深度学习（DL）系统的安全性是一个极为重要的研究领域，因为它们正在部署在多个应用程序中，因为它们不断改善，以解决具有挑战性的任务。尽管有压倒性的承诺，但深度学习系统容易受到制作的对抗性例子的影响，这可能是人眼无法察觉的，但可能会导致模型错误分类。对基于整体技术的对抗性扰动的保护已被证明很容易受到更强大的对手的影响，或者证明缺乏端到端评估。在本文中，我们试图开发一种新的基于整体的解决方案，该解决方案构建具有不同决策边界的防御者模型相对于原始模型。通过（1）通过一种称为拆分和剃须的方法转换输入的分类器的合奏，以及（2）通过一种称为对比度功能的方法限制重要特征，显示出相对于相对于不同的梯度对抗性攻击，这减少了将对抗性示例从原始示例转移到针对同一类的防御者模型的机会。我们使用标准图像分类数据集（即MNIST，CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100）进行了广泛的实验，以实现最新的对抗攻击，以证明基于合奏的防御的鲁棒性。我们还在存在更强大的对手的情况下评估稳健性，该对手同时靶向合奏中的所有模型。已经提供了整体假阳性和误报的结果，以估计提出的方法的总体性能。

由于对抗性攻击的存在，深度学习分类器的安全性是一个关键的研究领域。这种攻击通常依赖于可转移性的原则，其中在代理分类器上制作的对手示例倾向于误导目标分类器，即使两个分类器都有相当不同的架构，也要误导目标分类器。抗逆性攻击的集合方法表明，对抗性示例的可能性不太可能在具有不同决策边界的集合中误导多个分类器。然而，最近的集合方法已被证明是易受强烈的对手或表现出缺乏结束到最终评估的影响。本文试图开发一种新的集合方法，该方法在训练过程中使用成对对手稳健的损失（PARL）功能来构造多种不同分类器。 PARL在同时在集合中的每个分类器中输入每个层的梯度。与之前的集合方法相比，建议的培训程序使PARL能够实现对黑盒转移攻击的更高稳健性，而不会对清洁实例的准确性产生不利影响。我们还评估了白盒攻击存在下的稳健性，其中使用目标分类器的参数制作了对抗示例。我们使用标准图像分类数据集在使用标准Reset20分类器培训的标准图像分类数据集目前，使用标准Reset20分类器，以展示所提出的集合方法的稳健性。

The authors thank Nicholas Carlini (UC Berkeley) and Dimitris Tsipras (MIT) for feedback to improve the survey quality. We also acknowledge X. Huang (Uni. Liverpool), K. R. Reddy (IISC), E. Valle (UNICAMP), Y. Yoo (CLAIR) and others for providing pointers to make the survey more comprehensive.

Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in many tasks, they can often be fooled by adversarial examples that are generated by adding small but purposeful distortions to natural examples. Previous studies to defend against adversarial examples mostly focused on refining the DNN models, but have either shown limited success or required expensive computation. We propose a new strategy, feature squeezing, that can be used to harden DNN models by detecting adversarial examples. Feature squeezing reduces the search space available to an adversary by coalescing samples that correspond to many different feature vectors in the original space into a single sample. By comparing a DNN model's prediction on the original input with that on squeezed inputs, feature squeezing detects adversarial examples with high accuracy and few false positives.This paper explores two feature squeezing methods: reducing the color bit depth of each pixel and spatial smoothing. These simple strategies are inexpensive and complementary to other defenses, and can be combined in a joint detection framework to achieve high detection rates against state-of-the-art attacks.

Adaptive attacks have (rightfully) become the de facto standard for evaluating defenses to adversarial examples. We find, however, that typical adaptive evaluations are incomplete. We demonstrate that thirteen defenses recently published at ICLR, ICML and NeurIPS-and which illustrate a diverse set of defense strategies-can be circumvented despite attempting to perform evaluations using adaptive attacks. While prior evaluation papers focused mainly on the end result-showing that a defense was ineffective-this paper focuses on laying out the methodology and the approach necessary to perform an adaptive attack. Some of our attack strategies are generalizable, but no single strategy would have been sufficient for all defenses. This underlines our key message that adaptive attacks cannot be automated and always require careful and appropriate tuning to a given defense. We hope that these analyses will serve as guidance on how to properly perform adaptive attacks against defenses to adversarial examples, and thus will allow the community to make further progress in building more robust models.

