Photorealistic rendering of real-world scenes is a tremendous challenge with a wide range of applications, including MR (Mixed Reality), and VR (Mixed Reality). Neural networks, which have long been investigated in the context of solving differential equations, have previously been introduced as implicit representations for Photorealistic rendering. However, realistic rendering using classic computing is challenging because it requires time-consuming optical ray marching, and suffer computational bottlenecks due to the curse of dimensionality. In this paper, we propose Quantum Radiance Fields (QRF), which integrate the quantum circuit, quantum activation function, and quantum volume rendering for implicit scene representation. The results indicate that QRF not only takes advantage of the merits of quantum computing technology such as high speed, fast convergence, and high parallelism, but also ensure high quality of volume rendering.
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We present a method that achieves state-of-the-art results for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes by optimizing an underlying continuous volumetric scene function using a sparse set of input views. Our algorithm represents a scene using a fully-connected (nonconvolutional) deep network, whose input is a single continuous 5D coordinate (spatial location (x, y, z) and viewing direction (θ, φ)) and whose output is the volume density and view-dependent emitted radiance at that spatial location. We synthesize views by querying 5D coordinates along camera rays and use classic volume rendering techniques to project the output colors and densities into an image. Because volume rendering is naturally differentiable, the only input required to optimize our representation is a set of images with known camera poses. We describe how to effectively optimize neural radiance fields to render photorealistic novel views of scenes with complicated geometry and appearance, and demonstrate results that outperform prior work on neural rendering and view synthesis. View synthesis results are best viewed as videos, so we urge readers to view our supplementary video for convincing comparisons.
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Photo-realistic free-viewpoint rendering of real-world scenes using classical computer graphics techniques is challenging, because it requires the difficult step of capturing detailed appearance and geometry models. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results by learning scene representations that implicitly encode both geometry and appearance without 3D supervision. However, existing approaches in practice often show blurry renderings caused by the limited network capacity or the difficulty in finding accurate intersections of camera rays with the scene geometry. Synthesizing high-resolution imagery from these representations often requires time-consuming optical ray marching. In this work, we introduce Neural Sparse Voxel Fields (NSVF), a new neural scene representation for fast and high-quality free-viewpoint rendering. NSVF defines a set of voxel-bounded implicit fields organized in a sparse voxel octree to model local properties in each cell. We progressively learn the underlying voxel structures with a diffentiable ray-marching operation from only a set of posed RGB images. With the sparse voxel octree structure, rendering novel views can be accelerated by skipping the voxels containing no relevant scene content. Our method is typically over 10 times faster than the state-of-the-art (namely, NeRF (Mildenhall et al., 2020)) at inference time while achieving higher quality results. Furthermore, by utilizing an explicit sparse voxel representation, our method can easily be applied to scene editing and scene composition. We also demonstrate several challenging tasks, including multi-scene learning, free-viewpoint rendering of a moving human, and large-scale scene rendering. Code and data are available at our website: https://github.com/facebookresearch/NSVF.
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神经辐射场(NERF)在代表3D场景和合成新颖视图中示出了很大的潜力,但是在推理阶段的NERF的计算开销仍然很重。为了减轻负担,我们进入了NERF的粗细分,分层采样过程,并指出粗阶段可以被我们命名神经样本场的轻量级模块代替。所提出的示例场地图光线进入样本分布,可以将其转换为点坐标并进料到radiance字段以进行体积渲染。整体框架被命名为Neusample。我们在现实合成360 $ ^ {\ circ} $和真正的前瞻性,两个流行的3D场景集上进行实验,并表明Neusample在享受更快推理速度时比NERF实现更好的渲染质量。Neusample进一步压缩,以提出的样品场提取方法朝向质量和速度之间的更好的权衡。
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We introduce a method to render Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) in real time using PlenOctrees, an octree-based 3D representation which supports view-dependent effects. Our method can render 800×800 images at more than 150 FPS, which is over 3000 times faster than conventional NeRFs. We do so without sacrificing quality while preserving the ability of NeRFs to perform free-viewpoint rendering of scenes with arbitrary geometry and view-dependent effects. Real-time performance is achieved by pre-tabulating the NeRF into a PlenOctree. In order to preserve viewdependent effects such as specularities, we factorize the appearance via closed-form spherical basis functions. Specifically, we show that it is possible to train NeRFs to predict a spherical harmonic representation of radiance, removing the viewing direction as an input to the neural network. Furthermore, we show that PlenOctrees can be directly optimized to further minimize the reconstruction loss, which leads to equal or better quality compared to competing methods. Moreover, this octree optimization step can be used to reduce the training time, as we no longer need to wait for the NeRF training to converge fully. Our real-time neural rendering approach may potentially enable new applications such as 6-DOF industrial and product visualizations, as well as next generation AR/VR systems. PlenOctrees are amenable to in-browser rendering as well; please visit the project page for the interactive online demo, as well as video and code: https://alexyu. net/plenoctrees.
