Semantic Machines (SM) have introduced the use of the dataflow (DF) paradigm to dialogue modelling, using computational graphs to hierarchically represent user requests, data, and the dialogue history [Semantic Machines et al. 2020]. Although the main focus of that paper was the SMCalFlow dataset (to date, the only dataset with "native" DF annotations), they also reported some results of an experiment using a transformed version of the commonly used MultiWOZ dataset [Budzianowski et al. 2018] into a DF format. In this paper, we expand the experiments using DF for the MultiWOZ dataset, exploring some additional experimental set-ups. The code and instructions to reproduce the experiments reported here have been released. The contributions of this paper are: 1.) A DF implementation capable of executing MultiWOZ dialogues; 2.) Several versions of conversion of MultiWOZ into a DF format are presented; 3.) Experimental results on state match and translation accuracy.

SMCALFLOW是针对任务的自然对话的语义详细注释的大量语料库。注释使用数据流方法，其中注释是代表用户请求的程序。尽管这种注释的语料库的可用性，规模和丰富性，但在对话系统研究工作中的使用非常有限，至少部分是由于难以理解和使用注释。为了解决这些困难，本文建议简化SMCALFLOW注释，并发布检查注释的数据流程序所需的代码，这应该使对话系统的研究人员可以轻松地进入基于数据流的实现和各种基于数据流的实现和注释。

在\ citep {andreas2020220task面向}中，引入了基于数据流（DF）的对话系统，与许多常用的当前系统相比，具有明显的优势。这伴随着Smcalflow的发布，Smcalflow是一个实际上相关的，手动注释的数据集，比任何可比较的对话数据集更详细且大得多。尽管有这些出色的贡献，但社区尚未表现出对这一方向的进一步兴趣。这种缺乏兴趣的原因是什么？如何鼓励社区朝这个方向进行研究？一种解释可能是，这种方法太复杂了 - 注释和系统。本文认为，这种看法是错误的：1）提出了有关数据集注释的简化格式的建议，2）释放DF执行引擎的实现\ footNote {https://github.com/telepepathylabsai/opendf }，可以用作沙箱，使研究人员可以轻松实施并尝试新的DF对话设计。希望这些贡献将帮助更多的从业者探索基于DF的对话系统的新想法和设计。

Even though machine learning has become the major scene in dialogue research community, the real breakthrough has been blocked by the scale of data available. To address this fundamental obstacle, we introduce the Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz dataset (MultiWOZ), a fully-labeled collection of human-human written conversations spanning over multiple domains and topics. At a size of 10k dialogues, it is at least one order of magnitude larger than all previous annotated task-oriented corpora. The contribution of this work apart from the open-sourced dataset labelled with dialogue belief states and dialogue actions is two-fold: firstly, a detailed description of the data collection procedure along with a summary of data structure and analysis is provided. The proposed data-collection pipeline is entirely based on crowd-sourcing without the need of hiring professional annotators; secondly, a set of benchmark results of belief tracking, dialogue act and response generation is reported, which shows the usability of the data and sets a baseline for future studies.

Functionality and dialogue experience are two important factors of task-oriented dialogue systems. Conventional approaches with closed schema (e.g., conversational semantic parsing) often fail as both the functionality and dialogue experience are strongly constrained by the underlying schema. We introduce a new paradigm for task-oriented dialogue - Dialog2API - to greatly expand the functionality and provide seamless dialogue experience. The conversational model interacts with the environment by generating and executing programs triggering a set of pre-defined APIs. The model also manages the dialogue policy and interact with the user through generating appropriate natural language responses. By allowing generating free-form programs, Dialog2API supports composite goals by combining different APIs, whereas unrestricted program revision provides natural and robust dialogue experience. To facilitate Dialog2API, the core model is provided with API documents, an execution environment and optionally some example dialogues annotated with programs. We propose an approach tailored for the Dialog2API, where the dialogue states are represented by a stack of programs, with most recently mentioned program on the top of the stack. Dialog2API can work with many application scenarios such as software automation and customer service. In this paper, we construct a dataset for AWS S3 APIs and present evaluation results of in-context learning baselines.

