In this paper, we extend scene understanding to include that of human sketch. The result is a complete trilogy of scene representation from three diverse and complementary {modalities} -- sketch, photo, and text. Instead of learning a rigid three-way embedding and be done with it, we focus on learning a flexible joint embedding that fully supports the ``optionality" that this complementarity brings. Our embedding supports optionality on two axis: (i) optionality across modalities -- use any combination of modalities as query for downstream tasks like retrieval, (ii) optionality across tasks -- simultaneously utilising the embedding for either discriminative (e.g., retrieval) or generative tasks (e.g., captioning). This provides flexibility to end-users by exploiting the best of each modality, therefore serving the very purpose behind our proposal of a trilogy at the first place. First, a combination of information-bottleneck and conditional invertible neural networks disentangle the modality-specific component from modality-agnostic in sketch, photo, and text. Second, the modality-agnostic instances from sketch, photo, and text are synergised using a modified cross-attention. Once learned, we show our embedding can accommodate a multi-facet of scene-related tasks, including those enabled for the first time by the inclusion of sketch, all without any task-specific modifications.

我们使用徒手场景草图FS-Coco的第一个数据集将草图研究推向了场景。考虑到实用的应用，我们收集的草图很好地传达了场景内容，但可以在几分钟之内由具有素描技巧的人勾勒出来。我们的数据集包含10,000个徒手场景向量素描，每点时空信息由100个非专家个人提供，提供对象和场景级抽象。每个草图都用文本描述增强。使用我们的数据集，我们首次研究了徒手场景草图和草图标题的细粒度图像检索问题。我们了解以下内容：（i）使用笔触的时间顺序在草图中编码的场景显着性； （ii）从场景草图和图像标题中进行图像检索的性能比较； （iii）素描和图像标题中信息的互补性，以及结合两种方式的潜在优势。此外，我们扩展了一个流行的矢量草图基于LSTM的编码器，以处理比以前的工作所支持的更复杂性的草图。也就是说，我们提出了一个层次草图解码器，我们将其在特定于草图的“预文本”任务中利用。我们的数据集可以首次研究徒手场景素描理解及其实际应用。

我们解决了用草图和文本查询检索图像的问题。我们提出任务形成器（文本和草图变压器），这是一种可使用文本说明和草图作为输入的端到端训练模型。我们认为，两种输入方式都以一种单独的方式无法轻易实现的方式相互补充。任务形成器遵循延迟融合双编码方法，类似于剪辑，该方法允许有效且可扩展的检索，因为检索集可以独立于查询而独立于索引。我们从经验上证明，与传统的基于文本的图像检索相比，除文本外，使用输入草图（甚至是绘制的草图）大大增加了检索召回。为了评估我们的方法，我们在可可数据集的测试集中收集了5,000个手绘草图。收集的草图可获得https://janesjanes.github.io/tsbir/。

连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此，已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作，即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始，该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来，两种组件通过对象区域，属性，介绍多模态连接，完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是，无论令人印象深刻的结果，图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述，从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略，数据集和评估度量。在这方面，我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外，讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具，并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.

随着信息中的各种方式存在于现实世界中的各种方式，多式联信息之间的有效互动和融合在计算机视觉和深度学习研究中的多模式数据的创造和感知中起着关键作用。通过卓越的功率，在多式联运信息中建模互动，多式联运图像合成和编辑近年来已成为一个热门研究主题。与传统的视觉指导不同，提供明确的线索，多式联路指南在图像合成和编辑方面提供直观和灵活的手段。另一方面，该领域也面临着具有固有的模态差距的特征的几个挑战，高分辨率图像的合成，忠实的评估度量等。在本调查中，我们全面地阐述了最近多式联运图像综合的进展根据数据模型和模型架构编辑和制定分类。我们从图像合成和编辑中的不同类型的引导方式开始介绍。然后，我们描述了多模式图像综合和编辑方法，其具有详细的框架，包括生成的对抗网络（GAN），GaN反转，变压器和其他方法，例如NERF和扩散模型。其次是在多模式图像合成和编辑中广泛采用的基准数据集和相应的评估度量的综合描述，以及分析各个优点和限制的不同合成方法的详细比较。最后，我们为目前的研究挑战和未来的研究方向提供了深入了解。与本调查相关的项目可在HTTPS://github.com/fnzhan/mise上获得