Recent work has demonstrated that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples-inputs that are almost indistinguishable from natural data and yet classified incorrectly by the network. In fact, some of the latest findings suggest that the existence of adversarial attacks may be an inherent weakness of deep learning models. To address this problem, we study the adversarial robustness of neural networks through the lens of robust optimization. This approach provides us with a broad and unifying view on much of the prior work on this topic. Its principled nature also enables us to identify methods for both training and attacking neural networks that are reliable and, in a certain sense, universal. In particular, they specify a concrete security guarantee that would protect against any adversary. These methods let us train networks with significantly improved resistance to a wide range of adversarial attacks. They also suggest the notion of security against a first-order adversary as a natural and broad security guarantee. We believe that robustness against such well-defined classes of adversaries is an important stepping stone towards fully resistant deep learning models. 1

随着在图像识别中的快速进步和深度学习模型的使用，安全成为他们在安全关键系统中部署的主要关注点。由于深度学习模型的准确性和稳健性主要归因于训练样本的纯度，因此深度学习架构通常易于对抗性攻击。通过对正常图像进行微妙的扰动来获得对抗性攻击，这主要是人类，但可以严重混淆最先进的机器学习模型。什么特别的智能扰动或噪声在正常图像上添加了它导致深神经网络的灾难性分类？使用统计假设检测，我们发现条件变形自身偏析器（CVAE）令人惊讶地擅长检测难以察觉的图像扰动。在本文中，我们展示了CVAE如何有效地用于检测对图像分类网络的对抗攻击。我们展示了我们的成果，Cifar-10数据集，并展示了我们的方法如何为先前的方法提供可比性，以检测对手，同时不会与嘈杂的图像混淆，其中大多数现有方法都摇摇欲坠。

With rapid progress and significant successes in a wide spectrum of applications, deep learning is being applied in many safety-critical environments. However, deep neural networks have been recently found vulnerable to well-designed input samples, called adversarial examples. Adversarial perturbations are imperceptible to human but can easily fool deep neural networks in the testing/deploying stage. The vulnerability to adversarial examples becomes one of the major risks for applying deep neural networks in safety-critical environments. Therefore, attacks and defenses on adversarial examples draw great attention. In this paper, we review recent findings on adversarial examples for deep neural networks, summarize the methods for generating adversarial examples, and propose a taxonomy of these methods. Under the taxonomy, applications for adversarial examples are investigated. We further elaborate on countermeasures for adversarial examples. In addition, three major challenges in adversarial examples and the potential solutions are discussed.

许多最先进的ML模型在各种任务中具有优于图像分类的人类。具有如此出色的性能，ML模型今天被广泛使用。然而，存在对抗性攻击和数据中毒攻击的真正符合ML模型的稳健性。例如，Engstrom等人。证明了最先进的图像分类器可以容易地被任意图像上的小旋转欺骗。由于ML系统越来越纳入安全性和安全敏感的应用，对抗攻击和数据中毒攻击构成了相当大的威胁。本章侧重于ML安全的两个广泛和重要的领域：对抗攻击和数据中毒攻击。

已知深度神经网络（DNN）容易受到用不可察觉的扰动制作的对抗性示例的影响，即，输入图像的微小变化会引起错误的分类，从而威胁着基于深度学习的部署系统的可靠性。经常采用对抗训练（AT）来通过训练损坏和干净的数据的混合物来提高DNN的鲁棒性。但是，大多数基于AT的方法在处理\ textit {转移的对抗示例}方面是无效的，这些方法是生成以欺骗各种防御模型的生成的，因此无法满足现实情况下提出的概括要求。此外，对抗性训练一般的国防模型不能对具有扰动的输入产生可解释的预测，而不同的领域专家则需要一个高度可解释的强大模型才能了解DNN的行为。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于Jacobian规范和选择性输入梯度正则化（J-SIGR）的方法，该方法通过Jacobian归一化提出了线性化的鲁棒性，还将基于扰动的显着性图正规化，以模仿模型的可解释预测。因此，我们既可以提高DNN的防御能力和高解释性。最后，我们评估了跨不同体系结构的方法，以针对强大的对抗性攻击。实验表明，提出的J-Sigr赋予了针对转移的对抗攻击的鲁棒性，我们还表明，来自神经网络的预测易于解释。

深度神经网络针对对抗性例子的脆弱性已成为将这些模型部署在敏感领域中的重要问题。事实证明，针对这种攻击的明确防御是具有挑战性的，依赖于检测对抗样本的方法只有在攻击者忽略检测机制时才有效。在本文中，我们提出了一种原则性的对抗示例检测方法，该方法可以承受规范受限的白色框攻击。受K类分类问题的启发，我们训练K二进制分类器，其中I-th二进制分类器用于区分I类的清洁数据和其他类的对抗性样本。在测试时，我们首先使用训练有素的分类器获取输入的预测标签（例如k），然后使用k-th二进制分类器来确定输入是否为干净的样本（k类）或对抗的扰动示例（其他类）。我们进一步设计了一种生成方法来通过将每个二进制分类器解释为类别条件数据的无标准密度模型来检测/分类对抗示例。我们提供上述对抗性示例检测/分类方法的全面评估，并证明其竞争性能和引人注目的特性。

