness sometimes at the cost of scarifying accuracy for interpretability. The applications in which black box decision systems can be used are various, and each approach is typically developed to provide a solution for a specific problem and, as a consequence, delineating explicitly or implicitly its own definition of interpretability and explanation. The aim of this paper is to provide a classification of the main problems addressed in the literature with respect to the notion of explanation and the type of black box system. Given a problem definition, a black box type, and a desired explanation this survey should help the researcher to find the proposals more useful for his own work. The proposed classification of approaches to open black box models should also be useful for putting the many research open questions in perspective.
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Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In this paper, we explore how HCI and AI researchers conduct user studies in XAI applications based on a systematic literature review. After identifying and thoroughly analyzing 85 core papers with human-based XAI evaluations over the past five years, we categorize them along the measured characteristics of explanatory methods, namely trust, understanding, fairness, usability, and human-AI team performance. Our research shows that XAI is spreading more rapidly in certain application domains, such as recommender systems than in others, but that user evaluations are still rather sparse and incorporate hardly any insights from cognitive or social sciences. Based on a comprehensive discussion of best practices, i.e., common models, design choices, and measures in user studies, we propose practical guidelines on designing and conducting user studies for XAI researchers and practitioners. Lastly, this survey also highlights several open research directions, particularly linking psychological science and human-centered XAI.
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专家决策者开始依靠数据驱动的自动化代理来帮助他们提供各种任务。对于此合作执行正确,人类决策者必须具有何时以及不依赖代理人的何时和何时具有智力模式。在这项工作中,我们的目标是确保人工决策者学习代理商的优势和劣势的有效心理模型。为了实现这一目标,我们提出了一个基于示例的教学策略,人类在代理人的帮助下解决任务并尝试制定一组何时和不推迟的指导方针。我们提出了一种新颖的AI的心理模型的参数化,其在教学示例周围的当地地区应用最近的邻居规则。使用此模型,我们推出了选择代表教学集的近最优策略。我们验证了我们在使用人群工人的多跳问题回答任务中对教学战略的好处,并发现当工人从教学阶段绘制正确的教训时,他们的任务性能提高了,我们还在一组合成实验上验证了我们的方法。
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人工智能(AI)使机器能够从人类经验中学习,适应新的输入,并执行人类的人类任务。 AI正在迅速发展,从过程自动化到认知增强任务和智能流程/数据分析的方式转换业务方式。然而,人类用户的主要挑战是理解和适当地信任AI算法和方法的结果。在本文中,为了解决这一挑战,我们研究并分析了最近在解释的人工智能(XAI)方法和工具中所做的最新工作。我们介绍了一种新颖的XAI进程,便于生产可解释的模型,同时保持高水平的学习性能。我们提出了一种基于互动的证据方法,以帮助人类用户理解和信任启用AI的算法创建的结果和输出。我们在银行域中采用典型方案进行分析客户交易。我们开发数字仪表板以促进与算法的互动结果,并讨论如何提出的XAI方法如何显着提高数据科学家对理解启用AI的算法结果的置信度。
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本文解决了在水模型部署民主化中采用了机器学习的一些挑战。第一个挑战是减少了在主动学习的帮助下减少了标签努力(因此关注数据质量),模型推断与Oracle之间的反馈循环:如在保险中,未标记的数据通常丰富,主动学习可能会成为一个重要的资产减少标签成本。为此目的,本文在研究其对合成和真实数据集的实证影响之前,阐述了各种古典主动学习方法。保险中的另一个关键挑战是模型推论中的公平问题。我们将在此主动学习框架中介绍和整合一个用于多级任务的后处理公平,以解决这两个问题。最后对不公平数据集的数值实验突出显示所提出的设置在模型精度和公平性之间存在良好的折衷。
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由于算法预测对人类的影响增加,模型解释性已成为机器学习(ML)的重要问题。解释不仅可以帮助用户了解为什么ML模型做出某些预测,还可以帮助用户了解这些预测如何更改。在本论文中,我们研究了从三个有利位置的ML模型的解释性:算法,用户和教学法,并为解释性问题贡献了一些新颖的解决方案。
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Deep Learning and Machine Learning based models have become extremely popular in text processing and information retrieval. However, the non-linear structures present inside the networks make these models largely inscrutable. A significant body of research has focused on increasing the transparency of these models. This article provides a broad overview of research on the explainability and interpretability of natural language processing and information retrieval methods. More specifically, we survey approaches that have been applied to explain word embeddings, sequence modeling, attention modules, transformers, BERT, and document ranking. The concluding section suggests some possible directions for future research on this topic.
