In this paper, we study the context aggregation problem in semantic segmentation. Motivated by that the label of a pixel is the category of the object that the pixel belongs to, we present a simple yet effective approach, object-contextual representations, characterizing a pixel by exploiting the representation of the corresponding object class. First, we learn object regions under the supervision of the ground-truth segmentation. Second, we compute the object region representation by aggregating the representations of the pixels lying in the object region. Last, we compute the relation between each pixel and each object region, and augment the representation of each pixel with the object-contextual representation which is a weighted aggregation of all the object region representations. We empirically demonstrate our method achieves competitive performance on various benchmarks: Cityscapes, ADE20K, LIP, PASCAL-Context and COCO-Stuff. Our submission "HRNet + OCR + SegFix" achieves the 1 st place on the Cityscapes leaderboard by the ECCV 2020 submission deadline. Code is available at: https://git.io/openseg and https://git.io/HRNet.OCR.
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共同出现的视觉模式使上下文聚集成为语义分割的重要范式。现有的研究重点是建模图像中的上下文,同时忽略图像以下相应类别的有价值的语义。为此,我们提出了一个新颖的软采矿上下文信息,超出了名为McIbi ++的图像范式,以进一步提高像素级表示。具体来说,我们首先设置了动态更新的内存模块,以存储各种类别的数据集级别的分布信息,然后利用信息在网络转发过程中产生数据集级别类别表示。之后,我们为每个像素表示形式生成一个类概率分布,并以类概率分布作为权重进行数据集级上下文聚合。最后,使用汇总的数据集级别和传统的图像级上下文信息来增强原始像素表示。此外,在推论阶段,我们还设计了一种粗到最新的迭代推理策略,以进一步提高分割结果。 MCIBI ++可以轻松地纳入现有的分割框架中,并带来一致的性能改进。此外,MCIBI ++可以扩展到视频语义分割框架中,比基线进行了大量改进。配备MCIBI ++,我们在七个具有挑战性的图像或视频语义分段基准测试中实现了最先进的性能。
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The recently introduced panoptic segmentation task has renewed our community's interest in unifying the tasks of instance segmentation (for thing classes) and semantic segmentation (for stuff classes). However, current state-ofthe-art methods for this joint task use separate and dissimilar networks for instance and semantic segmentation, without performing any shared computation. In this work, we aim to unify these methods at the architectural level, designing a single network for both tasks. Our approach is to endow Mask R-CNN, a popular instance segmentation method, with a semantic segmentation branch using a shared Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) backbone. Surprisingly, this simple baseline not only remains effective for instance segmentation, but also yields a lightweight, topperforming method for semantic segmentation. In this work, we perform a detailed study of this minimally extended version of Mask R-CNN with FPN, which we refer to as Panoptic FPN, and show it is a robust and accurate baseline for both tasks. Given its effectiveness and conceptual simplicity, we hope our method can serve as a strong baseline and aid future research in panoptic segmentation.
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传统上,分割任务是作为一个完整标签的像素分类任务提出的,可以从所有图像或视频共享的固定数量的预定义语义类别中预测每个像素的类。然而,遵循这种表述,在更现实的设置下,标准体系结构将不可避免地遇到各种挑战,其中类别的范围扩大了(例如,超出1K的级别)。另一方面,在典型的图像或视频中,只有少数类别,即存在一小部分完整标签。在本文中,我们提议将分割分解为两个子问题:(i)图像级或视频级多标签分类和(ii)像素级适应性选定标签分类。给定输入图像或视频,我们的框架首先在完整标签上进行多标签分类,然后对完整的标签进行分类,并根据其类置信度得分选择一个小子集。然后,我们使用等级自适应像素分类器对仅选择的标签执行像素的分类,该标签使用一组面向等级的可学习温度参数来调整像素分类分数。我们的方法在概念上是一般的,可以通过简单地使用轻质多标签分类头和等级适应像素分类器来改善各种现有的分割框架。我们通过四个任务进行了竞争性实验结果,证明了我们的框架的有效性,包括图像语义分割,图像泛型细分,视频实例分段和视频语义分段。尤其是,借助我们的rankSeg,Mask2Former在ADE20K PANOPTIC分段/YouTubevis 2019视频实例分段/VSPW视频语义分段基准分别获得了+0.8%/+0.7%/+0.7%。
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利用多尺度功能在解决语义细分问题方面表现出了巨大的潜力。聚集通常是用总和或串联(Concat)进行的,然后是卷积(Conv)层。但是,它将高级上下文完全通过了以下层次结构,而无需考虑它们的相互关系。在这项工作中,我们旨在启用低级功能,以通过跨尺度像素到区域关系操作从相邻的高级特征图中汇总互补上下文。我们利用跨尺度上下文的传播,即使高分辨率的低级特征也可以使远程依赖关系也可以捕获。为此,我们采用有效的功能金字塔网络来获得多尺度功能。我们提出了一个关系语义提取器(RSE)和关系语义传播器(RSP),分别用于上下文提取和传播。然后,我们将几个RSP堆叠到RSP头中,以实现上下文的渐进自上而下分布。两个具有挑战性的数据集和可可的实验结果表明,RSP头在语义细分和泛型分割方面都具有高效率的竞争性。在语义分割任务中,它的表现优于DeepLabv3 [1],而在语义分割任务中少75%(多重添加)。
