在本文中，我们使用两个无监督的学习算法的组合介绍了路边激光雷达物体检测的解决方案。 3D点云数据首先将球形坐标转换成球形坐标并使用散列函数填充到方位角网格矩阵中。之后，RAW LIDAR数据被重新排列成空间 - 时间数据结构，以存储范围，方位角和强度的信息。基于强度信道模式识别，应用动态模式分解方法将点云数据分解成低级背景和稀疏前景。三角算法根据范围信息，自动发现分割值以将移动目标与静态背景分开。在强度和范围背景减法之后，将使用基于密度的检测器检测到前景移动物体，并编码到状态空间模型中以进行跟踪。所提出的模型的输出包括车辆轨迹，可以实现许多移动性和安全应用。该方法针对商业流量数据收集平台进行了验证，并证明了对基础设施激光雷达对象检测的高效可靠的解决方案。与之前的方法相比，该方法直接处理散射和离散点云，所提出的方法可以建立3D测量数据的复杂线性关系较小，这捕获了我们经常需要的空间时间结构。

自动化驾驶系统（广告）开辟了汽车行业的新领域，为未来的运输提供了更高的效率和舒适体验的新可能性。然而，在恶劣天气条件下的自主驾驶已经存在，使自动车辆（AVS）长时间保持自主车辆（AVS）或更高的自主权。本文评估了天气在分析和统计方式中为广告传感器带来的影响和挑战，并对恶劣天气条件进行了解决方案。彻底报道了关于对每种天气的感知增强的最先进技术。外部辅助解决方案如V2X技术，当前可用的数据集，模拟器和天气腔室的实验设施中的天气条件覆盖范围明显。通过指出各种主要天气问题，自主驾驶场目前正在面临，近年来审查硬件和计算机科学解决方案，这项调查概述了在不利的天气驾驶条件方面的障碍和方向的障碍和方向。

计算机视觉在智能运输系统（ITS）和交通监视中发挥了重要作用。除了快速增长的自动化车辆和拥挤的城市外，通过实施深层神经网络的实施，可以使用视频监视基础架构进行自动和高级交通管理系统（ATM）。在这项研究中，我们为实时交通监控提供了一个实用的平台，包括3D车辆/行人检测，速度检测，轨迹估算，拥塞检测以及监视车辆和行人的相互作用，都使用单个CCTV交通摄像头。我们适应了定制的Yolov5深神经网络模型，用于车辆/行人检测和增强的排序跟踪算法。还开发了基于混合卫星的基于混合卫星的逆透视图（SG-IPM）方法，用于摄像机自动校准，从而导致准确的3D对象检测和可视化。我们还根据短期和长期的时间视频数据流开发了层次结构的交通建模解决方案，以了解脆弱道路使用者的交通流量，瓶颈和危险景点。关于现实世界情景和与最先进的比较的几项实验是使用各种交通监控数据集进行的，包括从高速公路，交叉路口和城市地区收集的MIO-TCD，UA-DETRAC和GRAM-RTM，在不同的照明和城市地区天气状况。

用于流量操作和控制的现有数据收集方法通常依赖于基于基础架构的环路探测器或探测器车辆轨迹。连接和自动化的车辆（CAVS）不仅可以报告有关自己的数据，而且可以提供所有检测到的周围车辆的状态。从多个CAVS以及基础设施传感器（例如Lidar）的感知数据集成，即使在非常低的渗透率下也可以提供更丰富的信息。本文旨在开发合作数据收集系统，该系统集成了来自基础架构和CAVS的LiDar Point Cloud数据，以为各种运输应用创建合作感知环境。最新的3D检测模型用于在合并点云中检测车辆。我们在与Carla和Sumo的共模拟平台中测试了具有最大压力自适应信号控制模型的提出的合作感知环境。结果表明，CAV和基础设施传感器的渗透率非常低，足以实现可比性的性能，而连接车辆（CV）的渗透率为30％或更高。我们还显示了不同CAV渗透率下的等效CV渗透率（E-CVPR），以证明合作感知环境的数据收集效率。

Computer vision applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous driving (AD) have gravitated towards deep neural network architectures in recent years. While performance seems to be improving on benchmark datasets, many real-world challenges are yet to be adequately considered in research. This paper conducted an extensive literature review on the applications of computer vision in ITS and AD, and discusses challenges related to data, models, and complex urban environments. The data challenges are associated with the collection and labeling of training data and its relevance to real world conditions, bias inherent in datasets, the high volume of data needed to be processed, and privacy concerns. Deep learning (DL) models are commonly too complex for real-time processing on embedded hardware, lack explainability and generalizability, and are hard to test in real-world settings. Complex urban traffic environments have irregular lighting and occlusions, and surveillance cameras can be mounted at a variety of angles, gather dirt, shake in the wind, while the traffic conditions are highly heterogeneous, with violation of rules and complex interactions in crowded scenarios. Some representative applications that suffer from these problems are traffic flow estimation, congestion detection, autonomous driving perception, vehicle interaction, and edge computing for practical deployment. The possible ways of dealing with the challenges are also explored while prioritizing practical deployment.

