A method to perform offline and online speaker diarization for an unlimited number of speakers is described in this paper. End-to-end neural diarization (EEND) has achieved overlap-aware speaker diarization by formulating it as a multi-label classification problem. It has also been extended for a flexible number of speakers by introducing speaker-wise attractors. However, the output number of speakers of attractor-based EEND is empirically capped; it cannot deal with cases where the number of speakers appearing during inference is higher than that during training because its speaker counting is trained in a fully supervised manner. Our method, EEND-GLA, solves this problem by introducing unsupervised clustering into attractor-based EEND. In the method, the input audio is first divided into short blocks, then attractor-based diarization is performed for each block, and finally, the results of each block are clustered on the basis of the similarity between locally-calculated attractors. While the number of output speakers is limited within each block, the total number of speakers estimated for the entire input can be higher than the limitation. To use EEND-GLA in an online manner, our method also extends the speaker-tracing buffer, which was originally proposed to enable online inference of conventional EEND. We introduce a block-wise buffer update to make the speaker-tracing buffer compatible with EEND-GLA. Finally, to improve online diarization, our method improves the buffer update method and revisits the variable chunk-size training of EEND. The experimental results demonstrate that EEND-GLA can perform speaker diarization of an unseen number of speakers in both offline and online inferences.
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扬声器日流是一个标签音频或视频录制的任务,与扬声器身份或短暂的任务标记对应于扬声器标识的类,以识别“谁谈到何时发表讲话”。在早期,对MultiSpeaker录音的语音识别开发了扬声器日益衰退算法,以使扬声器自适应处理能够实现扬声器自适应处理。这些算法还将自己的价值作为独立应用程序随着时间的推移,为诸如音频检索等下游任务提供特定于扬声器的核算。最近,随着深度学习技术的出现,这在讲话应用领域的研究和实践中引起了革命性的变化,对扬声器日益改善已经进行了快速进步。在本文中,我们不仅审查了扬声器日益改善技术的历史发展,而且还审查了神经扬声器日益改善方法的最新进步。此外,我们讨论了扬声器日复速度系统如何与语音识别应用相结合,以及最近深度学习的激增是如何引领联合建模这两个组件互相互补的方式。通过考虑这种令人兴奋的技术趋势,我们认为本文对社区提供了有价值的贡献,以通过巩固具有神经方法的最新发展,从而促进更有效的扬声器日益改善进一步进展。
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本文介绍了使用变压器基于目标扬声器语音活动检测(TS-VAD)的扬声器诊断模型。为了克服原始的TS-VAD模型无法处理任意数量的扬声器的缺点,我们研究了使用具有可变长度时间和扬声器尺寸的输入张量的模型架构。将变压器层应用于扬声器轴,以使模型输出对提供给TS-VAD模型的扬声器配置文件的顺序不敏感。时间顺序层插入了这些说话者的变压器层之间,以允许捕获输入语音信号的时间和跨语言器相关性。我们还使用基于编码器的吸引子(EEND-EDA)将基于端到端神经诊断的诊断模型通过基于变压器的TS-VAD替换其基于DOT的扬声器检测层,从而扩展了基于端到端的神经腹泻。 VoxConverse上的实验结果表明,使用变压器进行跨言扬声器建模可将TS-VAD的诊断错误率(DER)降低10.9%,从而使新的最先进(SOTA)DER达到4.74%。此外,我们的扩展eDa-eda在呼叫者数据集上相对于原始eend-eda的模型大小将6.9%降低了6.9%,在广泛使用的培训数据设置下,新的SOTA DER为11.18%。
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重叠的言语日期始终被视为多标签分类问题。在本文中,通过使用电源集编码多扬声器标签,我们将此任务重新格式化为单个标签预测问题。具体地,我们提出了扬声器嵌入感知的神经日复日复速节(发送)方法,其根据语音特征和给定扬声器嵌入的相似性预测电力集编码标签。我们的方法通过利用之前的文献中未能很好地研究,进一步扩展并与下游任务集成在一起。实验结果表明,我们的方法达到了比目标扬声器语音活动检测更低的日益缓释误差率。当涉及文本信息时,可以进一步降低日复速度误差。对于真正的会议场景,与基于贝叶斯隐马尔可夫模型的聚类算法相比,我们的方法可以实现相对改进34.11%。
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Speaker embedding extractors significantly influence the performance of clustering-based speaker diarisation systems. Conventionally, only one embedding is extracted from each speech segment. However, because of the sliding window approach, a segment easily includes two or more speakers owing to speaker change points. This study proposes a novel embedding extractor architecture, referred to as a high-resolution embedding extractor (HEE), which extracts multiple high-resolution embeddings from each speech segment. Hee consists of a feature-map extractor and an enhancer, where the enhancer with the self-attention mechanism is the key to success. The enhancer of HEE replaces the aggregation process; instead of a global pooling layer, the enhancer combines relative information to each frame via attention leveraging the global context. Extracted dense frame-level embeddings can each represent a speaker. Thus, multiple speakers can be represented by different frame-level features in each segment. We also propose an artificially generating mixture data training framework to train the proposed HEE. Through experiments on five evaluation sets, including four public datasets, the proposed HEE demonstrates at least 10% improvement on each evaluation set, except for one dataset, which we analyse that rapid speaker changes less exist.
