Quadrotors with the ability to perch on moving inclined surfaces can save energy and extend their travel distance by leveraging ground vehicles. Achieving dynamic perching places high demands on the performance of trajectory planning and terminal state accuracy in SE(3). However, in the perching process, uncertainties in target surface prediction, tracking control and external disturbances may cause trajectory planning failure or lead to unacceptable terminal errors. To address these challenges, we first propose a trajectory planner that considers adaptation to uncertainties in target prediction and tracking control. To facilitate this work, the reachable set of quadrotors' states is first analyzed. The states whose reachable sets possess the largest coverage probability for uncertainty targets, are defined as optimal waypoints. Subsequently, an approach to seek local optimal waypoints for static and moving uncertainty targets is proposed. A real-time trajectory planner based on optimized waypoints is developed accordingly. Secondly, thrust regulation is also implemented in the terminal attitude tracking stage to handle external disturbances. When a quadrotor's attitude is commanded to align with target surfaces, the thrust is optimized to minimize terminal errors. This makes the terminal position and velocity be controlled in closed-loop manner. Therefore, the resistance to disturbances and terminal accuracy is improved. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that our methods can improve the accuracy of terminal states under uncertainties. The success rate is approximately increased by $50\%$ compared to the two-end planner without thrust regulation. Perching on the rear window of a car is also achieved using our proposed heterogeneous cooperation system outdoors. This validates the feasibility and practicality of our methods.

We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles are deployed for a variety tasks including surveillance and monitoring. Perching and staring allow the vehicle to monitor targets without flying, saving battery power and increasing the overall mission time without the need to frequently replace batteries. This paper addresses the Active Visual Perching (AVP) control problem to autonomously perch on inclined surfaces up to $90^\circ$. Our approach generates dynamically feasible trajectories to navigate and perch on a desired target location, while taking into account actuator and Field of View (FoV) constraints. By replanning in mid-flight, we take advantage of more accurate target localization increasing the perching maneuver's robustness to target localization or control errors. We leverage the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify the compatibility between planning objectives and the visual sensing constraint during the planned maneuver. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the corresponding boundary conditions that maximizes the spatio-temporal target visibility during the perching maneuver. The proposed approach works on-board in real-time with significant computational constraints relying exclusively on cameras and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Experimental results validate the proposed approach and shows the higher success rate as well as increased target interception precision and accuracy with respect to a one-shot planning approach, while still retaining aggressive capabilities with flight envelopes that include large excursions from the hover position on inclined surfaces up to 90$^\circ$, angular speeds up to 750~deg/s, and accelerations up to 10~m/s$^2$.

本文提出了一种新型的空中栖息轨迹计划方法。与现有工作相比，终端状态和轨迹持续时间可以自适应地调整，而不是预先确定。此外，我们的计划者能够最大程度地减少安全性和动态可行性前提的切向相对速度。此功能在具有低操作性或空间不够的情况下的微型航空机器人上特别值得注意。此外，我们设计了一种灵活的转换策略，以消除终端约束以及减少优化变量。此外，我们考虑了精确的SE（3）运动计划，以确保无人机直到最后一刻才能触及着陆平台。所提出的方法通过棕榈大小的微型航空机器人在船上进行了验证，其推力和力矩（推力重量比1.7）栖息在移动倾斜的表面上。足够的实验结果表明，我们的计划者在20ms内产生最佳轨迹，并以2ms的温暖起步进行补充。

在腿的运动中重新规划对于追踪所需的用户速度，在适应地形并拒绝外部干扰的同时至关重要。在这项工作中，我们提出并测试了实验中的实时非线性模型预测控制（NMPC），用于腿部机器人，以实现各种地形上的动态运动。我们引入了一种基于移动性的标准来定义NMPC成本，增强了二次机器人的运动，同时最大化腿部移动性并提高对地形特征的适应。我们的NMPC基于实时迭代方案，使我们能够以25美元的价格重新计划在线，\ Mathrm {Hz} $ 2 $ 2 $ 2美元的预测地平线。我们使用在质量框架中心中定义的单个刚体动态模型，以提高计算效率。在仿真中，测试NMPC以横穿一组不同尺寸的托盘，走进V形烟囱，并在崎岖的地形上招揽。在真实实验中，我们展示了我们的NMPC与移动功能的有效性，使IIT为87美元\，\ Mathrm {kg} $四分之一的机器人HIQ，以实现平坦地形上的全方位步行，横穿静态托盘，并适应在散步期间重新定位托盘。