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我们介绍了神经点光场,它用稀疏点云上的轻场隐含地表示场景。结合可分辨率的体积渲染与学习的隐式密度表示使得可以合成用于小型场景的新颖视图的照片现实图像。作为神经体积渲染方法需要潜在的功能场景表示的浓密采样,在沿着射线穿过体积的数百个样本,它们从根本上限制在具有投影到数百个训练视图的相同对象的小场景。向神经隐式光线推广稀疏点云允许我们有效地表示每个光线的单个隐式采样操作。这些点光场作为光线方向和局部点特征邻域的函数,允许我们在没有密集的物体覆盖和视差的情况下插入光场条件训练图像。我们评估大型驾驶场景的新型视图综合的提出方法,在那里我们综合了现实的看法,即现有的隐式方法未能代表。我们验证了神经点光场可以通过显式建模场景来实现沿着先前轨迹的视频来预测沿着看不见的轨迹的视频。
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潜水员在NERF的关键思想和其变体 - 密度模型和体积渲染的关键思想中建立 - 学习可以从少量图像实际渲染的3D对象模型。与所有先前的NERF方法相比,潜水员使用确定性而不是体积渲染积分的随机估计。潜水员的表示是基于体素的功能领域。为了计算卷渲染积分,将光线分为间隔,每个体素;使用MLP的每个间隔的特征估计体渲染积分的组件,并且组件聚合。结果,潜水员可以呈现其他集成商错过的薄半透明结构。此外,潜水员的表示与其他这样的方法相比相对暴露的语义 - 在体素空间中的运动特征向量导致自然编辑。对当前最先进的方法的广泛定性和定量比较表明,潜水员产生(1)在最先进的质量或高于最先进的质量,(2)的情况下非常小而不会被烘烤,(3)在不被烘烤的情况下渲染非常快,并且(4)可以以自然方式编辑。
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神经辐射场(NERFS)产生最先进的视图合成结果。然而,它们慢渲染,需要每像素数百个网络评估,以近似卷渲染积分。将nerfs烘烤到明确的数据结构中实现了有效的渲染,但导致内存占地面积的大幅增加,并且在许多情况下,质量降低。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的神经光场表示,相反,相反,紧凑,直接预测沿线的集成光线。我们的方法支持使用每个像素的单个网络评估,用于小基线光场数据集,也可以应用于每个像素的几个评估的较大基线。在我们的方法的核心,是一个光线空间嵌入网络,将4D射线空间歧管映射到中间可间可动子的潜在空间中。我们的方法在诸如斯坦福光场数据集等密集的前置数据集中实现了最先进的质量。此外,对于带有稀疏输入的面对面的场景,我们可以在质量方面实现对基于NERF的方法具有竞争力的结果,同时提供更好的速度/质量/内存权衡,网络评估较少。
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在本文中,我们为复杂场景进行了高效且强大的深度学习解决方案。在我们的方法中,3D场景表示为光场,即,一组光线,每组在到达图像平面时具有相应的颜色。对于高效的新颖视图渲染,我们采用了光场的双面参数化,其中每个光线的特征在于4D参数。然后,我们将光场配向作为4D函数,即将4D坐标映射到相应的颜色值。我们训练一个深度完全连接的网络以优化这种隐式功能并记住3D场景。然后,特定于场景的模型用于综合新颖视图。与以前需要密集的视野的方法不同,需要密集的视野采样来可靠地呈现新颖的视图,我们的方法可以通过采样光线来呈现新颖的视图并直接从网络查询每种光线的颜色,从而使高质量的灯场呈现稀疏集合训练图像。网络可以可选地预测每光深度,从而使诸如自动重新焦点的应用。我们的小说视图合成结果与最先进的综合结果相当,甚至在一些具有折射和反射的具有挑战性的场景中优越。我们在保持交互式帧速率和小的内存占地面积的同时实现这一点。
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NeRF synthesizes novel views of a scene with unprecedented quality by fitting a neural radiance field to RGB images. However, NeRF requires querying a deep Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) millions of times, leading to slow rendering times, even on modern GPUs. In this paper, we demonstrate that real-time rendering is possible by utilizing thousands of tiny MLPs instead of one single large MLP. In our setting, each individual MLP only needs to represent parts of the scene, thus