我们建议使用以光源方向为条件的神经辐射场（NERF）的扩展来解决多视光度立体声问题。我们神经表示的几何部分预测表面正常方向，使我们能够理解局部表面反射率。我们的神经表示的外观部分被分解为神经双向反射率函数（BRDF），作为拟合过程的一部分学习，阴影预测网络（以光源方向为条件），使我们能够对明显的BRDF进行建模。基于物理图像形成模型的诱导偏差的学到的组件平衡使我们能够远离训练期间观察到的光源和查看器方向。我们证明了我们在多视光学立体基准基准上的方法，并表明可以通过NERF的神经密度表示可以获得竞争性能。

We present a method that takes as input a set of images of a scene illuminated by unconstrained known lighting, and produces as output a 3D representation that can be rendered from novel viewpoints under arbitrary lighting conditions. Our method represents the scene as a continuous volumetric function parameterized as MLPs whose inputs are a 3D location and whose outputs are the following scene properties at that input location: volume density, surface normal, material parameters, distance to the first surface intersection in any direction, and visibility of the external environment in any direction. Together, these allow us to render novel views of the object under arbitrary lighting, including indirect illumination effects. The predicted visibility and surface intersection fields are critical to our model's ability to simulate direct and indirect illumination during training, because the brute-force techniques used by prior work are intractable for lighting conditions outside of controlled setups with a single light. Our method outperforms alternative approaches for recovering relightable 3D scene representations, and performs well in complex lighting settings that have posed a significant challenge to prior work.

我们解决了从由一个未知照明条件照射的物体的多视图图像（及其相机姿势）从多视图图像（和它们的相机姿势）恢复物体的形状和空间变化的空间变化的问题。这使得能够在任意环境照明下呈现对象的新颖视图和对象的材料属性的编辑。我们呼叫神经辐射分解（NERFVERTOR）的方法的关键是蒸馏神经辐射场（NERF）的体积几何形状[MILDENHALL等人。 2020]将物体表示为表面表示，然后在求解空间改变的反射率和环境照明时共同细化几何形状。具体而言，Nerfactor仅使用重新渲染丢失，简单的光滑度Provers以及从真实学中学到的数据驱动的BRDF而无任何监督的表面法线，光可视性，Albedo和双向反射率和双向反射分布函数（BRDF）的3D神经领域-world brdf测量。通过显式建模光可视性，心脏请能够将来自Albedo的阴影分离，并在任意照明条件下合成现实的软或硬阴影。 Nerfactor能够在这场具有挑战性和实际场景的挑战和捕获的捕获设置中恢复令人信服的3D模型进行令人满意的3D模型。定性和定量实验表明，在各种任务中，内容越优于基于经典和基于深度的学习状态。我们的视频，代码和数据可在peoptom.csail.mit.edu/xiuming/projects/nerfactor/上获得。

We present a method that achieves state-of-the-art results for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes by optimizing an underlying continuous volumetric scene function using a sparse set of input views. Our algorithm represents a scene using a fully-connected (nonconvolutional) deep network, whose input is a single continuous 5D coordinate (spatial location (x, y, z) and viewing direction (θ, φ)) and whose output is the volume density and view-dependent emitted radiance at that spatial location. We synthesize views by querying 5D coordinates along camera rays and use classic volume rendering techniques to project the output colors and densities into an image. Because volume rendering is naturally differentiable, the only input required to optimize our representation is a set of images with known camera poses. We describe how to effectively optimize neural radiance fields to render photorealistic novel views of scenes with complicated geometry and appearance, and demonstrate results that outperform prior work on neural rendering and view synthesis. View synthesis results are best viewed as videos, so we urge readers to view our supplementary video for convincing comparisons.