Most existing text-video retrieval methods focus on cross-modal matching between the visual content of offline videos and textual query sentences. However, in real scenarios, online videos are frequently accompanied by relevant text information such as titles, tags, and even subtitles, which can be utilized to match textual queries. This inspires us to generate associated captions from offline videos to help with existing text-video retrieval methods. To do so, we propose to use the zero-shot video captioner with knowledge of pre-trained web-scale models (e.g., CLIP and GPT-2) to generate captions for offline videos without any training. Given the captions, one question naturally arises: what can auxiliary captions do for text-video retrieval? In this paper, we present a novel framework Cap4Video, which makes use of captions from three aspects: i) Input data: The video and captions can form new video-caption pairs as data augmentation for training. ii) Feature interaction: We perform feature interaction between video and caption to yield enhanced video representations. iii) Output score: The Query-Caption matching branch can be complementary to the original Query-Video matching branch for text-video retrieval. We conduct thorough ablation studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Without any post-processing, our Cap4Video achieves state-of-the-art performance on MSR-VTT (51.4%), VATEX (66.6%), MSVD (51.8%), and DiDeMo (52.0%).

最近对基于细粒的基于草图的图像检索（FG-SBIR）的重点已转向将模型概括为新类别，而没有任何培训数据。但是，在现实世界中，经过训练的FG-SBIR模型通常应用于新类别和不同的人类素描器，即不同的绘图样式。尽管这使概括问题复杂化，但幸运的是，通常可以使用一些示例，从而使模型适应新的类别/样式。在本文中，我们提供了一种新颖的视角 - 我们没有要求使用概括的模型，而是提倡快速适应的模型，在测试过程中只有很少的样本（以几种方式）。为了解决这个新问题，我们介绍了一种基于几个关键修改的基于新型的模型 - 静态元学习（MAML）框架：（1）作为基于边缘的对比度损失的检索任务，我们简化了内部循环中的MAML训练使其更稳定和易于处理。 （2）我们的对比度损失的边距也通过其余模型进行了元学习。 （3）在外循环中引入了另外三个正规化损失，以使元学习的FG-SBIR模型对类别/样式适应更有效。在公共数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，基于概括和基于零射的方法的增益很大，还有一些强大的射击基线。

本文介绍了Omnivl，这是一种新的基础模型，旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器，因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务，而不是传统的单向传输（例如，使用图像语言来帮助视频语言）。为此，我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理，以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度，并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外，我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度（UNIVLC）损失，以利用图像文本，视频文本，图像标签（例如，图像分类），视频标签（例如，视频动作识别）在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器，Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务（例如，图像分类，视频操作识别），跨模式对齐任务（例如，图像/视频 - 文本检索）和多模式理解和生成任务（例如，图像/视频问答，字幕）。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl，并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。

我们解决了跨模型检索问题，其中培训仅受数据中相关的多模态对进行监督。对比学习是此任务最受欢迎的方法。然而，其对学习的抽样复杂性是训练数据点数的二次。此外，它可能是错误的假设，即不同对的实例自动无关紧要。为解决这些问题，我们提出了一种基于未知课程的自我标签的新型损失函数。具体而言，我们的目标是预测每个模态中的数据实例的类标签，并将那些标签分配给其他模态中的相应实例（即，交换伪标签）。使用这些交换的标签，我们使用监督的交叉熵丢失来学习每个模态的数据嵌入，因此导致线性采样复杂性。我们还将队列保留用于存储最新批次的嵌入物，其中群集分配和嵌入学习在在线时尚同时完成。这消除了注入用于离线群集的整个训练数据扫描的间歇时期的计算开销。我们在几个真实跨模型检索问题上测试了我们的方法，包括基于文本的视频检索，基于文本的图像检索和图像文本检索，以及我们的方法对对比学习的显着性能提高实现了显着的性能改善。

探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣，因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕（COCA），这是一种极简主义的设计，旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失，从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反，可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意，以编码单峰文本表示，并串联到剩余的解码器层，这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外，我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失，该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图，可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像，通过将所有标签视为文本，无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲，可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应，跨越视觉识别（Imagenet，Kinetics-400/600/700，瞬间， ），交叉模式检索（MSCOCO，FLICKR30K，MSR-VTT），多模式理解（VQA，SNLI-VE，NLVR2）和图像字幕（MSCOCO，NOCAPS）。值得注意的是，在Imagenet分类方面，COCA获得了86.3％的TOP-1准确性，带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6％，以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0％Top-1 Top-1精度。

Our experience of the world is multimodal -we see objects, hear sounds, feel texture, smell odors, and taste flavors. Modality refers to the way in which something happens or is experienced and a research problem is characterized as multimodal when it includes multiple such modalities. In order for Artificial Intelligence to make progress in understanding the world around us, it needs to be able to interpret such multimodal signals together. Multimodal machine learning aims to build models that can process and relate information from multiple modalities. It is a vibrant multi-disciplinary field of increasing importance and with extraordinary potential. Instead of focusing on specific multimodal applications, this paper surveys the recent advances in multimodal machine learning itself and presents them in a common taxonomy. We go beyond the typical early and late fusion categorization and identify broader challenges that are faced by multimodal machine learning, namely: representation, translation, alignment, fusion, and co-learning. This new taxonomy will enable researchers to better understand the state of the field and identify directions for future research.