在与用户进行交流时，以任务为导向的对话系统必须根据对话历史记录在每个回合时跟踪用户的需求。这个称为对话状态跟踪（DST）的过程至关重要，因为它直接告知下游对话政策。近年来，DST引起了很大的兴趣，文本到文本范式作为受欢迎的方法。在本评论论文中，我们首先介绍任务及其相关的数据集。然后，考虑到最近出版的大量出版物，我们确定了2021 - 2022年研究的重点和研究进展。尽管神经方法已经取得了重大进展，但我们认为对话系统（例如概括性）的某些关键方面仍未得到充实。为了激励未来的研究，我们提出了几种研究途径。

以任务为导向的对话系统（TODS）继续升高，因为各种行业发现有效地利用其能力，节省时间和金钱。然而，即使是最先进的TOD尚未达到其全部潜力。TOD通常具有主要设计专注于完成手头的任务，因此任务分辨率的度量应优先考虑。可能会忽略可能指向对话的其他可能指向成功或其他方面的会话质量属性。这可能导致人类和对话系统之间的相互作用，让用户不满意或沮丧。本文探讨了对话系统的评价框架的文献，以及对话系统中的会话质量属性的作用，看起来，如何以及在与对话系统的性能相关的情况下，如何相关。

如何有效地构建和使用对话数据，以及如何在不同域中在不同域中部署模型可能是建立面向任务的对话系统的两个关键问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的手动指导对话方案，以减轻这些问题，在该方案中，代理商从对话和手册中学习任务。该手册是一个非结构化的文本文档，可指导代理在对话过程中与用户和数据库进行交互。我们提出的方案降低了对话模型对细粒领域本体的依赖性，并使它们更灵活以适应各种领域。然后，我们为完全注销的多域数据集Magdial贡献以支持我们的方案。它介绍了三个对话建模子任务：指令匹配，参数填充和响应生成。对这些子任务进行建模与人类代理的行为模式一致。实验表明，手动引导对话方案提高了构建对话系统中的数据效率和域可伸缩性。数据集和基准将公开用于促进未来的研究。

Diverse data formats and ontologies of task-oriented dialogue (TOD) datasets hinder us from developing general dialogue models that perform well on many datasets and studying knowledge transfer between datasets. To address this issue, we present ConvLab-3, a flexible dialogue system toolkit based on a unified TOD data format. In ConvLab-3, different datasets are transformed into one unified format and loaded by models in the same way. As a result, the cost of adapting a new model or dataset is significantly reduced. Compared to the previous releases of ConvLab (Lee et al., 2019b; Zhu et al., 2020b), ConvLab-3 allows developing dialogue systems with much more datasets and enhances the utility of the reinforcement learning (RL) toolkit for dialogue policies. To showcase the use of ConvLab-3 and inspire future work, we present a comprehensive study with various settings. We show the benefit of pre-training on other datasets for few-shot fine-tuning and RL, and encourage evaluating policy with diverse user simulators.

Multiwoz 2.0数据集极大地刺激了面向任务的对话系统的研究。但是，其状态注释包含大量噪声，这阻碍了对模型性能的正确评估。为了解决这个问题，大规模的努力致力于纠正注释。然后释放了三个改进的版本（即Multiwoz 2.1-2.3）。尽管如此，仍然有很多错误和不一致的注释。这项工作介绍了Multiwoz 2.4，该工作完善了Multiwoz 2.1的验证集和测试集中的注释。训练集中的注释保持不变（与多沃兹2.1相同），以引发强大的噪声模型训练。我们在Multiwoz 2.4上基准了八个最新的对话状态跟踪模型。所有这些表现出比Multiwoz 2.1的性能要高得多。

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems are mainly based on the slot-filling-based TOD (SF-TOD) framework, in which dialogues are broken down into smaller, controllable units (i.e., slots) to fulfill a specific task. A series of approaches based on this framework achieved remarkable success on various TOD benchmarks. However, we argue that the current TOD benchmarks are limited to surrogate real-world scenarios and that the current TOD models are still a long way from unraveling the scenarios. In this position paper, we first identify current status and limitations of SF-TOD systems. After that, we explore the WebTOD framework, the alternative direction for building a scalable TOD system when a web/mobile interface is available. In WebTOD, the dialogue system learns how to understand the web/mobile interface that the human agent interacts with, powered by a large-scale language model.