二次运动的准确轨迹跟踪控制对于在混乱环境中的安全导航至关重要。但是，由于非线性动态，复杂的空气动力学效应和驱动约束，这在敏捷飞行中具有挑战性。在本文中，我们通过经验比较两个最先进的控制框架：非线性模型预测控制器（NMPC）和基于差异的控制器（DFBC），通过以速度跟踪各种敏捷轨迹，最多20 m/s（即72 km/h）。比较在模拟和现实世界环境中进行，以系统地评估这两种方法从跟踪准确性，鲁棒性和计算效率的方面。我们以更高的计算时间和数值收敛问题的风险来表明NMPC在跟踪动态不可行的轨迹方面的优势。对于这两种方法，我们还定量研究了使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）方法添加内环控制器的效果，以及添加空气动力学阻力模型的效果。我们在世界上最大的运动捕获系统之一中进行的真实实验表明，NMPC和DFBC的跟踪误差降低了78％以上，这表明有必要使用内环控制器和用于敏捷轨迹轨迹跟踪的空气动力学阻力模型。

Designing a local planner to control tractor-trailer vehicles in forward and backward maneuvering is a challenging control problem in the research community of autonomous driving systems. Considering a critical situation in the stability of tractor-trailer systems, a practical and novel approach is presented to design a non-linear MPC(NMPC) local planner for tractor-trailer autonomous vehicles in both forward and backward maneuvering. The tractor velocity and steering angle are considered to be control variables. The proposed NMPC local planner is designed to handle jackknife situations, avoiding multiple static obstacles, and path following in both forward and backward maneuvering. The challenges mentioned above are converted into a constrained problem that can be handled simultaneously by the proposed NMPC local planner. The direct multiple shooting approach is used to convert the optimal control problem(OCP) into a non-linear programming problem(NLP) that IPOPT solvers can solve in CasADi. The controller performance is evaluated through different backup and forward maneuvering scenarios in the Gazebo simulation environment in real-time. It achieves asymptotic stability in avoiding static obstacles and accurate tracking performance while respecting path constraints. Finally, the proposed NMPC local planner is integrated with an open-source autonomous driving software stack called AutowareAi.

作为自动驾驶系统的核心部分，运动计划已受到学术界和行业的广泛关注。但是，由于非体力学动力学，尤其是在存在非结构化的环境和动态障碍的情况下，没有能够有效的轨迹计划解决方案能够为空间周期关节优化。为了弥合差距，我们提出了一种多功能和实时轨迹优化方法，该方法可以在任意约束下使用完整的车辆模型生成高质量的可行轨迹。通过利用类似汽车的机器人的差异平坦性能，我们使用平坦的输出来分析所有可行性约束，以简化轨迹计划问题。此外，通过全尺寸多边形实现避免障碍物，以产生较少的保守轨迹，并具有安全保证，尤其是在紧密约束的空间中。我们通过最先进的方法介绍了全面的基准测试，这证明了所提出的方法在效率和轨迹质量方面的重要性。现实世界实验验证了我们算法的实用性。我们将发布我们的代码作为开源软件包，目的是参考研究社区。

本文着重于影响弹性的移动机器人的碰撞运动计划和控制的新兴范式转移，并开发了一个统一的层次结构框架，用于在未知和部分观察的杂物空间中导航。在较低级别上，我们开发了一种变形恢复控制和轨迹重新启动策略，该策略处理可能在本地运行时发生的碰撞。低级系统会积极检测碰撞（通过内部内置的移动机器人上的嵌入式霍尔效应传感器），使机器人能够从其内部恢复，并在本地调整后影响后的轨迹。然后，在高层，我们提出了一种基于搜索的计划算法，以确定如何最好地利用潜在的碰撞来改善某些指标，例如控制能量和计算时间。我们的方法建立在A*带有跳跃点的基础上。我们生成了一种新颖的启发式功能，并进行了碰撞检查和调整技术，从而使A*算法通过利用和利用可能的碰撞来更快地收敛到达目标。通过将全局A*算法和局部变形恢复和重新融合策略以及该框架的各个组件相结合而生成的整体分层框架在模拟和实验中都经过了广泛的测试。一项消融研究借鉴了与基于搜索的最先进的避免碰撞计划者（用于整体框架）的链接，以及基于搜索的避免碰撞和基于采样的碰撞 - 碰撞 - 全球规划师（对于更高的较高的碰撞 - 等级）。结果证明了我们的方法在未知环境中具有碰撞的运动计划和控制的功效，在2D中运行的一类撞击弹性机器人具有孤立的障碍物。