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现代方法通常将语义分割标记为每个像素分类任务,而使用替代掩码分类处理实例级分割。我们的主要洞察力:掩码分类是足够的一般,可以使用完全相同的模型,丢失和培训过程来解决语义和实例级分段任务。在此观察之后,我们提出了一个简单的掩模分类模型,该模型预测了一组二进制掩码,每个模型与单个全局类标签预测相关联。总的来说,所提出的基于掩模分类的方法简化了语义和Panoptic分割任务的有效方法的景观,并显示出优异的经验结果。特别是,当类的数量大时,我们观察到掩码形成器优于每个像素分类基线。我们的面具基于分类的方法优于当前最先进的语义(ADE20K上的55.6 miou)和Panoptic Seation(Coco)模型的Panoptic Seationation(52.7 PQ)。
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In this work, we introduce Panoptic-DeepLab, a simple, strong, and fast system for panoptic segmentation, aiming to establish a solid baseline for bottom-up methods that can achieve comparable performance of two-stage methods while yielding fast inference speed. In particular, Panoptic-DeepLab adopts the dual-ASPP and dual-decoder structures specific to semantic, and instance segmentation, respectively. The semantic segmentation branch is the same as the typical design of any semantic segmentation model (e.g., DeepLab), while the instance segmentation branch is class-agnostic, involving a simple instance center regression. As a result, our single Panoptic-DeepLab simultaneously ranks first at all three Cityscapes benchmarks, setting the new state-of-art of 84.2% mIoU, 39.0% AP, and 65.5% PQ on test set. Additionally, equipped with MobileNetV3, Panoptic-DeepLab runs nearly in real-time with a single 1025 × 2049 image (15.8 frames per second), while achieving a competitive performance on Cityscapes (54.1 PQ% on test set). On Mapillary Vistas test set, our ensemble of six models attains 42.7% PQ, outperforming the challenge winner in 2018 by a healthy margin of 1.5%. Finally, our Panoptic-DeepLab also performs on par with several topdown approaches on the challenging COCO dataset. For the first time, we demonstrate a bottom-up approach could deliver state-of-the-art results on panoptic segmentation.
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图像分割是关于使用不同语义的分组像素,例如类别或实例成员身份,其中每个语义选择定义任务。虽然只有每个任务的语义不同,但目前的研究侧重于为每项任务设计专业架构。我们提出了蒙面关注掩模变压器(Mask2Former),这是一种能够寻址任何图像分段任务(Panoptic,实例或语义)的新架构。其关键部件包括屏蔽注意,通过限制预测掩模区域内的横向提取局部特征。除了将研究工作减少三次之外,它还优于四个流行的数据集中的最佳专业架构。最值得注意的是,Mask2Former为Panoptic semonation(Coco 57.8 PQ)设置了新的最先进的,实例分段(Coco上50.1 AP)和语义分割(ADE20K上的57.7 miou)。
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In this paper, we propose a unified panoptic segmentation network (UPSNet) for tackling the newly proposed panoptic segmentation task. On top of a single backbone residual network, we first design a deformable convolution based semantic segmentation head and a Mask R-CNN style instance segmentation head which solve these two subtasks simultaneously. More importantly, we introduce a parameter-free panoptic head which solves the panoptic segmentation via pixel-wise classification. It first leverages the logits from the previous two heads and then innovatively expands the representation for enabling prediction of an extra unknown class which helps better resolve the conflicts between semantic and instance segmentation. Additionally, it handles the challenge caused by the varying number of instances and permits back propagation to the bottom modules in an end-to-end manner. Extensive experimental results on Cityscapes, COCO and our internal dataset demonstrate that our UPSNet achieves stateof-the-art performance with much faster inference. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/ uber-research/UPSNet. * Equal contribution.† This work was done when Hengshuang Zhao was an intern at Uber ATG.