Training dialogue systems often entails dealing with noisy training examples and unexpected user inputs. Despite their prevalence, there currently lacks an accurate survey of dialogue noise, nor is there a clear sense of the impact of each noise type on task performance. This paper addresses this gap by first constructing a taxonomy of noise encountered by dialogue systems. In addition, we run a series of experiments to show how different models behave when subjected to varying levels of noise and types of noise. Our results reveal that models are quite robust to label errors commonly tackled by existing denoising algorithms, but that performance suffers from dialogue-specific noise. Driven by these observations, we design a data cleaning algorithm specialized for conversational settings and apply it as a proof-of-concept for targeted dialogue denoising.

针对任务导向的对话系统的强大状态跟踪目前仍然限于一些流行语言。本文显示，给定以一种语言设置的大规模对话数据，我们可以使用机器翻译自动为其他语言生成有效的语义解析器。我们提出了对话数据集的自动翻译，并进行对齐，以确保插槽值的忠实翻译，并消除以前的基准中使用的昂贵人类监督。我们还提出了一种新的上下文语义解析模型，它编码正式的插槽和值，只有最后一个代理和用户话语。我们表明，简洁的表示降低了翻译误差的复合效果，而不会损害实践中的准确性。我们评估我们对几个对话状态跟踪基准的方法。在Risawoz，Crosswoz，Crosswoz-Zh和Multiwoz-Zh Datasets，我们将最先进的技术提高11％，17％，20％和0.3％，以共同的目标准确度。我们为所有三个数据集提供了全面的错误分析，显示错误注释可以模糊模型质量的判断。最后，我们使用推荐方法创建了Risawoz英语和德语数据集。在这些数据集中，准确性在原始的11％以内，表示可能的高精度多语言对话数据集，而无需依赖昂贵的人类注释。

与具有粗粒度信息的Crosswoz（中文）和多发性（英文）数据集相比，没有数据集，可以正确处理细粒度和分层级别信息。在本文中，我们在香港发布了一份粤语知识驱动的对话数据集（KDDRES），将多转谈话中的信息放在一个特定的餐厅。我们的语料库包含0.8k次谈话，它来自10家餐厅，提供不同地区的各种风格。除此之外，我们还设计了细粒度的插槽和意图，以更好地捕获语义信息。基准实验和数据统计分析显示了我们数据集的多样性和丰富的注释。我们认为，KDDRE的出版可以是当前对话数据集的必要补充，以及社会中小企业（中小企业）更适合和更有价值，如为每家餐馆建立定制的对话系统。语料库和基准模型是公开可用的。

以任务为导向的对话系统（TDSS）主要在离线设置或人类评估中评估。评估通常仅限于单转或非常耗时。作为替代方案，模拟用户行为的用户模拟器使我们能够考虑一组广泛的用户目标，以生成类似人类的对话以进行模拟评估。使用现有的用户模拟器来评估TDSS是具有挑战性的，因为用户模拟器主要旨在优化TDSS的对话策略，并且评估功能有限。此外，对用户模拟器的评估是一个开放的挑战。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个用于端到端TDS评估的隐喻用户模拟器，如果它在与系统的交互中模拟用户的类似思维，则定义模拟器是隐喻的。我们还提出了一个基于测试人员的评估框架，以生成变体，即具有不同功能的对话系统。我们的用户模拟器构建了一个隐喻的用户模型，该模型通过参考遇到新项目时的先验知识来帮助模拟器进行推理。我们通过检查模拟器与变体之间的模拟相互作用来估计模拟器的质量。我们的实验是使用三个TDS数据集进行的。与基于议程的模拟器和三个数据集上的SEQ2SEQ模型相比，隐喻用户模拟器与手动评估的一致性更好。我们的测试人员框架展示了效率，并且可以更好地概括和可扩展性，因为它可以适用于多个域中的对话和多个任务，例如对话建议和电子商务对话。