smaller and faster-to-evaluate MLPs can be used. By combining this divide-and-conquer strategy with further optimizations, rendering is accelerated by three orders of magnitude compared to the original NeRF model without incurring high storage costs. Further, using teacher-student distillation for training, we show that this speed-up can be achieved without sacrificing visual quality.
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神经场景表示,例如神经辐射场(NERF),基于训练多层感知器(MLP),使用一组具有已知姿势的彩色图像。现在,越来越多的设备产生RGB-D(颜色 +深度)信息,这对于各种任务非常重要。因此,本文的目的是通过将深度信息与颜色图像结合在一起,研究这些有希望的隐式表示可以进行哪些改进。特别是,最近建议的MIP-NERF方法使用圆锥形的圆丝而不是射线进行音量渲染,它使人们可以考虑具有距离距离摄像头中心距离的像素的不同区域。所提出的方法还模拟了深度不确定性。这允许解决基于NERF的方法的主要局限性,包括提高几何形状的准确性,减少伪像,更快的训练时间和缩短预测时间。实验是在众所周知的基准场景上进行的,并且比较在场景几何形状和光度重建中的准确性提高,同时将训练时间减少了3-5次。
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神经辐射场(NERF)是数据驱动3D重建中的流行方法。鉴于其简单性和高质量的渲染,正在开发许多NERF应用程序。但是,NERF的大量的速度很大。许多尝试如何加速NERF培训和推理,包括复杂的代码级优化和缓存,使用复杂的数据结构以及通过多任务和元学习的摊销。在这项工作中,我们通过NERF之前通过经典技术镜头重新审视NERF的基本构建块。我们提出了Voxel-Accelated Nerf(VaxnerF),与Visual Hull集成了Nerf,一种经典的3D重建技术,只需要每张图像的二进制前景背景像素标签。可视船体,可在大约10秒内优化,可以提供粗略的现场分离,以省略NERF中的大量网络评估。我们在流行的JAXNERF Codebase提供了一个干净的全力验光,基于JAX的实现,其仅包括大约30行的代码更改和模块化视觉船体子程序,并在高度表现的JAXNERF之上实现了大约2-8倍的速度学习基线具有零劣化呈现质量。具有足够的计算,这有效地将单位训练从小时到30分钟缩小到30分钟。我们希望VAXNERF - 一种仔细组合具有深入方法的经典技术(可谓更换它) - 可以赋予并加速新的NERF扩展和应用,以其简单,可移植性和可靠的性能收益。代码在https://github.com/naruya/vaxnerf提供。
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神经辐射场(NERFS)增加了新型视图合成和场景重建的重建细节,其应用程序从大型静态场景到动态人类运动不等。但是,此类神经领域的分辨率和无模型性质的增加是以高训练时间和过度记忆要求为代价的。最近的进步通过使用互补的数据结构改善了推理时间,但这些方法不适合动态场景,并且通常会增加记忆消耗。减少培训时所需的资源几乎没有做到。我们提出了一种方法,通过部分共享相邻样本点的评估来利用NERF基于样本的计算的冗余。我们的UNERF体系结构的灵感来自UNET,该架构在网络中间减少空间分辨率,并在相邻样本之间共享信息。尽管这种变化违反了NERF方法中的严格和有意识的依赖性外观和无关的密度估计的分离,但我们表明它改善了新型观点的综合。我们还引入了一种替代性亚采样策略,该策略共享计算,同时最大程度地减少视图不变性的侵犯。 UNERF是原始NERF网络的插件模块。我们的主要贡献包括减少记忆足迹,提高准确性以及在训练和推理期间摊销的处理时间减少。在当地的假设较弱的情况下,我们在各种神经辐射场任务上实现了改进的资源利用。我们演示了对静态场景的新观点综合以及动态人类形状和运动的应用。