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本文介绍了流式扬声器的自动语音识别(SA-ASR)模型,该模型可以识别``即使多个人同时讲话,谁说'谁说什么”。我们的模型基于令牌级的序列化输出培训(T-SOT),该培训最近提议以流媒体方式转录多对词的演讲。为了进一步认识说话者的身份,我们提出了一个基于编码器的扬声器嵌入提取器,该扬声器可以估算每个公认的代币的说话者表示,不仅是从非重叠的语音中,而且还来自重叠的语音。所提出的扬声器嵌入为T-vector,与T-SOT ASR模型同步提取,从而可以通过低潜伏期的多词器转录来联合执行说话者识别(SID)或说话者诊断(SD)。我们通过使用LibrisPeechMix和Libralics Corpora评估了ASR和SID/SD联合任务的建议模型。所提出的模型比以前的流媒体模型获得了更高的准确性,并且与最新的离线SA-ASR模型显示出可比甚至更高的结果。
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自我监督学习(SSL)在语音识别方面取得了巨大的成功,而有限的探索已尝试完成其他语音处理任务。由于语音信号包含多方面的信息,包括说话者身份,副语言学,口语内容等,学习所有语音任务的通用表示都具有挑战性。为了解决该问题,我们提出了一个新的预培训模型WAVLM,以解决全堆栈的下游语音任务。 Wavlm共同学习了蒙面的语音预测和预训练。通过这种方式,WAVLM不仅可以通过掩盖的语音预测来保持语音内容建模能力,而且还可以通过语音denoing来提高非ASR任务的潜力。此外,WAVLM还采用封闭式的变压器结构的封闭相对位置偏置,以更好地捕获输入语音的序列排序。我们还将培训数据集从60k小时扩展到94K小时。 WAVLM大型在精湛的基准上实现了最先进的性能,并在其代表性基准上为各种语音处理任务带来了重大改进。代码和预培训模型可在https://aka.ms/wavlm上找到。
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Single-channel, speaker-independent speech separation methods have recently seen great progress. However, the accuracy, latency, and computational cost of such methods remain insufficient. The majority of the previous methods have formulated the separation problem through the time-frequency representation of the mixed signal, which has several drawbacks, including the decoupling of the phase and magnitude of the signal, the suboptimality of time-frequency representation for speech separation, and the long latency in calculating the spectrograms. To address these shortcomings, we propose a fully-convolutional time-domain audio separation network (Conv-TasNet), a deep learning framework for end-to-end time-domain speech separation. Conv-TasNet uses a linear encoder to generate a representation of the speech waveform optimized for separating individual speakers. Speaker separation is achieved by applying a set of weighting functions (masks) to the encoder output. The modified encoder representations are then inverted back to the waveforms using a linear decoder. The masks are found using a temporal convolutional network (TCN) consisting of stacked 1-D dilated convolutional blocks, which allows the network to model the long-term dependencies of the speech signal while maintaining a small model size. The proposed Conv-TasNet system significantly outperforms previous time-frequency masking methods in separating two-and three-speaker mixtures. Additionally, Conv-TasNet surpasses several ideal time-frequency magnitude masks in two-speaker speech separation as evaluated by both objective distortion measures and subjective quality assessment by human listeners. Finally, Conv-TasNet has a significantly smaller model size and a shorter minimum latency, making it a suitable solution for both offline and real-time speech separation applications. This study therefore represents a major step toward the realization of speech separation systems for real-world speech processing technologies.
