在线持续学习是一个充满挑战的学习方案，模型必须从非平稳的数据流中学习，其中每个样本只能看到一次。主要的挑战是在避免灾难性遗忘的同时逐步学习，即在从新数据中学习时忘记先前获得的知识的问题。在这种情况下，一种流行的解决方案是使用较小的内存来保留旧数据并随着时间的推移进行排练。不幸的是，由于内存尺寸有限，随着时间的推移，内存的质量会恶化。在本文中，我们提出了OLCGM，这是一种基于新型重放的持续学习策略，该策略使用知识冷凝技术连续压缩记忆并更好地利用其有限的尺寸。样品冷凝步骤压缩了旧样品，而不是像其他重播策略那样将其删除。结果，实验表明，每当与数据的复杂性相比，每当记忆预算受到限制，OLCGM都会提高与最先进的重播策略相比的最终准确性。

A continual learning agent learns online with a non-stationary and never-ending stream of data. The key to such learning process is to overcome the catastrophic forgetting of previously seen data, which is a well known problem of neural networks. To prevent forgetting, a replay buffer is usually employed to store the previous data for the purpose of rehearsal. Previous works often depend on task boundary and i.i.d. assumptions to properly select samples for the replay buffer. In this work, we formulate sample selection as a constraint reduction problem based on the constrained optimization view of continual learning. The goal is to select a fixed subset of constraints that best approximate the feasible region defined by the original constraints. We show that it is equivalent to maximizing the diversity of samples in the replay buffer with parameters gradient as the feature. We further develop a greedy alternative that is cheap and efficient. The advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing to other alternatives under the continual learning setting. Further comparisons are made against state of the art methods that rely on task boundaries which show comparable or even better results for our method.

We motivate Energy-Based Models (EBMs) as a promising model class for continual learning problems. Instead of tackling continual learning via the use of external memory, growing models, or regularization, EBMs change the underlying training objective to cause less interference with previously learned information. Our proposed version of EBMs for continual learning is simple, efficient, and outperforms baseline methods by a large margin on several benchmarks. Moreover, our proposed contrastive divergence-based training objective can be combined with other continual learning methods, resulting in substantial boosts in their performance. We further show that EBMs are adaptable to a more general continual learning setting where the data distribution changes without the notion of explicitly delineated tasks. These observations point towards EBMs as a useful building block for future continual learning methods.

持续学习（CL）旨在制定模仿人类能力顺序学习新任务的能力，同时能够保留从过去经验获得的知识。在本文中，我们介绍了内存约束在线连续学习（MC-OCL）的新问题，这对存储器开销对可能算法可以用于避免灾难性遗忘的记忆开销。最多，如果不是全部，之前的CL方法违反了这些约束，我们向MC-OCL提出了一种算法解决方案：批量蒸馏（BLD），基于正则化的CL方法，有效地平衡了稳定性和可塑性，以便学习数据流，同时保留通过蒸馏解决旧任务的能力。我们在三个公开的基准测试中进行了广泛的实验评估，经验证明我们的方法成功地解决了MC-OCL问题，并实现了需要更高内存开销的先前蒸馏方法的可比准确性。

从非稳定性数据流不断学习是过去几年中日益普及的具有挑战性的研究课题。能够在高效，有效和可扩展的方式中不断地学习，适应和推广，是人工智能系统可持续发展的基础。然而，以持续学习的代理为中心的视图需要直接学习原始数据，这限制了独立代理，效率和当前方法的隐私之间的相互作用。相反，我们认为，持续学习系统应该利用经过培训的模型的形式利用压缩信息的可用性。在本文中，我们介绍并将一个名为“EX-Modul持续学习”（EXML）的新范式介绍并形式化，其中代理从一系列先前培训的模型而不是原始数据学习。我们进一步贡献了三种前模型连续学习算法和包括三个数据集（Mnist，CiFar-10和Core50）的经验设置，以及所提出的算法广泛测试的八种情况。最后，我们突出了前模式范式的特点，我们指出了有趣的未来研究方向。

