音频标记是一个活跃的研究区,具有广泛的应用。自发布以来,在推进模型性能方面取得了很大进展,主要来自新颖的模型架构和注意力模块。但是,我们发现适当的培训技术对于使用音频构建音频标记模型同样重要,但没有得到他们应得的关注。为了填补差距,在这项工作中,我们呈现PSLA,一系列培训技术,可以明显增强模型准确性,包括想象成预测,平衡采样,数据增强,标签增强,模型聚集和其设计选择。通过使用这些技术培训效率,我们可以分别获得单个型号(具有13.6M参数)和一个集合模型,分别实现Audioset的平均平均精度(MAP)分数为0.444和0.474,优于81米的先前最佳系统0.439参数。此外,我们的型号还在FSD50K上实现了0.567的新型地图。
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识别人类非语音发声是一项重要的任务,并且具有广泛的应用,例如自动音频转录和健康状况监测。但是,现有数据集具有相对少量的声音样本或嘈杂的标签。结果,最先进的音频事件分类模型在检测人声音方面的表现可能不佳。为了支持建立强大而准确的声音识别的研究,我们创建了一个人声数据集,该数据集由21,000多个众包笑声,叹息,咳嗽,喉咙清理,打喷嚏和嗅探组成,来自3,365个独特的主题。实验表明,通过将人声数据集添加到现有数据集中作为培训材料,模型的人声识别性能可以显着提高41.9%。此外,与以前的数据集不同,人声数据集包含元信息,例如说话者年龄,性别,母语,国家和健康状况。
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我们总结了使用巨大的自动语音识别(ASR)模型的大量努力的结果,该模型使用包含大约一百万小时音频的大型,多样的未标记数据集进行了预训练。我们发现,即使对于拥有数万个小时的标记数据的非常大的任务,预训练,自我培训和扩大模型大小的组合也大大提高了数据效率。特别是,在具有34K小时标记数据的ASR任务上,通过微调80亿个参数预先训练的构象异构体模型,我们可以匹配最先进的(SOTA)性能(SOTA)的性能,只有3%的培训数据和通过完整的训练集可以显着改善SOTA。我们还报告了从使用大型预训练和自我训练的模型来完成一系列下游任务所获得的普遍利益,这些任务涵盖了广泛的语音域,并涵盖了多个数据集大小的大小,包括在许多人中获得SOTA性能公共基准。此外,我们利用预先训练的网络的学会表示,在非ASR任务上实现SOTA结果。
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将音频分离成不同声音源的深度学习技术面临着几种挑战。标准架构需要培训不同类型的音频源的独立型号。虽然一些通用分离器采用单个模型来靶向多个来源,但它们难以推广到看不见的来源。在本文中,我们提出了一个三个组件的管道,可以从大型但弱标记的数据集:audioset训练通用音频源分离器。首先,我们提出了一种用于处理弱标记训练数据的变压器的声音事件检测系统。其次,我们设计了一种基于查询的音频分离模型,利用此数据进行模型培训。第三,我们设计一个潜在的嵌入处理器来编码指定用于分离的音频目标的查询,允许零拍摄的概括。我们的方法使用单一模型进行多种声音类型的源分离,并仅依赖于跨标记的培训数据。此外,所提出的音频分离器可用于零拍摄设置,学习以分离从未在培训中看到的音频源。为了评估分离性能,我们在侦察中测试我们的模型,同时在不相交的augioset上培训。我们通过对从训练中保持的音频源类型进行另一个实验,进一步通过对训练进行了另一个实验来验证零射性能。该模型在两种情况下实现了对当前监督模型的相当的源 - 失真率(SDR)性能。
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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尽管已经提出了有效的体系结构和大量用于端到端图像分类任务的增强,并进行了大量研究,但针对音频分类的最新技术仍然依赖于音频信号的众多表示,以及大型体系结构,罚款,罚款 - 从大型数据集中调整。通过利用音频和新颖音频增强的继承的轻质性质,我们能够提出具有强大概括能力的有效端到端网络。在各种声音分类集的实验中,通过在各种环境中实现最先进的结果来证明我们方法的有效性和鲁棒性。公共代码可在:\ href {https://github.com/alibaba-miil/audioclassfication} {此http url} {
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哥内克人Sentinel Imagery的纯粹卷的可用性为使用深度学习的大尺度创造了新的土地利用陆地覆盖(Lulc)映射的机会。虽然在这种大型数据集上培训是一个非琐碎的任务。在这项工作中,我们试验Lulc Image分类和基准不同最先进模型的Bigearthnet数据集,包括卷积神经网络,多层感知,视觉变压器,高效导通和宽残余网络(WRN)架构。我们的目标是利用分类准确性,培训时间和推理率。我们提出了一种基于用于网络深度,宽度和输入数据分辨率的WRNS复合缩放的高效导通的框架,以有效地训练和测试不同的模型设置。我们设计一种新颖的缩放WRN架构,增强了有效的通道注意力机制。我们提出的轻量级模型具有较小的培训参数,实现所有19个LULC类的平均F分类准确度达到4.5%,并且验证了我们使用的resnet50最先进的模型速度快两倍作为基线。我们提供超过50种培训的型号,以及我们在多个GPU节点上分布式培训的代码。
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Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.