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In this paper, we present a novel method for phoneme-level prosody control of F0 and duration using intuitive discrete labels. We propose an unsupervised prosodic clustering process which is used to discretize phoneme-level F0 and duration features from a multispeaker speech dataset. These features are fed as an input sequence of prosodic labels to a prosody encoder module which augments an autoregressive attention-based text-to-speech model. We utilize various methods in order to improve prosodic control range and coverage, such as augmentation, F0 normalization, balanced clustering for duration and speaker-independent clustering. The final model enables fine-grained phoneme-level prosody control for all speakers contained in the training set, while maintaining the speaker identity. Instead of relying on reference utterances for inference, we introduce a prior prosody encoder which learns the style of each speaker and enables speech synthesis without the requirement of reference audio. We also fine-tune the multispeaker model to unseen speakers with limited amounts of data, as a realistic application scenario and show that the prosody control capabilities are maintained, verifying that the speaker-independent prosodic clustering is effective. Experimental results show that the model has high output speech quality and that the proposed method allows efficient prosody control within each speaker's range despite the variability that a multispeaker setting introduces.
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在最近的研究中,自我监管的预训练模型倾向于在转移学习中优于监督的预训练模型。特别是,可以在语音应用中使用语音级语音表示的自我监督学习(SSL),这些语音应用需要歧视性表示话语中一致属性的表示:说话者,语言,情感和年龄。现有的框架级别的自我监督语音表示,例如WAV2VEC,可以用作带有汇总的话语级表示,但这些模型通常很大。也有SSL技术可以学习话语级的表示。最成功的方法之一是一种对比方法,它需要负采样:选择替代样品与当前样品(锚)对比。但是,这并不确保所有负面样本属于与没有标签的锚类别不同的​​类别。本文应用了一种非对抗性的自我监督方法来学习话语级的嵌入。我们对没有标签(Dino)从计算机视觉到语音进行了调整,没有标签(Dino)。与对比方法不同,Dino不需要负抽样。我们将Dino与受到监督方式训练的X-Vector进行了比较。当转移到下游任务(说话者验证,语音情绪识别(SER)和阿尔茨海默氏病检测)时,Dino的表现优于X-Vector。我们研究了转移学习过程中几个方面的影响,例如将微调过程分为步骤,块长度或增强。在微调过程中,首先调整最后一个仿射层,然后整个网络一次超过微调。使用较短的块长度,尽管它们产生了更多不同的输入,但并不一定会提高性能,这意味着至少需要具有特定长度的语音段才能为每个应用程序提高性能。增强对SER有帮助。
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在本文中,我们介绍了在单个神经网络中执行同时扬声器分离,DERE失眠和扬声器识别的盲言语分离和DERERATERATION(BSSD)网络。扬声器分离由一组预定义的空间线索引导。通过使用神经波束成形进行DERERATERATION,通过嵌入向量和三联挖掘来辅助扬声器识别。我们介绍了一种使用复值神经网络的频域模型,以及在潜伏空间中执行波束成形的时域变体。此外,我们提出了一个块在线模式来处理更长的录音,因为它们在会议场景中发生。我们在规模独立信号方面评估我们的系统,以失真率(SI-SI-SIS),字错误率(WER)和相等的错误率(eer)。
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言语分离的许多最近进步主要针对具有高重叠程度的短音频话语的合成混合物。这些数据集与真实的会话数据显着不同,因此,在这些数据集上培训和评估的模型不会概括到真实的会话方案。使用大多数这些模型用于长形式语音的另一个问题是由于时间频率掩模或置换不变训练(PIT)损耗的无监督聚类,因此是分离的语音段的非明确顺序。这导致准确地缝合用于自动语音识别(ASR)的下游任务的均匀扬声器段。在本文中,我们提出了一种扬声器调节分离器,在直接从混合信号中提取的扬声器嵌入物上训练。我们使用定向丢失训练此模型,该丢失调节分离的段的顺序。使用此模型,我们对真实会话数据的单词错误率(WER)进行了重大改进,而无需额外的重新拼接步骤。