这项工作为过度分配的平台提供了计算轻量级运动计划器。为此，定义了针对具有多个运动链的移动平台的一般状态空间模型，该模型考虑了非线性和约束。提出的运动计划者基于一种顺序多阶段方法，该方法利用了每个步骤的温暖起步。首先，使用快速行进方法生成全球最佳和平滑的2D/3D轨迹。该轨迹作为温暖的开端馈送到一个顺序线性二次调节器，该线性二次调节器能够生成一个最佳运动计划，而无需为所有平台执行器限制。最后，考虑到模型中定义的约束，生成了可行的运动计划。在这方面，再次采用了顺序线性二次调节器，以先前生成的不受限制的运动计划作为温暖的开始。这种新颖的方法已被部署到欧洲航天局的Exomars测试漫游车中。这款漫游者是具有机器人臂的可容纳Ackermann能力的行星勘探测试床。进行了几项实验，表明所提出的方法加快了计算时间的速度，增加了火星样品检索任务的成功率，可以将其视为过度插入移动平台的代表性用例。

在本文中，我们在局部不同的牵引条件下解决了处理限制的运动规划和控制问题。我们提出了一种新的解决方案方法，其中通过源自预测摩擦估计来表示预测地平线上的牵引变化。在后退地平线时装解决了约束的有限时间最佳控制问题，施加了这些时变的约束。此外，我们的方法具有集成的采样增强程序，该过程解决了对突然约束改变而产生的局部最小值的不可行性和敏感性的问题，例如，由于突然的摩擦变化。我们在一系列临界情景中验证了沃尔沃FH16重型车辆的提议算法。实验结果表明，通过确保计划运动的动态可行性，通过确保高牵引利用时，牵引自适应运动规划和控制改善了避免事故的车辆的能力，既通过适应低局部牵引。

In order for automated mobile vehicles to navigate in the real world with minimal collision risks, it is necessary for their planning algorithms to consider uncertainties from measurements and environmental disturbances. In this paper, we consider analytical solutions for a conservative approximation of the mutual probability of collision between two robotic vehicles in the presence of such uncertainties. Therein, we present two methods, which we call unitary scaling and principal axes rotation, for decoupling the bivariate integral required for efficient approximation of the probability of collision between two vehicles including orientation effects. We compare the conservatism of these methods analytically and numerically. By closing a control loop through a model predictive guidance scheme, we observe through Monte-Carlo simulations that directly implementing collision avoidance constraints from the conservative approximations remains infeasible for real-time planning. We then propose and implement a convexification approach based on the tightened collision constraints that significantly improves the computational efficiency and robustness of the predictive guidance scheme.

策略搜索和模型预测控制〜（MPC）是机器人控制的两个不同范式：策略搜索具有使用经验丰富的数据自动学习复杂策略的强度，而MPC可以使用模型和轨迹优化提供最佳控制性能。开放的研究问题是如何利用并结合两种方法的优势。在这项工作中，我们通过使用策略搜索自动选择MPC的高级决策变量提供答案，这导致了一种新的策略搜索 - 用于模型预测控制框架。具体地，我们将MPC作为参数化控制器配制，其中难以优化的决策变量表示为高级策略。这种制定允许以自我监督的方式优化政策。我们通过专注于敏捷无人机飞行中的具有挑战性的问题来验证这一框架：通过快速的盖茨飞行四轮车。实验表明，我们的控制器在模拟和现实世界中实现了鲁棒和实时的控制性能。拟议的框架提供了合并学习和控制的新视角。

在本文中，我们为多机器人系统提供了一种分散和无通信的碰撞避免方法，该系统考虑了机器人定位和感测不确定性。该方法依赖于计算每个机器人的不确定感知安全区域，以在高斯分布的不确定性的假设下在环境中导航的其他机器人和环境中的静态障碍物。特别地，在每次步骤中，我们为每个机器人构建一个机器人约束的缓冲不确定性感知的voronoI细胞（B-UAVC）给出指定的碰撞概率阈值。通过将每个机器人的运动约束在其对应的B-UAVC内，即机器人和障碍物之间的碰撞概率仍然可以实现概率碰撞避免。所提出的方法是分散的，无通信，可扩展，具有机器人的数量和机器人本地化和感测不确定性的强大。我们将方法应用于单积分器，双积分器，差动驱动机器人和具有一般非线性动力学的机器人。对地面车辆，四轮车和异质机器人团队进行广泛的模拟和实验，以分析和验证所提出的方法。

Despite recent progress on trajectory planning of multiple robots and path planning of a single tethered robot, planning of multiple tethered robots to reach their individual targets without entanglements remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a complete approach to address this problem. Firstly, we propose a multi-robot tether-aware representation of homotopy, using which we can efficiently evaluate the feasibility and safety of a potential path in terms of (1) the cable length required to reach a target following the path, and (2) the risk of entanglements with the cables of other robots. Then, the proposed representation is applied in a decentralized and online planning framework that includes a graph-based kinodynamic trajectory finder and an optimization-based trajectory refinement, to generate entanglement-free, collision-free and dynamically feasible trajectories. The efficiency of the proposed homotopy representation is compared against existing single and multiple tethered robot planning approaches. Simulations with up to 8 UAVs show the effectiveness of the approach in entanglement prevention and its real-time capabilities. Flight experiments using 3 tethered UAVs verify the practicality of the presented approach.