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Automated Machine Learning-based systems' integration into a wide range of tasks has expanded as a result of their performance and speed. Although there are numerous advantages to employing ML-based systems, if they are not interpretable, they should not be used in critical, high-risk applications where human lives are at risk. To address this issue, researchers and businesses have been focusing on finding ways to improve the interpretability of complex ML systems, and several such methods have been developed. Indeed, there are so many developed techniques that it is difficult for practitioners to choose the best among them for their applications, even when using evaluation metrics. As a result, the demand for a selection tool, a meta-explanation technique based on a high-quality evaluation metric, is apparent. In this paper, we present a local meta-explanation technique which builds on top of the truthfulness metric, which is a faithfulness-based metric. We demonstrate the effectiveness of both the technique and the metric by concretely defining all the concepts and through experimentation.
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人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML)在网络安全挑战中的应用已在行业和学术界的吸引力,部分原因是对关键系统(例如云基础架构和政府机构)的广泛恶意软件攻击。入侵检测系统(IDS)使用某些形式的AI,由于能够以高预测准确性处理大量数据,因此获得了广泛的采用。这些系统托管在组织网络安全操作中心(CSOC)中,作为一种防御工具,可监视和检测恶意网络流,否则会影响机密性,完整性和可用性(CIA)。 CSOC分析师依靠这些系统来决定检测到的威胁。但是,使用深度学习(DL)技术设计的IDS通常被视为黑匣子模型,并且没有为其预测提供理由。这为CSOC分析师造成了障碍,因为他们无法根据模型的预测改善决策。解决此问题的一种解决方案是设计可解释的ID(X-IDS)。这项调查回顾了可解释的AI(XAI)的最先进的ID,目前的挑战,并讨论了这些挑战如何涉及X-ID的设计。特别是,我们全面讨论了黑匣子和白盒方法。我们还在这些方法之间的性能和产生解释的能力方面提出了权衡。此外,我们提出了一种通用体系结构,该建筑认为人类在循环中,该架构可以用作设计X-ID时的指南。研究建议是从三个关键观点提出的:需要定义ID的解释性,需要为各种利益相关者量身定制的解释以及设计指标来评估解释的需求。
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如今,人工智能(AI)已成为临床和远程医疗保健应用程序的基本组成部分,但是最佳性能的AI系统通常太复杂了,无法自我解释。可解释的AI(XAI)技术被定义为揭示系统的预测和决策背后的推理,并且在处理敏感和个人健康数据时,它们变得更加至关重要。值得注意的是,XAI并未在不同的研究领域和数据类型中引起相同的关注,尤其是在医疗保健领域。特别是,许多临床和远程健康应用程序分别基于表格和时间序列数据,而XAI并未在这些数据类型上进行分析,而计算机视觉和自然语言处理(NLP)是参考应用程序。为了提供最适合医疗领域表格和时间序列数据的XAI方法的概述,本文提供了过去5年中文献的审查,说明了生成的解释的类型以及为评估其相关性所提供的努力和质量。具体而言,我们确定临床验证,一致性评估,客观和标准化质量评估以及以人为本的质量评估作为确保最终用户有效解释的关键特征。最后,我们强调了该领域的主要研究挑战以及现有XAI方法的局限性。
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As the societal impact of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) grows, the goals for advancing DNNs become more complex and diverse, ranging from improving a conventional model accuracy metric to infusing advanced human virtues such as fairness, accountability, transparency (FaccT), and unbiasedness. Recently, techniques in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) are attracting considerable attention, and have tremendously helped Machine Learning (ML) engineers in understanding AI models. However, at the same time, we started to witness the emerging need beyond XAI among AI communities; based on the insights learned from XAI, how can we better empower ML engineers in steering their DNNs so that the model's reasonableness and performance can be improved as intended? This article provides a timely and extensive literature overview of the field Explanation-Guided Learning (EGL), a domain of techniques that steer the DNNs' reasoning process by adding regularization, supervision, or intervention on model explanations. In doing so, we first provide a formal definition of EGL and its general learning paradigm. Secondly, an overview of the key factors for EGL evaluation, as well as summarization and categorization of existing evaluation procedures and metrics for EGL are provided. Finally, the current and potential future application areas and directions of EGL are discussed, and an extensive experimental study is presented aiming at providing comprehensive comparative studies among existing EGL models in various popular application domains, such as Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) domains.