恶意软件（恶意软件）分类为持续学习（CL）制度提供了独特的挑战，这是由于每天收到的新样本的数量以及恶意软件的发展以利用新漏洞。在典型的一天中，防病毒供应商将获得数十万个独特的软件，包括恶意和良性，并且在恶意软件分类器的一生中，有超过十亿个样品很容易积累。鉴于问题的规模，使用持续学习技术的顺序培训可以在减少培训和存储开销方面提供可观的好处。但是，迄今为止，还没有对CL应用于恶意软件分类任务的探索。在本文中，我们研究了11种应用于三个恶意软件任务的CL技术，涵盖了常见的增量学习方案，包括任务，类和域增量学习（IL）。具体而言，使用两个现实的大规模恶意软件数据集，我们评估了CL方法在二进制恶意软件分类（domain-il）和多类恶意软件家庭分类（Task-IL和类IL）任务上的性能。令我们惊讶的是，在几乎所有情况下，持续的学习方法显着不足以使训练数据的幼稚关节重播 - 在某些情况下，将精度降低了70个百分点以上。与关节重播相比，有选择性重播20％的存储数据的一种简单方法可以实现更好的性能，占训练时间的50％。最后，我们讨论了CL技术表现出乎意料差的潜在原因，希望它激发进一步研究在恶意软件分类域中更有效的技术。

Lack of performance when it comes to continual learning over non-stationary distributions of data remains a major challenge in scaling neural network learning to more human realistic settings. In this work we propose a new conceptualization of the continual learning problem in terms of a temporally symmetric trade-off between transfer and interference that can be optimized by enforcing gradient alignment across examples. We then propose a new algorithm, Meta-Experience Replay (MER), that directly exploits this view by combining experience replay with optimization based meta-learning. This method learns parameters that make interference based on future gradients less likely and transfer based on future gradients more likely. 1 We conduct experiments across continual lifelong supervised learning benchmarks and non-stationary reinforcement learning environments demonstrating that our approach consistently outperforms recently proposed baselines for continual learning. Our experiments show that the gap between the performance of MER and baseline algorithms grows both as the environment gets more non-stationary and as the fraction of the total experiences stored gets smaller.

持续学习（CL）旨在开发单一模型适应越来越多的任务的技术，从而潜在地利用跨任务的学习以资源有效的方式。 CL系统的主要挑战是灾难性的遗忘，在学习新任务时忘记了早期的任务。为了解决此问题，基于重播的CL方法在遇到遇到任务中选择的小缓冲区中维护和重复培训。我们提出梯度Coreset重放（GCR），一种新颖的重播缓冲区选择和使用仔细设计的优化标准的更新策略。具体而言，我们选择并维护一个“Coreset”，其与迄今为止关于当前模型参数的所有数据的梯度紧密近似，并讨论其有效应用于持续学习设置所需的关键策略。在学习的离线持续学习环境中，我们在最先进的最先进的最先进的持续学习环境中表现出显着的收益（2％-4％）。我们的调查结果还有效地转移到在线/流媒体CL设置，从而显示现有方法的5％。最后，我们展示了持续学习的监督对比损失的价值，当与我们的子集选择策略相结合时，累计增益高达5％。

Artificial neural networks thrive in solving the classification problem for a particular rigid task, acquiring knowledge through generalized learning behaviour from a distinct training phase. The resulting network resembles a static entity of knowledge, with endeavours to extend this knowledge without targeting the original task resulting in a catastrophic forgetting. Continual learning shifts this paradigm towards networks that can continually accumulate knowledge over different tasks without the need to retrain from scratch. We focus on task incremental classification, where tasks arrive sequentially and are delineated by clear boundaries. Our main contributions concern (1) a taxonomy and extensive overview of the state-of-the-art; (2) a novel framework to continually determine the stability-plasticity trade-off of the continual learner; (3) a comprehensive experimental comparison of 11 state-of-the-art continual learning methods and 4 baselines. We empirically scrutinize method strengths and weaknesses on three benchmarks, considering Tiny Imagenet and large-scale unbalanced iNaturalist and a sequence of recognition datasets. We study the influence of model capacity, weight decay and dropout regularization, and the order in which the tasks are presented, and qualitatively compare methods in terms of required memory, computation time and storage.

Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.

持续学习旨在快速，不断地从一系列任务中学习当前的任务。与其他类型的方法相比，基于经验重播的方法表现出了极大的优势来克服灾难性的遗忘。该方法的一个常见局限性是上一个任务和当前任务之间的数据不平衡，这将进一步加剧遗忘。此外，如何在这种情况下有效解决稳定性困境也是一个紧迫的问题。在本文中，我们通过提出一个通过多尺度知识蒸馏和数据扩展（MMKDDA）提出一个名为Meta学习更新的新框架来克服这些挑战。具体而言，我们应用多尺度知识蒸馏来掌握不同特征级别的远程和短期空间关系的演变，以减轻数据不平衡问题。此外，我们的方法在在线持续训练程序中混合了来自情节记忆和当前任务的样品，从而减轻了由于概率分布的变化而减轻了侧面影响。此外，我们通过元学习更新来优化我们的模型，该更新诉诸于前面所看到的任务数量，这有助于保持稳定性和可塑性之间的更好平衡。最后，我们对四个基准数据集的实验评估显示了提出的MMKDDA框架对其他流行基线的有效性，并且还进行了消融研究，以进一步分析每个组件在我们的框架中的作用。