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具有高质量手动注释的大型数据库在音频域中很少。因此,我们探索了一种从高度有限的标记数据中学习音频表示的自我监管的图形方法。将每个音频示例视为图节点,我们提出了一个基于子图的框架,具有新颖的自学任务,可以学习有效的音频表示。在训练过程中,通过对整个可用培训数据进行采样以利用标签和未标记的音频样本之间的关系来构建子图。在推断期间,我们使用随机边缘来减轻图形结构的开销。我们在三个基准音频数据库和两个任务上评估了模型:声学事件检测和语音情绪识别。我们的半监督模型的性能更好或与完全监督的模型相当,并且优于几个竞争现有模型。我们的模型是紧凑的(240K参数),可以产生对不同类型的信号噪声强大的通用音频表示。
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从未标记数据的代表学习一直是对人工智能研究的重大兴趣。虽然自我监督的言语代表学习在语音研究界受欢迎,但很少有效地对非语音音频任务进行了全面分析了音频表示学习。在本文中,我们提出了一种自我监督的音频表示学习方法,并将其应用于各种下游非语音音频任务。我们将众所周知的Wav2Vec 2.0框架结合起来,这在用于语音任务的自我监督学习中取得了成功,具有参数效率的构装体系结构。我们的自我监督的预培训可以减少三分之二的标记数据的需求。在Audioset基准测试中,我们达到平均平均精度(地图)得分为0.415,这是通过仅限音频自我监督的学习在此数据集上的新型最先进的。我们的微调符合子也超越了在几个下游任务上以监督方式预先培训的先前系统的性能。我们进一步讨论了预先培训和微调的重要设计考虑因素。
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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven very effective in image classification and show promise for audio. We use various CNN architectures to classify the soundtracks of a dataset of 70M training videos (5.24 million hours) with 30,871 video-level labels. We examine fully connected Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), AlexNet [1], VGG [2], Inception [3], and ResNet [4]. We investigate varying the size of both training set and label vocabulary, finding that analogs of the CNNs used in image classification do well on our audio classification task, and larger training and label sets help up to a point. A model using embeddings from these classifiers does much better than raw features on the Audio Set [5] Acoustic Event Detection (AED) classification task.
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In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of class imbalance on classification performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and compare frequently used methods to address the issue. Class imbalance is a common problem that has been comprehensively studied in classical machine learning, yet very limited systematic research is available in the context of deep learning. In our study, we use three benchmark datasets of increasing complexity, MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, to investigate the effects of imbalance on classification and perform an extensive comparison of several methods to address the issue: oversampling, undersampling, two-phase training, and thresholding that compensates for prior class probabilities. Our main evaluation metric is area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) adjusted to multi-class tasks since overall accuracy metric is associated with notable difficulties in the context of imbalanced data. Based on results from our experiments we conclude that (i) the effect of class imbalance on classification performance is detrimental; (ii) the method of addressing class imbalance that emerged as dominant in almost all analyzed scenarios was oversampling; (iii) oversampling should be applied to the level that completely eliminates the imbalance, whereas the optimal undersampling ratio depends on the extent of imbalance; (iv) as opposed to some classical machine learning models, oversampling does not cause overfitting of CNNs; (v) thresholding should be applied to compensate for prior class probabilities when overall number of properly classified cases is of interest.
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我们提出了Parse,这是一种新颖的半监督结构,用于学习强大的脑电图表现以进行情感识别。为了减少大量未标记数据与标记数据有限的潜在分布不匹配,Parse使用成对表示对准。首先,我们的模型执行数据增强,然后标签猜测大量原始和增强的未标记数据。然后将其锐化的标签和标记数据的凸组合锐化。最后,进行表示对准和情感分类。为了严格测试我们的模型,我们将解析与我们实施并适应脑电图学习的几种最先进的半监督方法进行了比较。我们对四个基于公共EEG的情绪识别数据集,种子,种子IV,种子V和Amigos(价和唤醒)进行这些实验。该实验表明,我们提出的框架在种子,种子-IV和Amigos(Valence)中的标记样品有限的情况下,取得了总体最佳效果,同时接近种子V和Amigos中的总体最佳结果(达到第二好) (唤醒)。分析表明,我们的成对表示对齐方式通过减少未标记数据和标记数据之间的分布比对来大大提高性能,尤其是当每类仅1个样本被标记时。
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Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.