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人工智能(AI)具有很大的机会,但也可能构成重大风险。自动生成的决策解释可以提高透明度和促进信任,特别是对于基于AI模型的自动预测的系统。但是,给予,例如,造成不诚实的AI的经济激励措施,我们可以在多大程度上信任解释?为了解决这个问题,我们的工作调查了AI模型(即,深入学习和提高关于AI决定的透明度的现有仪器)如何创造和检测欺骗性解释。作为一个实证评估,我们专注于文本分类,并改变毕业的解释,是神经网络中熟悉的解释技术。然后,我们评估欺骗性解释对200名参与者的实验中的用户的影响。我们的调查结果证实,欺骗性解释确实可以愚弄人类。然而,可以部署机器学习(ML)方法以检测看似轻微的欺骗尝试,以超过足够的域知识超过80%。没有领域知识,仍然可以以无人监督的方式在解释中推断出不一致的,因为审查了预测模型的基本知识。
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可解释的人工智能和可解释的机器学习是重要性越来越重要的研究领域。然而,潜在的概念仍然难以捉摸,并且缺乏普遍商定的定义。虽然社会科学最近的灵感已经重新分为人类受助人的需求和期望的工作,但该领域仍然错过了具体的概念化。通过审查人类解释性的哲学和社会基础,我们采取措施来解决这一挑战,然后我们转化为技术领域。特别是,我们仔细审查了算法黑匣子的概念,并通过解释过程确定的理解频谱并扩展了背景知识。这种方法允许我们将可解释性(逻辑)推理定义为在某些背景知识下解释的透明洞察(进入黑匣子)的解释 - 这是一个从事在Admoleis中理解的过程。然后,我们采用这种概念化来重新审视透明度和预测权力之间的争议权差异,以及对安特 - 人穴和后宫后解释者的影响,以及可解释性发挥的公平和问责制。我们还讨论机器学习工作流程的组件,可能需要可解释性,从以人为本的可解释性建立一系列思想,重点介绍声明,对比陈述和解释过程。我们的讨论调整并补充目前的研究,以帮助更好地导航开放问题 - 而不是试图解决任何个人问题 - 从而为实现的地面讨论和解释的人工智能和可解释的机器学习的未来进展奠定了坚实的基础。我们结束了我们的研究结果,重新审视了实现所需的算法透明度水平所需的人以人为本的解释过程。
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随着AI系统表现出越来越强烈的预测性能,它们的采用已经在许多域中种植。然而,在刑事司法和医疗保健等高赌场域中,由于安全,道德和法律问题,往往是完全自动化的,但是完全手工方法可能是不准确和耗时的。因此,对研究界的兴趣日益增长,以增加人力决策。除了为此目的开发AI技术之外,人民AI决策的新兴领域必须采用实证方法,以形成对人类如何互动和与AI合作做出决定的基础知识。为了邀请和帮助结构研究努力了解理解和改善人为 - AI决策的研究,我们近期对本课题的实证人体研究的文献。我们总结了在三个重要方面的100多篇论文中的研究设计选择:(1)决定任务,(2)AI模型和AI援助要素,以及(3)评估指标。对于每个方面,我们总结了当前的趋势,讨论了现场当前做法中的差距,并列出了未来研究的建议。我们的调查强调了开发共同框架的需要考虑人类 - AI决策的设计和研究空间,因此研究人员可以在研究设计中进行严格的选择,研究界可以互相构建并产生更广泛的科学知识。我们还希望这项调查将成为HCI和AI社区的桥梁,共同努力,相互塑造人类决策的经验科学和计算技术。
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Understanding why a model makes certain predictions is crucial when adapting it for real world decision making. LIME is a popular model-agnostic feature attribution method for the tasks of classification and regression. However, the task of learning to rank in information retrieval is more complex in comparison with either classification or regression. In this work, we extend LIME to propose Rank-LIME, a model-agnostic, local, post-hoc linear feature attribution method for the task of learning to rank that generates explanations for ranked lists. We employ novel correlation-based perturbations, differentiable ranking loss functions and introduce new metrics to evaluate ranking based additive feature attribution models. We compare Rank-LIME with a variety of competing systems, with models trained on the MS MARCO datasets and observe that Rank-LIME outperforms existing explanation algorithms in terms of Model Fidelity and Explain-NDCG. With this we propose one of the first algorithms to generate additive feature attributions for explaining ranked lists.
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