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We present a method that synthesizes novel views of complex scenes by interpolating a sparse set of nearby views. The core of our method is a network architecture that includes a multilayer perceptron and a ray transformer that estimates radiance and volume density at continuous 5D locations (3D spatial locations and 2D viewing directions), drawing appearance information on the fly from multiple source views. By drawing on source views at render time, our method hearkens back to classic work on image-based rendering (IBR), and allows us to render high-resolution imagery. Unlike neural scene representation work that optimizes per-scene functions for rendering, we learn a generic view interpolation function that generalizes to novel scenes. We render images using classic volume rendering, which is fully differentiable and allows us to train using only multiview posed images as supervision. Experiments show that our method outperforms recent novel view synthesis methods that also seek to generalize to novel scenes. Further, if fine-tuned on each scene, our method is competitive with state-of-the-art single-scene neural rendering methods. 1
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我们呈现高动态范围神经辐射字段(HDR-NERF),以从一组低动态范围(LDR)视图的HDR辐射率字段与不同的曝光。使用HDR-NERF,我们能够在不同的曝光下生成新的HDR视图和新型LDR视图。我们方法的关键是模拟物理成像过程,该过程决定了场景点的辐射与具有两个隐式功能的LDR图像中的像素值转换为:RADIACE字段和音调映射器。辐射场对场景辐射(值在0到+末端之间的值变化),其通过提供相应的射线源和光线方向来输出光线的密度和辐射。 TONE MAPPER模拟映射过程,即在相机传感器上击中的光线变为像素值。通过将辐射和相应的曝光时间送入音调映射器来预测光线的颜色。我们使用经典的卷渲染技术将输出辐射,颜色和密度投影为HDR和LDR图像,同时只使用输入的LDR图像作为监控。我们收集了一个新的前瞻性的HDR数据集,以评估所提出的方法。综合性和现实世界场景的实验结果验证了我们的方法不仅可以准确控制合成视图的曝光,还可以用高动态范围呈现视图。
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神经辐射场(NERF)最近在新型视图合成中取得了令人印象深刻的结果。但是,以前的NERF作品主要关注以对象为中心的方案。在这项工作中,我们提出了360ROAM,这是一种新颖的场景级NERF系统,可以实时合成大型室内场景的图像并支持VR漫游。我们的系统首先从多个输入$ 360^\ circ $图像构建全向神经辐射场360NERF。然后,我们逐步估算一个3D概率的占用图,该概率占用图代表了空间密度形式的场景几何形状。跳过空的空间和上采样占据的体素本质上可以使我们通过以几何学意识的方式使用360NERF加速量渲染。此外,我们使用自适应划分和扭曲策略来减少和调整辐射场,以进一步改进。从占用地图中提取的场景的平面图可以为射线采样提供指导,并促进现实的漫游体验。为了显示我们系统的功效,我们在各种场景中收集了$ 360^\ Circ $图像数据集并进行广泛的实验。基线之间的定量和定性比较说明了我们在复杂室内场景的新型视图合成中的主要表现。
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新型视图综合的古典光场渲染可以准确地再现视图依赖性效果,例如反射,折射和半透明,但需要一个致密的视图采样的场景。基于几何重建的方法只需要稀疏的视图,但不能准确地模拟非兰伯语的效果。我们介绍了一个模型,它结合了强度并减轻了这两个方向的局限性。通过在光场的四维表示上操作,我们的模型学会准确表示依赖视图效果。通过在训练和推理期间强制执行几何约束,从稀疏的视图集中毫无屏蔽地学习场景几何。具体地,我们介绍了一种基于两级变压器的模型,首先沿着ePipoll线汇总特征,然后沿参考视图聚合特征以产生目标射线的颜色。我们的模型在多个前进和360 {\ DEG}数据集中优于最先进的,具有较大的差别依赖变化的场景更大的边缘。