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使用未知数量的扬声器数量的单通道远场录制的自动语音识别(ASR)传统上由级联模块解决。最近的研究表明,与模块化系统相比,端到端(E2E)多扬声器ASR模型可以实现卓越的识别准确性。但是,这些模型不会确保由于其对完整音频上下文的依赖性而实时适用性。这项工作采用实时适用性,作为模型设计的第一优先级,并解决了以前的多扬声器经常性神经网络传感器(MS-RNN-T)的几个挑战。首先,我们在训练期间介绍一般的重叠言论模拟,在LibrisPeechMix测试集上产生14%的相对字错误率(WER)改进。其次,我们提出了一种新的多转RNN-T(MT-RNN-T)模型,其具有基于重叠的目标布置策略,其概括为任意数量的扬声器,而没有模型架构的变化。我们调查在Liblics测试集上培训训练期间看到的最大扬声器数量的影响,并在两位扬声器MS-RNN-T上报告28%的相对加速。第三,我们试验丰富的转录战略,共同承认和分割多方言论。通过深入分析,我们讨论所提出的系统的潜在陷阱以及未来的未来研究方向。
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播客本质上是对话性的,说话者的变化很频繁 - 需要说话者诊断以了解内容。我们在不依赖语言特定组件的情况下提出了一种无监督的技术诊断技术。该算法是重叠的,不需要有关说话者数量的信息。我们的方法显示,针对播客数据的Google Cloud Platform解决方案,纯度得分(F-评分为34%)的纯度得分提高了79%。
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本文提出了代币级别的序列化输出训练(T-SOT),这是流式传输多对话者自动语音识别(ASR)的新型框架。与使用多个输出分支的现有流媒体多对话者ASR模型不同,T-SOT模型只有一个单个输出分支,该分支基于其排放时间生成多个扬声器的识别令牌(例如,单词,子字)。引入了指示“虚拟”输出通道更改的特殊令牌,以跟踪重叠的话语。与先前的流媒体ASR模型相比,T-SOT模型具有较低的推理成本和更简单的模型体系结构的优点。此外,在我们对LibrisPeechMix和Librics数据集的实验中,基于T-SOT的变压器换能器模型可实现最新的单词错误率,从而有很大的差距。对于非重叠的语音,T-SOT模型在精度和计算成本方面与单调的ASR模型相提并论,为单个单词和多对话者方案部署一个模型打开了大门。
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While recent research advances in speaker diarization mostly focus on improving the quality of diarization results, there is also an increasing interest in improving the efficiency of diarization systems. In this paper, we propose a multi-stage clustering strategy, that uses different clustering algorithms for input of different lengths. Specifically, a fallback clusterer is used to handle short-form inputs; a main clusterer is used to handle medium-length inputs; and a pre-clusterer is used to compress long-form inputs before they are processed by the main clusterer. Both the main clusterer and the pre-clusterer can be configured with an upper bound of the computational complexity to adapt to devices with different constraints. This multi-stage clustering strategy is critical for streaming on-device speaker diarization systems, where the budgets of CPU, memory and battery are tight.
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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在本文中,我们提出了自我监督的发言者表示学习策略,该策略包括在前端的引导平衡扬声器表示学习和在后端的不确定性意识的概率扬声器嵌入训练。在前端阶段,我们通过具有均匀性正则化术语的引导训练方案来学习扬声器表示。在后端阶段,通过最大化属于同一扬声器的语音样本之间的相互似然分数来估计概率扬声器嵌入,这不仅提供扬声器表示,而且提供数据不确定性。实验结果表明,拟议的举止均衡训练策略可以有效地帮助了解扬声器表示,并以基于对比学习的传统方法优越。此外,我们展示了集成的两级框架在eer和mindcf方面进一步改善了VoxceleB1测试中的扬声器验证性能。
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最近,语音界正在看到从基于深神经网络的混合模型移动到自动语音识别(ASR)的端到端(E2E)建模的显着趋势。虽然E2E模型在大多数基准测试中实现最先进的,但在ASR精度方面,混合模型仍然在当前的大部分商业ASR系统中使用。有很多实际的因素会影响生产模型部署决定。传统的混合模型,用于数十年的生产优化,通常擅长这些因素。在不为所有这些因素提供优异的解决方案,E2E模型很难被广泛商业化。在本文中,我们将概述最近的E2E模型的进步,专注于解决行业视角的挑战技术。
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我们提出了一项对基于自我监督的语音表示(S3R)语音转换(VC)的大规模比较研究。在识别合成VC的背景下,S3RS由于其替代昂贵的监督表示的潜力,例如语音后验(PPG),因此很有吸引力,这些表示是由最先进的VC系统采用的。使用先前开发的开源VC软件S3PRL-VC,我们在三种VC设置下提供了一系列深入的目标和主观分析:内部/跨语义的任何一对一(A2O)和任何对象 - 使用语音转换挑战2020(VCC2020)数据集。我们在各个方面研究了基于S3R的VC,包括模型类型,多语言和监督。我们还研究了通过K-均值聚类的滴定过程的效果,并展示了其在A2A设置中的改进。最后,与最先进的VC系统的比较证明了基于S3R的VC的竞争力,并阐明了可能的改进方向。
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