综合照片 - 现实图像和视频是计算机图形的核心，并且是几十年的研究焦点。传统上，使用渲染算法（如光栅化或射线跟踪）生成场景的合成图像，其将几何形状和材料属性的表示为输入。统称，这些输入定义了实际场景和呈现的内容，并且被称为场景表示（其中场景由一个或多个对象组成）。示例场景表示是具有附带纹理的三角形网格（例如，由艺术家创建），点云（例如，来自深度传感器），体积网格（例如，来自CT扫描）或隐式曲面函数（例如，截短的符号距离）字段）。使用可分辨率渲染损耗的观察结果的这种场景表示的重建被称为逆图形或反向渲染。神经渲染密切相关，并将思想与经典计算机图形和机器学习中的思想相结合，以创建用于合成来自真实观察图像的图像的算法。神经渲染是朝向合成照片现实图像和视频内容的目标的跨越。近年来，我们通过数百个出版物显示了这一领域的巨大进展，这些出版物显示了将被动组件注入渲染管道的不同方式。这种最先进的神经渲染进步的报告侧重于将经典渲染原则与学习的3D场景表示结合的方法，通常现在被称为神经场景表示。这些方法的一个关键优势在于它们是通过设计的3D-一致，使诸如新颖的视点合成捕获场景的应用。除了处理静态场景的方法外，我们还涵盖了用于建模非刚性变形对象的神经场景表示...

Google Research Basecolor Metallic Roughness Normal Multi-View Images NeRD Volume Decomposed BRDF Relighting & View synthesis Textured MeshFigure 1: Neural Reflectance Decomposition for Relighting. We encode multiple views of an object under varying or fixed illumination into the NeRD volume.We decompose each given image into geometry, spatially-varying BRDF parameters and a rough approximation of the incident illumination in a globally consistent manner. We then extract a relightable textured mesh that can be re-rendered under novel illumination conditions in real-time.

神经辐射场（NERF）是一种普遍的视图综合技术，其表示作为连续体积函数的场景，由多层的感知来参数化，其提供每个位置处的体积密度和视图相关的发射辐射。虽然基于NERF的技术在代表精细的几何结构时，具有平稳变化的视图依赖性外观，但它们通常无法精确地捕获和再现光泽表面的外观。我们通过引入Ref-nerf来解决这些限制，该ref-nerf替换了nerf的视图依赖性输出辐射的参数化，使用反射辐射的表示和使用空间不同场景属性的集合来构造该函数的表示。我们展示了与正常载体上的规范器一起，我们的模型显着提高了镜面反射的现实主义和准确性。此外，我们表明我们的模型的外向光线的内部表示是可解释的，可用于场景编辑。

照片中的户外场景的照片拟实的编辑需要对图像形成过程的深刻理解和场景几何，反射和照明的准确估计。然后可以在保持场景Albedo和几何形状的同时进行照明的微妙操纵。我们呈现NERF-OSR，即，基于神经辐射场的户外场景复兴的第一种方法。与现有技术相比，我们的技术允许仅使用在不受控制的设置中拍摄的户外照片集合的场景照明和相机视点。此外，它能够直接控制通过球面谐波模型所定义的场景照明。它还包括用于阴影再现的专用网络，这对于高质量的室外场景致密至关重要。为了评估所提出的方法，我们收集了几个户外站点的新基准数据集，其中每个站点从多个视点拍摄和不同的时间。对于每个定时，360度环境映射与颜色校准Chequerboard一起捕获，以允许对实际真实的真实数据进行准确的数值评估。反对本领域的状态的比较表明，NERF-OSR能够以更高的质量和逼真的自阴影再现来实现可控的照明和视点编辑。我们的方法和数据集将在https://4dqv.mpi-inf.mpg.de/nerf-OSR/上公开可用。

我们提出了一种准确的3D重建方法的方法。我们基于神经重建和渲染（例如神经辐射场（NERF））的最新进展的优势。这种方法的一个主要缺点是，它们未能重建对象的任何部分，这些部分在训练图像中不明确可见，这通常是野外图像和视频的情况。当缺乏证据时，可以使用诸如对称的结构先验来完成缺失的信息。但是，在神经渲染中利用此类先验是高度不平凡的：虽然几何和非反射材料可能是对称的，但环境场景的阴影和反射通常不是对称的。为了解决这个问题，我们将软对称性约束应用于3D几何和材料特性，并将外观纳入照明，反照率和反射率。我们在最近引入的CO3D数据集上评估了我们的方法，这是由于重建高度反射材料的挑战，重点是汽车类别。我们表明，它可以用高保真度重建未观察到的区域，并渲染高质量的新型视图图像。

我们提出了一种新的方法来获取来自在线图像集合的对象表示，从具有不同摄像机，照明和背景的照片捕获任意物体的高质量几何形状和材料属性。这使得各种以各种对象渲染应用诸如新颖的综合，致密和协调的背景组合物，从疯狂的内部输入。使用多级方法延伸神经辐射场，首先推断表面几何形状并优化粗估计的初始相机参数，同时利用粗糙的前景对象掩模来提高训练效率和几何质量。我们还介绍了一种强大的正常估计技术，其消除了几何噪声的效果，同时保持了重要细节。最后，我们提取表面材料特性和环境照明，以球形谐波表示，具有处理瞬态元素的延伸部，例如，锋利的阴影。这些组件的结合导致高度模块化和有效的对象采集框架。广泛的评估和比较证明了我们在捕获高质量的几何形状和外观特性方面的方法，可用于渲染应用。

where the highest resolution is required, using facial performance capture as a case in point.