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最近,神经辐射场(NERF)正在彻底改变新型视图合成(NVS)的卓越性能。但是,NERF及其变体通常需要进行冗长的每场训练程序,其中将多层感知器(MLP)拟合到捕获的图像中。为了解决挑战,已经提出了体素网格表示,以显着加快训练的速度。但是,这些现有方法只能处理静态场景。如何开发有效,准确的动态视图合成方法仍然是一个开放的问题。将静态场景的方法扩展到动态场景并不简单,因为场景几何形状和外观随时间变化。在本文中,基于素素网格优化的最新进展,我们提出了一种快速变形的辐射场方法来处理动态场景。我们的方法由两个模块组成。第一个模块采用变形网格来存储3D动态功能,以及使用插值功能将观测空间中的3D点映射到规范空间的变形的轻巧MLP。第二个模块包含密度和颜色网格,以建模场景的几何形状和密度。明确对阻塞进行了建模,以进一步提高渲染质量。实验结果表明,我们的方法仅使用20分钟的训练就可以实现与D-NERF相当的性能,该训练比D-NERF快70倍以上,这清楚地证明了我们提出的方法的效率。
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The rendering procedure used by neural radiance fields (NeRF) samples a scene with a single ray per pixel and may therefore produce renderings that are excessively blurred or aliased when training or testing images observe scene content at different resolutions. The straightforward solution of supersampling by rendering with multiple rays per pixel is impractical for NeRF, because rendering each ray requires querying a multilayer perceptron hundreds of times. Our solution, which we call "mip-NeRF" (à la "mipmap"), extends NeRF to represent the scene at a continuously-valued scale. By efficiently rendering anti-aliased conical frustums instead of rays, mip-NeRF reduces objectionable aliasing artifacts and significantly improves NeRF's ability to represent fine details, while also being 7% faster than NeRF and half the size. Compared to NeRF, mip-NeRF reduces average error rates by 17% on the dataset presented with NeRF and by 60% on a challenging multiscale variant of that dataset that we present. Mip-NeRF is also able to match the accuracy of a brute-force supersampled NeRF on our multiscale dataset while being 22× faster.
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综合照片 - 现实图像和视频是计算机图形的核心,并且是几十年的研究焦点。传统上,使用渲染算法(如光栅化或射线跟踪)生成场景的合成图像,其将几何形状和材料属性的表示为输入。统称,这些输入定义了实际场景和呈现的内容,并且被称为场景表示(其中场景由一个或多个对象组成)。示例场景表示是具有附带纹理的三角形网格(例如,由艺术家创建),点云(例如,来自深度传感器),体积网格(例如,来自CT扫描)或隐式曲面函数(例如,截短的符号距离)字段)。使用可分辨率渲染损耗的观察结果的这种场景表示的重建被称为逆图形或反向渲染。神经渲染密切相关,并将思想与经典计算机图形和机器学习中的思想相结合,以创建用于合成来自真实观察图像的图像的算法。神经渲染是朝向合成照片现实图像和视频内容的目标的跨越。近年来,我们通过数百个出版物显示了这一领域的巨大进展,这些出版物显示了将被动组件注入渲染管道的不同方式。这种最先进的神经渲染进步的报告侧重于将经典渲染原则与学习的3D场景表示结合的方法,通常现在被称为神经场景表示。这些方法的一个关键优势在于它们是通过设计的3D-一致,使诸如新颖的视点合成捕获场景的应用。除了处理静态场景的方法外,我们还涵盖了用于建模非刚性变形对象的神经场景表示...
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