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语义分割是自主车辆了解周围场景的关键技术。当代模型的吸引力表现通常以牺牲重计算和冗长的推理时间为代价,这对于自行车来说是无法忍受的。在低分辨率图像上使用轻量级架构(编码器 - 解码器或双路)或推理,最近的方法实现了非常快的场景解析,即使在单个1080TI GPU上以100多件FPS运行。然而,这些实时方法与基于扩张骨架的模型之间的性能仍有显着差距。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一家专门为实时语义细分设计的高效底座。所提出的深层双分辨率网络(DDRNET)由两个深部分支组成,之间进行多个双边融合。此外,我们设计了一个名为Deep聚合金字塔池(DAPPM)的新上下文信息提取器,以基于低分辨率特征映射放大有效的接收字段和熔丝多尺度上下文。我们的方法在城市景观和Camvid数据集上的准确性和速度之间实现了新的最先进的权衡。特别是,在单一的2080Ti GPU上,DDRNET-23-Slim在Camvid测试组上的Citycapes试验组102 FPS上的102 FPS,74.7%Miou。通过广泛使用的测试增强,我们的方法优于最先进的模型,需要计算得多。 CODES和培训的型号在线提供。
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在语义细分中,将高级上下文信息与低级详细信息集成至关重要。为此,大多数现有的分割模型都采用双线性启动采样和卷积来具有不同尺度的地图,然后以相同的分辨率对齐。但是,双线性启动采样模糊了这些特征地图和卷积中所学到的精确信息,这会产生额外的计算成本。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了隐式特征对齐函数(IFA)。我们的方法的灵感来自隐式神经表示的快速扩展的主题,在该主题中,基于坐标的神经网络用于指定信号字段。在IFA中,特征向量被视为表示2D信息字段。给定查询坐标,附近的具有相对坐标的特征向量是从多级特征图中获取的,然后馈入MLP以生成相应的输出。因此,IFA隐含地将特征图在不同级别对齐,并能够在任意分辨率中产生分割图。我们证明了IFA在多个数据集上的功效,包括CityScapes,Pascal环境和ADE20K。我们的方法可以与各种体系结构的改进结合使用,并在共同基准上实现最新的计算准确性权衡。代码将在https://github.com/hzhupku/ifa上提供。
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在本文中,我们专注于探索有效的方法,以更快,准确和域的不可知性语义分割。受到相邻视频帧之间运动对齐的光流的启发,我们提出了一个流对齐模块(FAM),以了解相邻级别的特征映射之间的\ textit {语义流},并将高级特征广播到高分辨率特征有效地,有效地有效。 。此外,将我们的FAM与共同特征的金字塔结构集成在一起,甚至在轻量重量骨干网络(例如Resnet-18和DFNET)上也表现出优于其他实时方法的性能。然后,为了进一步加快推理过程,我们还提出了一个新型的封闭式双流对齐模块,以直接对齐高分辨率特征图和低分辨率特征图,在该图中我们将改进版本网络称为SFNET-LITE。广泛的实验是在几个具有挑战性的数据集上进行的,结果显示了SFNET和SFNET-LITE的有效性。特别是,建议的SFNET-LITE系列在使用RESNET-18主链和78.8 MIOU以120 fps运行的情况下,使用RTX-3090上的STDC主链在120 fps运行时,在60 fps运行时达到80.1 miou。此外,我们将四个具有挑战性的驾驶数据集(即CityScapes,Mapillary,IDD和BDD)统一到一个大数据集中,我们将其命名为Unified Drive细分(UDS)数据集。它包含不同的域和样式信息。我们基准了UDS上的几项代表性作品。 SFNET和SFNET-LITE仍然可以在UDS上取得最佳的速度和准确性权衡,这在如此新的挑战性环境中是强大的基准。所有代码和模型均可在https://github.com/lxtgh/sfsegnets上公开获得。
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视觉表示学习是解决各种视力问题的关键。依靠开创性的网格结构先验,卷积神经网络(CNN)已成为大多数深视觉模型的事实上的标准架构。例如,经典的语义分割方法通常采用带有编码器编码器体系结构的完全横向卷积网络(FCN)。编码器逐渐减少了空间分辨率,并通过更大的接受场来学习更多抽象的视觉概念。由于上下文建模对于分割至关重要,因此最新的努力一直集中在通过扩张(即极度)卷积或插入注意力模块来增加接受场。但是,基于FCN的体系结构保持不变。在本文中,我们旨在通过将视觉表示学习作为序列到序列预测任务来提供替代观点。具体而言,我们部署纯变压器以将图像编码为一系列贴片,而无需局部卷积和分辨率减少。通过在变压器的每一层中建立的全球环境,可以学习更强大的视觉表示形式,以更好地解决视力任务。特别是,我们的细分模型(称为分割变压器(SETR))在ADE20K上擅长(50.28%MIOU,这是提交当天测试排行榜中的第一个位置),Pascal环境(55.83%MIOU),并在CityScapes上达到竞争成果。此外,我们制定了一个分层局部全球(HLG)变压器的家族,其特征是窗户内的本地关注和跨窗户的全球性专注于层次结构和金字塔架构。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法在各种视觉识别任务(例如,图像分类,对象检测和实例分割和语义分割)上实现了吸引力的性能。
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Most recent semantic segmentation methods adopt a fully-convolutional network (FCN) with an encoderdecoder architecture. The encoder progressively reduces the spatial resolution and learns more abstract/semantic visual concepts with larger receptive fields. Since context modeling is critical for segmentation, the latest efforts have been focused on increasing the receptive field, through either dilated/atrous convolutions or inserting attention modules. However, the encoder-decoder based FCN architecture remains unchanged. In this paper, we aim to provide an alternative perspective by treating semantic segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction task. Specifically, we deploy a pure transformer (i.e., without convolution and resolution reduction) to encode an image as a sequence of patches. With the global context modeled in every layer of the transformer, this encoder can be combined with a simple decoder to provide a powerful segmentation model, termed SEgmentation TRansformer (SETR). Extensive experiments show that SETR achieves new state of the art on ADE20K (50.28% mIoU), Pascal Context (55.83% mIoU) and competitive results on Cityscapes. Particularly, we achieve the first position in the highly competitive ADE20K test server leaderboard on the day of submission.