Neural Radiance Field (NeRF), a new novel view synthesis with implicit scene representation has taken the field of Computer Vision by storm. As a novel view synthesis and 3D reconstruction method, NeRF models find applications in robotics, urban mapping, autonomous navigation, virtual reality/augmented reality, and more. Since the original paper by Mildenhall et al., more than 250 preprints were published, with more than 100 eventually being accepted in tier one Computer Vision Conferences. Given NeRF popularity and the current interest in this research area, we believe it necessary to compile a comprehensive survey of NeRF papers from the past two years, which we organized into both architecture, and application based taxonomies. We also provide an introduction to the theory of NeRF based novel view synthesis, and a benchmark comparison of the performance and speed of key NeRF models. By creating this survey, we hope to introduce new researchers to NeRF, provide a helpful reference for influential works in this field, as well as motivate future research directions with our discussion section.

Photo-realistic free-viewpoint rendering of real-world scenes using classical computer graphics techniques is challenging, because it requires the difficult step of capturing detailed appearance and geometry models. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results by learning scene representations that implicitly encode both geometry and appearance without 3D supervision. However, existing approaches in practice often show blurry renderings caused by the limited network capacity or the difficulty in finding accurate intersections of camera rays with the scene geometry. Synthesizing high-resolution imagery from these representations often requires time-consuming optical ray marching. In this work, we introduce Neural Sparse Voxel Fields (NSVF), a new neural scene representation for fast and high-quality free-viewpoint rendering. NSVF defines a set of voxel-bounded implicit fields organized in a sparse voxel octree to model local properties in each cell. We progressively learn the underlying voxel structures with a diffentiable ray-marching operation from only a set of posed RGB images. With the sparse voxel octree structure, rendering novel views can be accelerated by skipping the voxels containing no relevant scene content. Our method is typically over 10 times faster than the state-of-the-art (namely, NeRF (Mildenhall et al., 2020)) at inference time while achieving higher quality results. Furthermore, by utilizing an explicit sparse voxel representation, our method can easily be applied to scene editing and scene composition. We also demonstrate several challenging tasks, including multi-scene learning, free-viewpoint rendering of a moving human, and large-scale scene rendering. Code and data are available at our website: https://github.com/facebookresearch/NSVF.

Point of View & TimeFigure 1: We propose D-NeRF, a method for synthesizing novel views, at an arbitrary point in time, of dynamic scenes with complex non-rigid geometries. We optimize an underlying deformable volumetric function from a sparse set of input monocular views without the need of ground-truth geometry nor multi-view images. The figure shows two scenes under variable points of view and time instances synthesised by the proposed model.

Indoor scenes typically exhibit complex, spatially-varying appearance from global illumination, making inverse rendering a challenging ill-posed problem. This work presents an end-to-end, learning-based inverse rendering framework incorporating differentiable Monte Carlo raytracing with importance sampling. The framework takes a single image as input to jointly recover the underlying geometry, spatially-varying lighting, and photorealistic materials. Specifically, we introduce a physically-based differentiable rendering layer with screen-space ray tracing, resulting in more realistic specular reflections that match the input photo. In addition, we create a large-scale, photorealistic indoor scene dataset with significantly richer details like complex furniture and dedicated decorations. Further, we design a novel out-of-view lighting network with uncertainty-aware refinement leveraging hypernetwork-based neural radiance fields to predict lighting outside the view of the input photo. Through extensive evaluations on common benchmark datasets, we demonstrate superior inverse rendering quality of our method compared to state-of-the-art baselines, enabling various applications such as complex object insertion and material editing with high fidelity. Code and data will be made available at \url{https://jingsenzhu.github.io/invrend}.