Consider a scenario in one-shot query-guided object localization where neither an image of the object nor the object category name is available as a query. In such a scenario, a hand-drawn sketch of the object could be a choice for a query. However, hand-drawn crude sketches alone, when used as queries, might be ambiguous for object localization, e.g., a sketch of a laptop could be confused for a sofa. On the other hand, a linguistic definition of the category, e.g., a small portable computer small enough to use in your lap" along with the sketch query, gives better visual and semantic cues for object localization. In this work, we present a multimodal query-guided object localization approach under the challenging open-set setting. In particular, we use queries from two modalities, namely, hand-drawn sketch and description of the object (also known as gloss), to perform object localization. Multimodal query-guided object localization is a challenging task, especially when a large domain gap exists between the queries and the natural images, as well as due to the challenge of combining the complementary and minimal information present across the queries. For example, hand-drawn crude sketches contain abstract shape information of an object, while the text descriptions often capture partial semantic information about a given object category. To address the aforementioned challenges, we present a novel cross-modal attention scheme that guides the region proposal network to generate object proposals relevant to the input queries and a novel orthogonal projection-based proposal scoring technique that scores each proposal with respect to the queries, thereby yielding the final localization results. ...

Image-text retrieval (ITR) is a challenging task in the field of multimodal information processing due to the semantic gap between different modalities. In recent years, researchers have made great progress in exploring the accurate alignment between image and text. However, existing works mainly focus on the fine-grained alignment between image regions and sentence fragments, which ignores the guiding significance of context background information. Actually, integrating the local fine-grained information and global context background information can provide more semantic clues for retrieval. In this paper, we propose a novel Hierarchical Graph Alignment Network (HGAN) for image-text retrieval. First, to capture the comprehensive multimodal features, we construct the feature graphs for the image and text modality respectively. Then, a multi-granularity shared space is established with a designed Multi-granularity Feature Aggregation and Rearrangement (MFAR) module, which enhances the semantic corresponding relations between the local and global information, and obtains more accurate feature representations for the image and text modalities. Finally, the ultimate image and text features are further refined through three-level similarity functions to achieve the hierarchical alignment. To justify the proposed model, we perform extensive experiments on MS-COCO and Flickr30K datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed HGAN outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on both datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of our model.

本文旨在通过分析图像文本检索模型的可重复性来为信息检索社区提供对检索学习最新进展的一些思考。由于过去十年中多模式数据的增加，图像文本检索已稳步成为信息检索领域的主要研究方向。许多研究人员使用MS-Coco和FlickR30K等基准数据集训练和评估图像文本检索算法。过去的研究主要集中在绩效上，以多种方式提出了多种最先进的方法。根据他们的断言，这些技术提供了改进的模态相互作用，从而更精确的多模式表示。与以前的作品相反，我们着重于方法的可重复性以及对元素的检查，这些元素通过验证的图像和文本在检索图像和文本时通过预验证和未经预处理的模型提高了性能。更具体地说，我们首先研究了相关的可重复性问题，并解释了为什么我们的重点是图像文本检索任务。其次，我们系统地总结了图像文本检索模型的当前范式以及这些方法的既定贡献。第三，我们分析了预审预测和未进行检索模型的复制的各个方面。为了完成这项工作，我们进行了消融实验，并获得了一些影响检索召回的因素，而不是原始论文中所主张的改进。最后，我们提出了未来检索社区应考虑的一些思考和挑战。我们的源代码可在https://github.com/wangfei-2019/image-text-retrieval上公开获得。

基于文本的人检索旨在根据文本描述找到查询人员。关键是学习视觉文本模式之间的常见潜在空间映射。为了实现这一目标，现有的作品采用细分来获得明确的跨模式对齐方式或利用注意力来探索显着对准。这些方法有两个缺点：1）标记交叉模式比对很耗时。 2）注意方法可以探索显着的跨模式对齐，但可能会忽略一些微妙而有价值的对。为了缓解这些问题，我们为基于文本的人检索引入了一个隐式视觉文本（IVT）框架。与以前的模型不同，IVT利用单个网络来学习两种模式的表示形式，这有助于视觉文本相互作用。为了探索细粒的对准，我们进一步提出了两个隐式语义比对范式：多级比对（MLA）和双向掩码建模（BMM）。 MLA模块在句子，短语和单词级别上探索了更精细的匹配，而BMM模块旨在挖掘视觉和文本模态之间的\ textbf {更多}语义对齐。进行了广泛的实验，以评估公共数据集中提出的IVT，即Cuhk-Pedes，RSTPREID和ICFG-PEDES。即使没有明确的身体部位对准，我们的方法仍然可以达到最先进的表现。代码可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/tencentyouturesearch/personretrieval-ivt。