人类的持续学习（CL）能力与稳定性与可塑性困境密切相关，描述了人类如何实现持续的学习能力和保存的学习信息。自发育以来，CL的概念始终存在于人工智能（AI）中。本文提出了对CL的全面审查。与之前的评论不同，主要关注CL中的灾难性遗忘现象，本文根据稳定性与可塑性机制的宏观视角来调查CL。类似于生物对应物，“智能”AI代理商应该是I）记住以前学到的信息（信息回流）; ii）不断推断新信息（信息浏览:); iii）转移有用的信息（信息转移），以实现高级CL。根据分类学，评估度量，算法，应用以及一些打开问题。我们的主要贡献涉及I）从人工综合情报层面重新检查CL; ii）在CL主题提供详细和广泛的概述; iii）提出一些关于CL潜在发展的新颖思路。

根据互补学习系统（CLS）理论〜\ cite {mcclelland1995there}在神经科学中，人类通过两个补充系统有效\ emph {持续学习}：一种快速学习系统，以海马为中心，用于海马，以快速学习细节，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验的快速学习， ;以及位于新皮层中的缓慢学习系统，以逐步获取有关环境的结构化知识。在该理论的激励下，我们提出\ emph {dualnets}（对于双网络），这是一个一般的持续学习框架，该框架包括一个快速学习系统，用于监督从特定任务和慢速学习系统中的模式分离代表学习，用于表示任务的慢学习系统 - 不可知论的一般代表通过自我监督学习（SSL）。双网符可以无缝地将两种表示类型纳入整体框架中，以促进在深层神经网络中更好地持续学习。通过广泛的实验，我们在各种持续的学习协议上展示了双网络的有希望的结果，从标准离线，任务感知设置到具有挑战性的在线，无任务的场景。值得注意的是，在Ctrl〜 \ Cite {veniat2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202021- coite {ostapenko2021-continual}的基准中。此外，我们进行了全面的消融研究，以验证双nets功效，鲁棒性和可伸缩性。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/phquang/dualnet}上公开获得。

当随着时间的推移学习任务时，人工神经网络遭受称为灾难性遗忘（CF）的问题。当在训练网络的训练过程中覆盖网络的权重，导致忘记旧信息的新任务时，会发生这种情况。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了META可重复使用的知识或标记，这是一种新的方法，可以在学习新任务时促进重量可重用性而不是覆盖。具体来说，标记在任务之间保留一组共享权重。我们将这些共享权重设定为共同的知识库（KB），不仅用于学习新任务，而且还富有以丰富的新知识，因为模型了解新任务。标记背后的关键组件是两倍。一方面，冶金学习方法提供了逐步丰富KB的关键机制，并在任务之间促进重量可重用性。另一方面，一组培训掩模提供了选择性地从KB相关权重中选择的关键机制来解决每个任务。通过使用Mark，我们实现了最普遍的基准，在几个流行的基准中实现了最新的基准，在20分拆性MiniimAgenet数据集上超过了平均精度的最佳性能方法，同时使用55％的数量来实现几乎零遗忘参数。此外，消融研究提供了证据，实际上，标记正在学习每个任务选择性地使用的可重复使用的知识。

在线持续学习，尤其是在任务身份和任务边界不可用时，是一个挑战性的持续学习设置。一种代表性的在线持续学习方法是基于重播的方法，其中保留称为内存的重播缓冲区，以保留过去样本的一小部分，以克服灾难性的遗忘。当通过在线持续学习来解决时，大多数现有的基于重播的方法都集中在单标签问题上，其中数据流中的每个样本只有一个标签。但是，在在线持续学习环境中，多标签问题也可能发生，在线持续学习环境中，每个样本可能具有多个标签。在使用多标签样本的在线设置中，数据流中的类分布通常是高度不平衡的，并且在内存中控制类别的分配是一项挑战课程。但是，内存中的课程分布对于基于重播的内存至关重要，以获得良好的性能，尤其是当数据流中的类分布高度不平衡时。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单但有效的方法，称为多标签在线持续学习，称为内存中的班级分布（OCDM）。 OCDM将内存更新机制制定为优化问题，并通过解决此问题来更新内存。在两个广泛使用的多标签数据集上的实验表明，OCDM可以很好地控制内存中的类分布，并且可以胜过其他最先进的方法。