本文提出了一种机器学习增强的纵向扫描线方法，用于从大角度交通摄像机中提取车辆轨迹。通过将空间颞映射（STMAP）分解到稀疏前景和低秩背景，应用动态模式分解（DMD）方法来提取车辆股线。通过调整两个普遍的深度学习架构，设计了一个名为Res-Unet +的深神经网络。 RES-UNET +神经网络显着提高了基于STMAP的车辆检测的性能，DMD模型提供了许多有趣的见解，了解由Stmap保留的潜在空间结构的演变。与先前的图像处理模型和主流语义分割深神经网络进行比较模型输出。经过彻底的评估后，证明该模型对许多具有挑战性的因素来说是准确和强大的。最后但并非最不重要的是，本文从根本上解决了NGSIM轨迹数据中发现了许多质量问题。清除清洁的高质量轨迹数据，以支持交通流量和微观车辆控制的未来理论和建模研究。该方法是用于基于视频的轨迹提取的可靠解决方案，并且具有广泛的适用性。

感知环境是实现合作驾驶自动化（CDA）的最基本关键之一，该关键被认为是解决当代运输系统的安全性，流动性和可持续性问题的革命性解决方案。尽管目前在计算机视觉的物体感知领域正在发生前所未有的进化，但由于不可避免的物理遮挡和单辆车的接受程度有限，最先进的感知方法仍在与复杂的现实世界流量环境中挣扎系统。基于多个空间分离的感知节点，合作感知（CP）诞生是为了解锁驱动自动化的感知瓶颈。在本文中，我们全面审查和分析了CP的研究进度，据我们所知，这是第一次提出统一的CP框架。审查了基于不同类型的传感器的CP系统的体系结构和分类学，以显示对CP系统的工作流程和不同结构的高级描述。对节点结构，传感器模式和融合方案进行了审查和分析，并使用全面的文献进行了详细的解释。提出了分层CP框架，然后对现有数据集和模拟器进行审查，以勾勒出CP的整体景观。讨论重点介绍了当前的机会，开放挑战和预期的未来趋势。

具有自动化和连通性的赋予，连接和自动化的车辆旨在成为合作驾驶自动化的革命性推动者。然而，骑士需要对周围环境的高保真感知信息，但从各种车载传感器以及车辆到所有的通信（v2x）通信中都可以昂贵。因此，通过具有成本效益的平台基于高保真传感器的真实感知信息对于启用与CDA相关的研究（例如合作决策或控制）至关重要。大多数针对CAVS的最先进的交通模拟研究都通过直接呼吁对象的内在属性来依赖情况 - 意识信息，这阻碍了CDA算法评估的可靠性和保真度。在这项研究中，\ textit {网络移动镜（CMM）}共模拟平台设计用于通过提供真实感知信息来启用CDA。 \ textit {cmm}共模拟平台可以通过高保真传感器感知系统和具有实时重建系统的网络世界模仿现实世界。具体而言，现实世界的模拟器主要负责模拟交通环境，传感器以及真实的感知过程。 Mirror-World Simulator负责重建对象，并将其信息作为模拟器的内在属性，以支持CD​​A算法的开发和评估。为了说明拟议的共模拟平台的功能，将基于路边的激光雷达的车辆感知系统原型作为研究案例。特定的流量环境和CDA任务是为实验设计的，其结果得到了证明和分析以显示平台的性能。