传统的多视图光度立体声（MVP）方法通常由多个不相交阶段组成，从而导致明显的累积错误。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于隐式表示的MVP的神经反向渲染方法。给定通过多个未知方向灯照亮的非陆层物体的多视图图像，我们的方法共同估计几何形状，材料和灯光。我们的方法首先采用多光图像来估计每视图正常地图，这些图用于使从神经辐射场得出的正态定向。然后，它可以根据具有阴影可区分的渲染层共同优化表面正态，空间变化的BRDF和灯。优化后，重建的对象可用于新颖的视图渲染，重新定义和材料编辑。合成数据集和真实数据集的实验表明，与现有的MVP和神经渲染方法相比，我们的方法实现了更准确的形状重建。我们的代码和模型可以在https://ywq.github.io/psnerf上找到。

We present a method that synthesizes novel views of complex scenes by interpolating a sparse set of nearby views. The core of our method is a network architecture that includes a multilayer perceptron and a ray transformer that estimates radiance and volume density at continuous 5D locations (3D spatial locations and 2D viewing directions), drawing appearance information on the fly from multiple source views. By drawing on source views at render time, our method hearkens back to classic work on image-based rendering (IBR), and allows us to render high-resolution imagery. Unlike neural scene representation work that optimizes per-scene functions for rendering, we learn a generic view interpolation function that generalizes to novel scenes. We render images using classic volume rendering, which is fully differentiable and allows us to train using only multiview posed images as supervision. Experiments show that our method outperforms recent novel view synthesis methods that also seek to generalize to novel scenes. Further, if fine-tuned on each scene, our method is competitive with state-of-the-art single-scene neural rendering methods. 1

重建反向渲染技术的最新趋势使用神经网络将3D表示作为神经领域。基于NERF的技术将多层感知器（MLP）拟合到一组训练图像，以估算一个辐射场字段，然后可以通过卷渲染算法从任何虚拟摄像机呈现。这些表示形式的主要缺点是缺乏定义明确的表面和非交互式渲染时间，因为必须查询宽大和深的MLP，每个框架必须查询数百万次。这些限制最近被单一克服了，但是设法同时完成了这一限制，从而打开了新的用例。我们提出了Kiloneus，这是一种新的神经对象表示，可以在交互式框架速率下的路径跟踪场景中渲染。 Kiloneus可以在共享场景中对神经和经典原语之间的逼真的光相互作用进行模拟，并且它可以实时执行，并有足够的空间进行未来的优化和扩展。

最近的神经渲染方法通过用神经网络预测体积密度和颜色来证明了准确的视图插值。虽然可以在静态和动态场景上监督这种体积表示，但是现有方法隐含地将完整的场景光传输释放到一个神经网络中，用于给定场景，包括曲面建模，双向散射分布函数和间接照明效果。与传统的渲染管道相比，这禁止在场景中改变表面反射率，照明或构成其他物体。在这项工作中，我们明确地模拟了场景表面之间的光传输，我们依靠传统的集成方案和渲染方程来重建场景。所提出的方法允许BSDF恢复，具有未知的光条件和诸如路径传输的经典光传输。通过在传统渲染方法中建立的表面表示的分解传输，该方法自然促进了编辑形状，反射率，照明和场景组成。该方法优于神经，在已知的照明条件下可发光，并为refit和编辑场景产生现实的重建。我们验证了从综合和捕获的视图上了解的场景编辑，致密和反射率估算的建议方法，并捕获了神经数据集的子集。

我们提出了一种学习神经阴影领域的方法，这些方法是神经场景表示，仅从场景中的阴影中学到。虽然传统的形状 - 从阴影（SFS）算法从阴影重建几何形状，但他们采用固定的扫描设置，无法推广到复杂的场景。另一方面，神经渲染算法依赖于RGB图像之间的光度一致性，但在很大程度上忽略了物理线索，例如阴影，这些暗示已被证明提供了有关场景的宝贵信息。我们观察到，阴影是一种强大的提示，可以限制神经场景表示以学习SF，甚至超越nerf来重建其他隐藏的几何形状。我们提出了一种以图形为灵感的可区分方法，以通过体积渲染来渲染准确的阴影，预测可以将其与地面真相阴影相提并论的阴影图。即使只有二进制阴影图，我们也表明神经渲染可以定位对象并估算粗几何形状。我们的方法表明，图像中的稀疏提示可用于使用可区分的体积渲染来估计几何形状。此外，我们的框架是高度概括的，可以与现有的3D重建技术一起工作，否则仅使用光度一致性。