深度卷积神经网络可以准确地分类各种自然图像，但是在设计时可能很容易被欺骗，图像中嵌入了不可察觉的扰动。在本文中，我们设计了一种多管齐下的培训，输入转换和图像集成系统，该系统是攻击不可知论的，不容易估计。我们的系统结合了两个新型功能。第一个是一个转换层，该转换层从集体级训练数据示例中计算级别的多项式内核，并且迭代更新在推理时间上基于其特征内核差异的输入图像副本，以创建转换后的输入集合。第二个是一个分类系统，该系统将未防御网络的预测结合在一起，对被过滤图像的合奏进行了硬投票。我们在CIFAR10数据集上的评估显示，我们的系统提高了未防御性网络在不同距离指标下的各种有界和无限的白色盒子攻击的鲁棒性，同时牺牲了清洁图像的精度很小。反对自适应的全知攻击者创建端到端攻击，我们的系统成功地增强了对抗训练的网络的现有鲁棒性，为此，我们的方法最有效地应用了。

尽管机器学习系统的效率和可扩展性，但最近的研究表明，许多分类方法，尤其是深神经网络（DNN），易受对抗的例子;即，仔细制作欺骗训练有素的分类模型的例子，同时无法区分从自然数据到人类。这使得在安全关键区域中应用DNN或相关方法可能不安全。由于这个问题是由Biggio等人确定的。 （2013）和Szegedy等人。（2014年），在这一领域已经完成了很多工作，包括开发攻击方法，以产生对抗的例子和防御技术的构建防范这些例子。本文旨在向统计界介绍这一主题及其最新发展，主要关注对抗性示例的产生和保护。在数值实验中使用的计算代码（在Python和R）公开可用于读者探讨调查的方法。本文希望提交人们将鼓励更多统计学人员在这种重要的令人兴奋的领域的产生和捍卫对抗的例子。

深度学习（DL）在许多与人类相关的任务中表现出巨大的成功，这导致其在许多计算机视觉的基础应用中采用，例如安全监控系统，自治车辆和医疗保健。一旦他们拥有能力克服安全关键挑战，这种安全关键型应用程序必须绘制他们的成功部署之路。在这些挑战中，防止或/和检测对抗性实例（AES）。对手可以仔细制作小型，通常是难以察觉的，称为扰动的噪声被添加到清洁图像中以产生AE。 AE的目的是愚弄DL模型，使其成为DL应用的潜在风险。在文献中提出了许多测试时间逃避攻击和对策，即防御或检测方法。此外，还发布了很少的评论和调查，理论上展示了威胁的分类和对策方法，几乎​​没有焦点检测方法。在本文中，我们专注于图像分类任务，并试图为神经网络分类器进行测试时间逃避攻击检测方法的调查。对此类方法的详细讨论提供了在四个数据集的不同场景下的八个最先进的探测器的实验结果。我们还为这一研究方向提供了潜在的挑战和未来的观点。

基于深度神经网络（DNN）的智能信息（IOT）系统已被广泛部署在现实世界中。然而，发现DNNS易受对抗性示例的影响，这提高了人们对智能物联网系统的可靠性和安全性的担忧。测试和评估IOT系统的稳健性成为必要和必要。最近已经提出了各种攻击和策略，但效率问题仍未纠正。现有方法是计算地广泛或耗时，这在实践中不适用。在本文中，我们提出了一种称为攻击启发GaN（AI-GaN）的新框架，在有条件地产生对抗性实例。曾经接受过培训，可以有效地给予对抗扰动的输入图像和目标类。我们在白盒设置的不同数据集中应用AI-GaN，黑匣子设置和由最先进的防御保护的目标模型。通过广泛的实验，AI-GaN实现了高攻击成功率，优于现有方法，并显着降低了生成时间。此外，首次，AI-GaN成功地缩放到复杂的数据集。 Cifar-100和Imagenet，所有课程中的成功率约为90美元。

Neural networks are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples: inputs that are close to natural inputs but classified incorrectly. In order to better understand the space of adversarial examples, we survey ten recent proposals that are designed for detection and compare their efficacy. We show that all can be defeated by constructing new loss functions. We conclude that adversarial examples are significantly harder to detect than previously appreciated, and the properties believed to be intrinsic to adversarial examples are in fact not. Finally, we propose several simple guidelines for evaluating future proposed defenses.