通常，可以将最佳运动计划作为本地和全球执行。在这样的计划中，支持本地或全球计划技术的选择主要取决于环境条件是动态的还是静态的。因此，最适当的选择是与全球计划一起使用本地计划或本地计划。当设计最佳运动计划是本地或全球的时，要记住的关键指标是执行时间，渐近最优性，对动态障碍的快速反应。与其他方法相比，这种计划方法可以更有效地解决上述目标指标，例如路径计划，然后进行平滑。因此，这项研究的最重要目标是分析相关文献，以了解运动计划，特别轨迹计划，问题，当应用于实时生成最佳轨迹的多局部航空车（MAV），影响力（MAV）时如何提出问题。列出的指标。作为研究的结果，轨迹计划问题被分解为一组子问题，详细列出了解决每个问题的方法列表。随后，总结了2010年至2022年最突出的结果，并以时间表的形式呈现。

Motion planning is challenging for autonomous systems in multi-obstacle environments due to nonconvex collision avoidance constraints. Directly applying numerical solvers to these nonconvex formulations fails to exploit the constraint structures, resulting in excessive computation time. In this paper, we present an accelerated collision-free motion planner, namely regularized dual alternating direction method of multipliers (RDADMM or RDA for short), for the model predictive control (MPC) based motion planning problem. The proposed RDA addresses nonconvex motion planning via solving a smooth biconvex reformulation via duality and allows the collision avoidance constraints to be computed in parallel for each obstacle to reduce computation time significantly. We validate the performance of the RDA planner through path-tracking experiments with car-like robots in simulation and real world setting. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can generate smooth collision-free trajectories with less computation time compared with other benchmarks and perform robustly in cluttered environments.

本文提出了一种新的规划和控制策略，用于赛车场景中的多辆车竞争。所提出的赛车策略在两种模式之间切换。当没有周围的车辆时，使用基于学习的模型预测控制（MPC）轨迹策划器用于保证自助车辆更好地实现了更好的搭接定时。当EGO车辆与其他围绕车辆竞争以超车时，基于优化的策划器通过并行计算产生多个动态可行的轨迹。每个轨迹在MPC配方下进行优化，其具有不同的同型贝塞尔曲线参考路径，横向于周围的车辆之间。选择这些不同的同型轨迹之间的时间最佳轨迹，并使用具有障碍物避免约束的低级MPC控制器来保证系统的安全性能。所提出的算法具有能够生成无碰撞轨迹并跟踪它们，同时提高杠杆定时性能，稳定的低计算复杂性，优于汽车赛车环境的时序和性能中的现有方法。为了展示我们的赛车策略的表现，我们在轨道上模拟了多个随机生成的移动车辆，并测试自我车辆的超越机动。

该论文提出了两种控制方法，用于用微型四轮驱动器进行反弹式操纵。首先，对专门为反转设计设计的现有前馈控制策略进行了修订和改进。使用替代高斯工艺模型的贝叶斯优化通过在模拟环境中反复执行翻转操作来找到最佳运动原语序列。第二种方法基于闭环控制，它由两个主要步骤组成：首先，即使在模型不确定性的情况下，自适应控制器也旨在提供可靠的参考跟踪。控制器是通过通过测量数据调整的高斯过程来增强无人机的标称模型来构建的。其次，提出了一种有效的轨迹计划算法，该算法仅使用二次编程来设计可行的轨迹为反弹操作设计。在模拟和使用BitCraze Crazyflie 2.1四肢旋转器中对两种方法进行了分析。

本研究提出了一种具有动态障碍物和不均匀地形的部分可观察环境中的BipeDal运动的安全任务和运动计划（夯实）的分层综合框架。高级任务规划师采用线性时间逻辑（LTL），用于机器人及其环境之间的反应游戏合成，并为导航安全和任务完成提供正式保证。为了解决环境部分可观察性，在高级导航计划者采用信仰抽象，以估计动态障碍的位置。因此，合成的动作规划器向中级运动规划器发送一组运动动作，同时基于运动过程的阶数模型（ROM）结合从安全定理提取的安全机置规范。运动计划程序采用ROM设计安全标准和采样算法，以生成准确跟踪高级动作的非周期性运动计划。为了解决外部扰动，本研究还调查了关键帧运动状态的安全顺序组成，通过可达性分析实现了对外部扰动的强大转变。最终插值一组基于ROM的超参数，以设计由轨迹优化生成的全身运动机器，并验证基于ROM的可行部署，以敏捷机器人设计的20多个自由的Cassie机器人。