Catastrophic forgetting (CF) happens whenever a neural network overwrites past knowledge while being trained on new tasks. Common techniques to handle CF include regularization of the weights (using, e.g., their importance on past tasks), and rehearsal strategies, where the network is constantly re-trained on past data. Generative models have also been applied for the latter, in order to have endless sources of data. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines the strengths of regularization and generative-based rehearsal approaches. Our generative model consists of a normalizing flow (NF), a probabilistic and invertible neural network, trained on the internal embeddings of the network. By keeping a single NF throughout the training process, we show that our memory overhead remains constant. In addition, exploiting the invertibility of the NF, we propose a simple approach to regularize the network's embeddings with respect to past tasks. We show that our method performs favorably with respect to state-of-the-art approaches in the literature, with bounded computational power and memory overheads.

持续学习旨在通过以在线学习方式利用过去获得的知识，同时能够在所有以前的任务上表现良好，从而学习一系列任务，这对人工智能（AI）系统至关重要，因此持续学习与传统学习模式相比，更适合大多数现实和复杂的应用方案。但是，当前的模型通常在每个任务上的类标签上学习一个通用表示基础，并选择有效的策略来避免灾难性的遗忘。我们假设，仅从获得的知识中选择相关且有用的零件比利用整个知识更有效。基于这一事实，在本文中，我们提出了一个新框架，名为“选择相关的在线持续学习知识（SRKOCL），该框架结合了一种额外的有效频道注意机制，以选择每个任务的特定相关知识。我们的模型还结合了经验重播和知识蒸馏，以避免灾难性的遗忘。最后，在不同的基准上进行了广泛的实验，竞争性实验结果表明，我们提出的SRKOCL是针对最先进的承诺方法。

Continual Learning is considered a key step toward next-generation Artificial Intelligence. Among various methods, replay-based approaches that maintain and replay a small episodic memory of previous samples are one of the most successful strategies against catastrophic forgetting. However, since forgetting is inevitable given bounded memory and unbounded tasks, how to forget is a problem continual learning must address. Therefore, beyond simply avoiding catastrophic forgetting, an under-explored issue is how to reasonably forget while ensuring the merits of human memory, including 1. storage efficiency, 2. generalizability, and 3. some interpretability. To achieve these simultaneously, our paper proposes a new saliency-augmented memory completion framework for continual learning, inspired by recent discoveries in memory completion separation in cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, we innovatively propose to store the part of the image most important to the tasks in episodic memory by saliency map extraction and memory encoding. When learning new tasks, previous data from memory are inpainted by an adaptive data generation module, which is inspired by how humans complete episodic memory. The module's parameters are shared across all tasks and it can be jointly trained with a continual learning classifier as bilevel optimization. Extensive experiments on several continual learning and image classification benchmarks demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness and efficiency.

Online continual learning (OCL) aims to enable model learning from a non-stationary data stream to continuously acquire new knowledge as well as retain the learnt one, under the constraints of having limited system size and computational cost, in which the main challenge comes from the "catastrophic forgetting" issue -- the inability to well remember the learnt knowledge while learning the new ones. With the specific focus on the class-incremental OCL scenario, i.e. OCL for classification, the recent advance incorporates the contrastive learning technique for learning more generalised feature representation to achieve the state-of-the-art performance but is still unable to fully resolve the catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, we follow the strategy of adopting contrastive learning but further introduce the semantically distinct augmentation technique, in which it leverages strong augmentation to generate more data samples, and we show that considering these samples semantically different from their original classes (thus being related to the out-of-distribution samples) in the contrastive learning mechanism contributes to alleviate forgetting and facilitate model stability. Moreover, in addition to contrastive learning, the typical classification mechanism and objective (i.e. softmax classifier and cross-entropy loss) are included in our model design for faster convergence and utilising the label information, but particularly equipped with a sampling strategy to tackle the tendency of favouring the new classes (i.e. model bias towards the recently learnt classes). Upon conducting extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Mini-Imagenet datasets, our proposed method is shown to achieve superior performance against various baselines.

A growing body of research in continual learning focuses on the catastrophic forgetting problem. While many attempts have been made to alleviate this problem, the majority of the methods assume a single model in the continual learning setup. In this work, we question this assumption and show that employing ensemble models can be a simple yet effective method to improve continual performance. However, ensembles' training and inference costs can increase significantly as the number of models grows. Motivated by this limitation, we study different ensemble models to understand their benefits and drawbacks in continual learning scenarios. Finally, to overcome the high compute cost of ensembles, we leverage recent advances in neural network subspace to propose a computationally cheap algorithm with similar runtime to a single model yet enjoying the performance benefits of ensembles.