Deep learning has shown impressive performance on hard perceptual problems. However, researchers found deep learning systems to be vulnerable to small, specially crafted perturbations that are imperceptible to humans. Such perturbations cause deep learning systems to mis-classify adversarial examples, with potentially disastrous consequences where safety or security is crucial. Prior defenses against adversarial examples either targeted specific attacks or were shown to be ineffective. We propose MagNet, a framework for defending neural network classifiers against adversarial examples. MagNet neither modifies the protected classifier nor requires knowledge of the process for generating adversarial examples. MagNet includes one or more separate detector networks and a reformer network. The detector networks learn to differentiate between normal and adversarial examples by approximating the manifold of normal examples. Since they assume no specific process for generating adversarial examples, they generalize well. The reformer network moves adversarial examples towards the manifold of normal examples, which is effective for correctly classifying adversarial examples with small perturbation. We discuss the intrinsic difficulties in defending against whitebox attack and propose a mechanism to defend against graybox attack. Inspired by the use of randomness in cryptography, we use diversity to strengthen MagNet. We show empirically that Mag-Net is effective against the most advanced state-of-the-art attacks in blackbox and graybox scenarios without sacrificing false positive rate on normal examples. CCS CONCEPTS• Security and privacy → Domain-specific security and privacy architectures; • Computing methodologies → Neural networks;

深度学习的进步使得广泛的有希望的应用程序。然而，这些系统容易受到对抗机器学习（AML）攻击的影响;对他们的意见的离前事实制作的扰动可能导致他们错误分类。若干最先进的对抗性攻击已经证明他们可以可靠地欺骗分类器，使这些攻击成为一个重大威胁。对抗性攻击生成算法主要侧重于创建成功的例子，同时控制噪声幅度和分布，使检测更加困难。这些攻击的潜在假设是脱机产生的对抗噪声，使其执行时间是次要考虑因素。然而，最近，攻击者机会自由地产生对抗性示例的立即对抗攻击已经可能。本文介绍了一个新问题：我们如何在实时约束下产生对抗性噪音，以支持这种实时对抗攻击？了解这一问题提高了我们对这些攻击对实时系统构成的威胁的理解，并为未来防御提供安全评估基准。因此，我们首先进行对抗生成算法的运行时间分析。普遍攻击脱机产生一般攻击，没有在线开销，并且可以应用于任何输入;然而，由于其一般性，他们的成功率是有限的。相比之下，在特定输入上工作的在线算法是计算昂贵的，使它们不适合在时间约束下的操作。因此，我们提出房间，一种新型实时在线脱机攻击施工模型，其中离线组件用于预热在线算法，使得可以在时间限制下产生高度成功的攻击。

Adversarial examples are perturbed inputs designed to fool machine learning models. Adversarial training injects such examples into training data to increase robustness. To scale this technique to large datasets, perturbations are crafted using fast single-step methods that maximize a linear approximation of the model's loss. We show that this form of adversarial training converges to a degenerate global minimum, wherein small curvature artifacts near the data points obfuscate a linear approximation of the loss. The model thus learns to generate weak perturbations, rather than defend against strong ones. As a result, we find that adversarial training remains vulnerable to black-box attacks, where we transfer perturbations computed on undefended models, as well as to a powerful novel single-step attack that escapes the non-smooth vicinity of the input data via a small random step. We further introduce Ensemble Adversarial Training, a technique that augments training data with perturbations transferred from other models. On ImageNet, Ensemble Adversarial Training yields models with stronger robustness to blackbox attacks. In particular, our most robust model won the first round of the NIPS 2017 competition on Defenses against Adversarial Attacks (Kurakin et al., 2017c). However, subsequent work found that more elaborate black-box attacks could significantly enhance transferability and reduce the accuracy of our models.

深度神经网络（DNNS）最近在许多分类任务中取得了巨大的成功。不幸的是，它们容易受到对抗性攻击的影响，这些攻击会产生对抗性示例，这些示例具有很小的扰动，以欺骗DNN模型，尤其是在模型共享方案中。事实证明，对抗性训练是最有效的策略，它将对抗性示例注入模型训练中，以提高DNN模型的稳健性，以对对抗性攻击。但是，基于现有的对抗性示例的对抗训练无法很好地推广到标准，不受干扰的测试数据。为了在标准准确性和对抗性鲁棒性之间取得更好的权衡，我们提出了一个新型的对抗训练框架，称为潜在边界引导的对抗训练（梯子），该训练（梯子）在潜在的边界引导的对抗性示例上对对手进行对手训练DNN模型。与大多数在输入空间中生成对抗示例的现有方法相反，梯子通过增加对潜在特征的扰动而产生了无数的高质量对抗示例。扰动是沿SVM构建的具有注意机制的决策边界的正常情况进行的。我们从边界场的角度和可视化视图分析了生成的边界引导的对抗示例的优点。与Vanilla DNN和竞争性底线相比，对MNIST，SVHN，CELEBA和CIFAR-10的广泛实验和详细分析验证了梯子在标准准确性和对抗性鲁棒性之间取得更好的权衡方面的有效性。