传统的LIDAR射测（LO）系统主要利用从经过的环境获得的几何信息来注册激光扫描并估算Lidar Ego-Motion，而在动态或非结构化环境中可能不可靠。本文提出了Inten-loam，一种低饮用和健壮的激光镜和映射方法，该方法完全利用激光扫描的隐式信息（即几何，强度和时间特征）。扫描点被投影到圆柱形图像上，这些图像有助于促进各种特征的有效和适应性提取，即地面，梁，立面和反射器。我们提出了一种新型基于强度的点登记算法，并将其纳入LIDAR的探光仪，从而使LO系统能够使用几何和强度特征点共同估计LIDAR EGO-MOTION。为了消除动态对象的干扰，我们提出了一种基于时间的动态对象删除方法，以在MAP更新之前过滤它们。此外，使用与时间相关的体素网格滤波器组织并缩减了本地地图，以维持当前扫描和静态局部图之间的相似性。在模拟和实际数据集上进行了广泛的实验。结果表明，所提出的方法在正常驾驶方案中实现了类似或更高的精度W.R.T，在非结构化环境中，最先进的方法优于基于几何的LO。

Visual perception plays an important role in autonomous driving. One of the primary tasks is object detection and identification. Since the vision sensor is rich in color and texture information, it can quickly and accurately identify various road information. The commonly used technique is based on extracting and calculating various features of the image. The recent development of deep learning-based method has better reliability and processing speed and has a greater advantage in recognizing complex elements. For depth estimation, vision sensor is also used for ranging due to their small size and low cost. Monocular camera uses image data from a single viewpoint as input to estimate object depth. In contrast, stereo vision is based on parallax and matching feature points of different views, and the application of deep learning also further improves the accuracy. In addition, Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM) can establish a model of the road environment, thus helping the vehicle perceive the surrounding environment and complete the tasks. In this paper, we introduce and compare various methods of object detection and identification, then explain the development of depth estimation and compare various methods based on monocular, stereo, and RDBG sensors, next review and compare various methods of SLAM, and finally summarize the current problems and present the future development trends of vision technologies.

自主车辆的环境感知受其物理传感器范围和算法性能的限制，以及通过降低其对正在进行的交通状况的理解的闭塞。这不仅构成了对安全和限制驾驶速度的重大威胁，而且它也可能导致不方便的动作。智能基础设施系统可以帮助缓解这些问题。智能基础设施系统可以通过在当前交通情况的数字模型的形式提供关于其周围环境的额外详细信息，填补了车辆的感知中的差距并扩展了其视野。数字双胞胎。然而，这种系统的详细描述和工作原型表明其可行性稀缺。在本文中，我们提出了一种硬件和软件架构，可实现这样一个可靠的智能基础架构系统。我们在现实世界中实施了该系统，并展示了它能够创建一个准确的延伸高速公路延伸的数字双胞胎，从而提高了自主车辆超越其车载传感器的极限的感知。此外，我们通过使用空中图像和地球观测方法来评估数字双胞胎的准确性和可靠性，用于产生地面真理数据。

Modeling perception sensors is key for simulation based testing of automated driving functions. Beyond weather conditions themselves, sensors are also subjected to object dependent environmental influences like tire spray caused by vehicles moving on wet pavement. In this work, a novel modeling approach for spray in lidar data is introduced. The model conforms to the Open Simulation Interface (OSI) standard and is based on the formation of detection clusters within a spray plume. The detections are rendered with a simple custom ray casting algorithm without the need of a fluid dynamics simulation or physics engine. The model is subsequently used to generate training data for object detection algorithms. It is shown that the model helps to improve detection in real-world spray scenarios significantly. Furthermore, a systematic real-world data set is recorded and published for analysis, model calibration and validation of spray effects in active perception sensors. Experiments are conducted on a test track by driving over artificially watered pavement with varying vehicle speeds, vehicle types and levels of pavement wetness. All models and data of this work are available open source.

在过去几年中，自动驾驶一直是最受欢迎，最具挑战性的主题之一。在实现完全自治的道路上，研究人员使用了各种传感器，例如LIDAR，相机，惯性测量单元（IMU）和GPS，并开发了用于自动驾驶应用程序的智能算法，例如对象检测，对象段，障碍，避免障碍物，避免障碍物和障碍物，以及路径计划。近年来，高清（HD）地图引起了很多关注。由于本地化中高清图的精度和信息水平很高，因此它立即成为自动驾驶的关键组成部分之一。从Baidu Apollo，Nvidia和TomTom等大型组织到个别研究人员，研究人员创建了用于自主驾驶的不同场景和用途的高清地图。有必要查看高清图生成的最新方法。本文回顾了最新的高清图生成技术，这些技术利用了2D和3D地图生成。这篇评论介绍了高清图的概念及其在自主驾驶中的有用性，并详细概述了高清地图生成技术。我们还将讨论当前高清图生成技术的局限性，以激发未来的研究。

Multi-modal fusion is a basic task of autonomous driving system perception, which has attracted many scholars' interest in recent years. The current multi-modal fusion methods mainly focus on camera data and LiDAR data, but pay little attention to the kinematic information provided by the bottom sensors of the vehicle, such as acceleration, vehicle speed, angle of rotation. These information are not affected by complex external scenes, so it is more robust and reliable. In this paper, we introduce the existing application fields of vehicle bottom information and the research progress of related methods, as well as the multi-modal fusion methods based on bottom information. We also introduced the relevant information of the vehicle bottom information data set in detail to facilitate the research as soon as possible. In addition, new future ideas of multi-modal fusion technology for autonomous driving tasks are proposed to promote the further utilization of vehicle bottom information.