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Contextual information is vital in visual understanding problems, such as semantic segmentation and object detection. We propose a Criss-Cross Network (CCNet) for obtaining full-image contextual information in a very effective and efficient way. Concretely, for each pixel, a novel criss-cross attention module harvests the contextual information of all the pixels on its criss-cross path. By taking a further recurrent operation, each pixel can finally capture the full-image dependencies. Besides, a category consistent loss is proposed to enforce the criss-cross attention module to produce more discriminative features. Overall, CCNet is with the following merits: 1) GPU memory friendly. Compared with the non-local block, the proposed recurrent criss-cross attention module requires 11× less GPU memory usage. 2) High computational efficiency. The recurrent criss-cross attention significantly reduces FLOPs by about 85% of the non-local block. 3) The state-of-the-art performance. We conduct extensive experiments on semantic segmentation benchmarks including Cityscapes, ADE20K, human parsing benchmark LIP, instance segmentation benchmark COCO, video segmentation benchmark CamVid. In particular, our CCNet achieves the mIoU scores of 81.9%, 45.76% and 55.47% on the Cityscapes test set, the ADE20K validation set and the LIP validation set respectively, which are the new state-of-the-art results. The source codes are available at https://github.com/speedinghzl/CCNet.
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Recent advances in pixel-level tasks (e.g., segmentation) illustrate the benefit of long-range interactions between aggregated region-based representations that can enhance local features. However, such pixel-to-region associations and the resulting representation, which often take the form of attention, cannot model the underlying semantic structure of the scene (e.g., individual objects and, by extension, their interactions). In this work, we take a step toward addressing this limitation. Specifically, we propose an architecture where we learn to project image features into latent region representations and perform global reasoning across them, using a transformer, to produce contextualized and scene-consistent representations that are then fused with original pixel-level features. Our design enables the latent regions to represent semantically meaningful concepts, by ensuring that activated regions are spatially disjoint and unions of such regions correspond to connected object segments. The resulting semantic global reasoning (SGR) is end-to-end trainable and can be combined with any semantic segmentation framework and backbone. Combining SGR with DeepLabV3 results in a semantic segmentation performance that is competitive to the state-of-the-art, while resulting in more semantically interpretable and diverse region representations, which we show can effectively transfer to detection and instance segmentation. Further, we propose a new metric that allows us to measure the semantics of representations at both the object class and instance level.