最近，跨模式的预训练任务一直是一个热点，因为它在各种下文研究中广泛应用，包括检索，字幕，问题答案等。然而，退出的方法采用单媒体预训练模型来探索进行跨模式检索的联合视觉表示，这很容易遭受计算爆炸的影响。此外，尽管常规的双流结构非常有效，但它们仍然缺乏重要的跨模式相互作用，导致性能低。在这些挑战的激励下，我们提出了一个对比的跨模式知识共享预训练（Cookie），以掌握联合文本图像表示。从结构上讲，Cookie由于可接受的时间消耗而采用了传统的双流结构。为了克服上述双流结构的固有缺陷，我们精心设计了两个有效的模块。具体而言，第一个模块是一个体重共享的变压器，它构建在视觉和文本编码器的头上，旨在将语义对齐文本和图像对齐。该设计使视觉和文本路径集中在相同的语义上。另一个是三个专门设计的对比学习，旨在分享不同模型之间的知识。共享的跨模式知识大大发展了单峰表示的研究，从而促进了单模式检索任务。对多模式匹配研究的广泛实验结果，包括跨模式检索，文本匹配和图像检索揭示了我们的计算效率和我们预训练模型的统计指标的上级。

Large-scale cross-modal pre-training paradigms have recently shown ubiquitous success on a wide range of downstream tasks, e.g., zero-shot classification, retrieval and image captioning. However, their successes highly rely on the scale and quality of web-crawled data that naturally contain incomplete and noisy information (e.g., wrong or irrelevant content). Existing works either design manual rules to clean data or generate pseudo-targets as auxiliary signals for reducing noise impact, which do not explicitly tackle both the incorrect and incomplete challenges simultaneously. In this paper, to automatically mitigate the impact of noise by solely mining over existing data, we propose a principled Noise-robust Language-Image Pre-training framework (NLIP) to stabilize pre-training via two schemes: noise-harmonization and noise-completion. First, in noise-harmonization scheme, NLIP estimates the noise probability of each pair according to the memorization effect of cross-modal transformers, then adopts noise-adaptive regularization to harmonize the cross-modal alignments with varying degrees. Second, in noise-completion scheme, to enrich the missing object information of text, NLIP injects a concept-conditioned cross-modal decoder to obtain semantic-consistent synthetic captions to complete noisy ones, which uses the retrieved visual concepts (i.e., objects' names) for the corresponding image to guide captioning generation. By collaboratively optimizing noise-harmonization and noise-completion schemes, our NLIP can alleviate the common noise effects during image-text pre-training in a more efficient way. Extensive experiments show the significant performance improvements of our NLIP using only 26M data over existing pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP, FILIP and BLIP) on 12 zero-shot classification datasets, MSCOCO image captioning and zero-shot image-text retrieval tasks.

我们提出了Clip-Lite，一种通过与文本注释的特征对齐方式进行视觉表示学习的信息有效方法。与先前提出的剪辑模型相比，剪辑液在优化其对比学学习目标期间只需要一个负图像文本样本对。我们通过利用信息有效的较低限制来实现这一点，以最大化两个输入模态之间的相互信息。这允许剪辑Lite培训，在获得比夹子的更好的性能的同时具有显着减少的数据和批量尺寸。我们通过在Coco-Tablions数据集上预先绘制来评估剪贴画并对其他数据集进行测试传输。 Clip-Lite在Pascal VOC分类上获得+ 15.4％的映射绝对增益，并在ImageNet上获得A + 22.1％的前1个精度增益，同时与其他更复杂，文本监督模型相当或优越。 Clip-Lite还优于剪辑图像和文本检索，零拍分类和视觉接地。最后，通过在表示学习期间执行显式图像文本对齐，我们显示Clip-Lite可以利用语言语义来鼓励可以在下游任务中使用的无偏见的视觉表示。

In recent years, there is a growing number of pre-trained models trained on a large corpus of data and yielding good performance on various tasks such as classifying multimodal datasets. These models have shown good performance on natural images but are not fully explored for scarce abstract concepts in images. In this work, we introduce an image/text-based dataset called Greeting Cards. Dataset (GCD) that has abstract visual concepts. In our work, we propose to aggregate features from pretrained images and text embeddings to learn abstract visual concepts from GCD. This allows us to learn the text-modified image features, which combine complementary and redundant information from the multi-modal data streams into a single, meaningful feature. Secondly, the captions for the GCD dataset are computed with the pretrained CLIP-based image captioning model. Finally, we also demonstrate that the proposed the dataset is also useful for generating greeting card images using pre-trained text-to-image generation model.