随着自动驾驶的发展，单个车辆的自动驾驶技术的提高已达到瓶颈。车辆合作自动驾驶技术的进步可以扩大车辆的感知范围，补充感知盲区并提高感知的准确性，以促进自主驾驶技术的发展并实现车辆路整合。该项目主要使用LIDAR来开发数据融合方案，以实现车辆和道路设备数据的共享和组合，并实现动态目标的检测和跟踪。同时，设计和用于测试我们的车辆道路合作意识系统的一些测试方案，这证明了车辆道路合作自动驾驶在单车自动驾驶上的优势。

The research community has increasing interest in autonomous driving research, despite the resource intensity of obtaining representative real world data. Existing selfdriving datasets are limited in the scale and variation of the environments they capture, even though generalization within and between operating regions is crucial to the overall viability of the technology. In an effort to help align the research community's contributions with real-world selfdriving problems, we introduce a new large-scale, high quality, diverse dataset. Our new dataset consists of 1150 scenes that each span 20 seconds, consisting of well synchronized and calibrated high quality LiDAR and camera data captured across a range of urban and suburban geographies. It is 15x more diverse than the largest cam-era+LiDAR dataset available based on our proposed geographical coverage metric. We exhaustively annotated this data with 2D (camera image) and 3D (LiDAR) bounding boxes, with consistent identifiers across frames. Finally, we provide strong baselines for 2D as well as 3D detection and tracking tasks. We further study the effects of dataset size and generalization across geographies on 3D detection methods. Find data, code and more up-to-date information at http://www.waymo.com/open.

准确的轨道位置是铁路支持驱动系统的重要组成部分，用于安全监控。激光雷达可以获得携带铁路环境的3D信息的点云，特别是在黑暗和可怕的天气条件下。在本文中，提出了一种基于3D点云的实时轨识别方法来解决挑战，如无序，不均匀的密度和大量点云的挑战。首先呈现Voxel Down-采样方法，用于铁路点云的密度平衡，并且金字塔分区旨在将3D扫描区域划分为具有不同卷的体素。然后，开发了一个特征编码模块以找到最近的邻点并聚合它们的局部几何特征。最后，提出了一种多尺度神经网络以产生每个体素和轨道位置的预测结果。该实验是在铁路的3D点云数据的9个序列下进行的。结果表明，该方法在检测直，弯曲和其他复杂的拓扑轨道方面具有良好的性能。

Figure 1: We introduce datasets for 3D tracking and motion forecasting with rich maps for autonomous driving. Our 3D tracking dataset contains sequences of LiDAR measurements, 360 • RGB video, front-facing stereo (middle-right), and 6-dof localization. All sequences are aligned with maps containing lane center lines (magenta), driveable region (orange), and ground height. Sequences are annotated with 3D cuboid tracks (green). A wider map view is shown in the bottom-right.

Recently, Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X) cooperative perception has attracted increasing attention. Infrastructure sensors play a critical role in this research field, however, how to find the optimal placement of infrastructure sensors is rarely studied. In this paper, we investigate the problem of infrastructure sensor placement and propose a pipeline that can efficiently and effectively find optimal installation positions for infrastructure sensors in a realistic simulated environment. To better simulate and evaluate LiDAR placement, we establish a Realistic LiDAR Simulation library that can simulate the unique characteristics of different popular LiDARs and produce high-fidelity LiDAR point clouds in the CARLA simulator. Through simulating point cloud data in different LiDAR placements, we can evaluate the perception accuracy of these placements using multiple detection models. Then, we analyze the correlation between the point cloud distribution and perception accuracy by calculating the density and uniformity of regions of interest. Experiments show that the placement of infrastructure LiDAR can heavily affect the accuracy of perception. We also analyze the correlation between perception performance in the region of interest and LiDAR point cloud distribution and validate that density and uniformity can be indicators of performance.

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1