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神经网络可以从单个图像中了解视觉世界的内容是什么?虽然它显然不能包含存在的可能对象,场景和照明条件 - 在所有可能的256 ^(3x224x224)224尺寸的方形图像中,它仍然可以在自然图像之前提供强大的。为了分析这一假设,我们通过通过监控掠夺教师的知识蒸馏来制定一种训练神经网络的培训神经网络。有了这个,我们发现上述问题的答案是:“令人惊讶的是,很多”。在定量术语中,我们在CiFar-10/100上找到了94%/ 74%的前1个精度,在想象中,通过将这种方法扩展到音频,84%的语音组合。在广泛的分析中,我们解除了增强,源图像和网络架构的选择,以及在从未见过熊猫的网络中发现“熊猫神经元”。这项工作表明,一个图像可用于推断成千上万的对象类,并激励关于增强和图像的基本相互作用的更新的研究议程。
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The 1$^{\text{st}}$ Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023 focused on maritime computer vision for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), and organized several subchallenges in this domain: (i) UAV-based Maritime Object Detection, (ii) UAV-based Maritime Object Tracking, (iii) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Segmentation and (iv) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Detection. The subchallenges were based on the SeaDronesSee and MODS benchmarks. This report summarizes the main findings of the individual subchallenges and introduces a new benchmark, called SeaDronesSee Object Detection v2, which extends the previous benchmark by including more classes and footage. We provide statistical and qualitative analyses, and assess trends in the best-performing methodologies of over 130 submissions. The methods are summarized in the appendix. The datasets, evaluation code and the leaderboard are publicly available at https://seadronessee.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/macvi.
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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本文研究了基于图像的蒙版自动编码器(MAE)的简单扩展,以从音频谱图中学习自我监督的表示。在MAE中的变压器编码器编码器设计之后,我们的Audio-MAE首先编码具有较高遮罩比的音频谱图斑块,仅通过编码器层馈入非掩盖令牌。然后,解码器重新订购并解码编码的上下文,并用掩码令牌填充,以重建输入频谱图。我们发现将局部窗户注意力纳入解码器是有益的,因为音频谱图在当地时间和频带中高度相关。然后,我们在目标数据集上以较低的掩模比微调编码器。从经验上讲,音频MAE在六个音频和语音分类任务上设定了新的最先进的性能,超过了使用外部监督预训练的其他最新模型。代码和模型将在https://github.com/facebookresearch/audiomae上。
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大规模的声音识别数据集通常由从多媒体库中获得的声学记录组成。结果,通常可以利用音频以外的方式来改善为关联任务设计的模型的输出。但是,通常并非所有内容都适用于此类集合的所有样本:例如,原始材料可能在某个时候从源平台中删除,因此,不再获得非审计功能。我们证明,可以通过将此方法应用于基于注意力的深度学习系统来解决此问题来处理此问题,该系统目前是声音识别领域中最新的一部分。更具体地说,我们表明,可以成功地利用提出的模型扩展名将部分可用的视觉信息纳入此类网络的操作过程中,这些信息通常仅在训练和推理过程中使用听觉功能。在实验上,我们验证了所考虑的方法是否会导致许多与音频标记和声音事件检测有关的评估方案的预测。此外,我们仔细检查了所提出的技术的某些属性和局限性。
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声音事件检测(SED)在监控,视频索引等中的广泛应用程序上获得了越来越长的关注。SED中的现有模型主要产生帧级预测,将其转换为序列多标签分类问题。基于帧的模型的一个关键问题是它追求最佳的帧级预测而不是最佳的事件级预测。此外,它需要后处理,无法以端到端的方式培训。本文首先介绍了一维检测变压器(1D-DETR),受到图像对象检测的检测变压器的启发。此外,鉴于SED的特征,音频查询分支和用于微调的一对多匹配策略将模型添加到1D-DETR以形成声音事件检测变压器(SEDT)。据我们所知,Sedt是第一个基于事件和最终的SED模型。实验在城市 - SED数据集和DCES2019任务4数据集上进行,两者都表明席克可以实现竞争性能。
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