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人们普遍认为,对于准确的语义细分,必须使用昂贵的操作(例如,非常卷积)结合使用昂贵的操作(例如非常卷积),从而导致缓慢的速度和大量的内存使用。在本文中,我们质疑这种信念,并证明既不需要高度的内部决议也不是必需的卷积。我们的直觉是,尽管分割是一个每像素的密集预测任务,但每个像素的语义通常都取决于附近的邻居和遥远的环境。因此,更强大的多尺度功能融合网络起着至关重要的作用。在此直觉之后,我们重新访问常规的多尺度特征空间(通常限制为P5),并将其扩展到更丰富的空间,最小的P9,其中最小的功能仅为输入大小的1/512,因此具有很大的功能接受场。为了处理如此丰富的功能空间,我们利用最近的BIFPN融合了多尺度功能。基于这些见解,我们开发了一个简化的分割模型,称为ESEG,该模型既没有内部分辨率高,也没有昂贵的严重卷积。也许令人惊讶的是,与多个数据集相比,我们的简单方法可以以比以前的艺术更快地实现更高的准确性。在实时设置中,ESEG-Lite-S在189 fps的CityScapes [12]上达到76.0%MIOU,表现优于更快的[9](73.1%MIOU时为170 fps)。我们的ESEG-LITE-L以79 fps的速度运行,达到80.1%MIOU,在很大程度上缩小了实时和高性能分割模型之间的差距。
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跨不同层的特征的聚合信息是密集预测模型的基本操作。尽管表现力有限,但功能级联占主导地位聚合运营的选择。在本文中,我们引入了细分特征聚合(AFA),以融合不同的网络层,具有更具表现力的非线性操作。 AFA利用空间和渠道注意,以计算层激活的加权平均值。灵感来自神经体积渲染,我们将AFA扩展到规模空间渲染(SSR),以执行多尺度预测的后期融合。 AFA适用于各种现有网络设计。我们的实验表明了对挑战性的语义细分基准,包括城市景观,BDD100K和Mapillary Vistas的一致而显着的改进,可忽略不计的计算和参数开销。特别是,AFA改善了深层聚集(DLA)模型在城市景观上的近6%Miou的性能。我们的实验分析表明,AFA学会逐步改进分割地图并改善边界细节,导致新的最先进结果对BSDS500和NYUDV2上的边界检测基准。在http://vis.xyz/pub/dla-afa上提供代码和视频资源。
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In this paper, we address the scene segmentation task by capturing rich contextual dependencies based on the self-attention mechanism. Unlike previous works that capture contexts by multi-scale feature fusion, we propose a Dual Attention Network (DANet) to adaptively integrate local features with their global dependencies. Specifically, we append two types of attention modules on top of dilated FCN, which model the semantic interdependencies in spatial and channel dimensions respectively. The position attention module selectively aggregates the feature at each position by a weighted sum of the features at all positions. Similar features would be related to each other regardless of their distances. Meanwhile, the channel attention module selectively emphasizes interdependent channel maps by integrating associated features among all channel maps. We sum the outputs of the two attention modules to further improve feature representation which contributes to more precise segmentation results. We achieve new state-of-theart segmentation performance on three challenging scene segmentation datasets, i.e., Cityscapes, PASCAL Context and COCO Stuff dataset. In particular, a Mean IoU score of 81.5% on Cityscapes test set is achieved without using coarse data. 1 .
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语义分割是计算机视觉中的关键任务之一,它是为图像中的每个像素分配类别标签。尽管最近取得了重大进展,但大多数现有方法仍然遇到两个具有挑战性的问题:1)图像中的物体和东西的大小可能非常多样化,要求将多规模特征纳入完全卷积网络(FCN); 2)由于卷积网络的固有弱点,很难分类靠近物体/物体的边界的像素。为了解决第一个问题,我们提出了一个新的多受感受性现场模块(MRFM),明确考虑了多尺度功能。对于第二期,我们设计了一个边缘感知损失,可有效区分对象/物体的边界。通过这两种设计,我们的多种接收场网络在两个广泛使用的语义分割基准数据集上实现了新的最先进的结果。具体来说,我们在CityScapes数据集上实现了83.0的平均值,在Pascal VOC2012数据集中达到了88.4的平均值。
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