Virtual assistants such as Google Assistant, Alexa and Siri provide a conversational interface to a large number of services and APIs spanning multiple domains. Such systems need to support an ever-increasing number of services with possibly overlapping functionality. Furthermore, some of these services have little to no training data available. Existing public datasets for task-oriented dialogue do not sufficiently capture these challenges since they cover few domains and assume a single static ontology per domain. In this work, we introduce the the Schema-Guided Dialogue (SGD) dataset, containing over 16k multi-domain conversations spanning 16 domains. Our dataset exceeds the existing task-oriented dialogue corpora in scale, while also highlighting the challenges associated with building large-scale virtual assistants. It provides a challenging testbed for a number of tasks including language understanding, slot filling, dialogue state tracking and response generation. Along the same lines, we present a schema-guided paradigm for task-oriented dialogue, in which predictions are made over a dynamic set of intents and slots, provided as input, using their natural language descriptions. This allows a single dialogue system to easily support a large number of services and facilitates simple integration of new services without requiring additional training data. Building upon the proposed paradigm, we release a model for dialogue state tracking capable of zero-shot generalization to new APIs, while remaining competitive in the regular setting.

这项工作提出了一个新的对话数据集，即cookdial，该数据集促进了对任务知识了解的面向任务的对话系统的研究。该语料库包含260个以人类对任务为导向的对话框，其中代理给出了配方文档，指导用户烹饪菜肴。 Cookdial中的对话框展示了两个独特的功能：（i）对话流与支持文档之间的程序对齐； （ii）复杂的代理决策涉及分割长句子，解释硬说明并在对话框上下文中解决核心。此外，我们在假定的面向任务的对话框系统中确定了三个具有挑战性的（子）任务：（1）用户问题理解，（2）代理操作框架预测和（3）代理响应生成。对于这些任务中的每一个，我们都会开发一个神经基线模型，我们在cookdial数据集上进行了评估。我们公开发布烹饪数据集，包括对话框和食谱文档的丰富注释，以刺激对特定于域的文档接地对话框系统的进一步研究。

我们提出了Tacobot，这是为首届Alexa Prive Taskbot Challenge构建的面向任务的对话系统，该系统可帮助用户完成多步骤烹饪和家庭装修任务。Tacobot的设计采用以用户为中心的原则，并渴望提供协作且易于访问的对话体验。为此，它具有准确的语言理解，灵活的对话管理和引人入胜的响应生成。此外，Tacobot还以强大的搜索引擎和自动化的端到端测试套件为支持。在引导Tacobot的开发中，我们探索了一系列数据增强策略，以训练先进的神经语言处理模型，并通过收集的真实对话不断改善对话经验。在半决赛结束时，Tacobot的平均评分为3.55/5.0。

This volume contains revised versions of the papers selected for the third volume of the Online Handbook of Argumentation for AI (OHAAI). Previously, formal theories of argument and argument interaction have been proposed and studied, and this has led to the more recent study of computational models of argument. Argumentation, as a field within artificial intelligence (AI), is highly relevant for researchers interested in symbolic representations of knowledge and defeasible reasoning. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an open access and curated anthology for the argumentation research community. OHAAI is designed to serve as a research hub to keep track of the latest and upcoming PhD-driven research on the theory and application of argumentation in all areas related to AI.

虽然英语虚拟助手已经实现了令人兴奋的表现，但具有巨大的培训资源，但非英语扬声器的需求并没有满足。截至2021年12月，Alexa是世界上最受欢迎的智能扬声器之一，能够支持9种不同的语言[1]，而世界上有数千种语言，其中91人被超过1000万人所说根据2019年发布的统计数据[2]。但是，培训以其他语言的虚拟助手比英语更困难，特别是对于那些低资源语言而言。缺乏高质量的培训数据限制了模型的性能，导致用户满意度差。因此，我们使用与Bitod [5]相同的数据集生成管道和端到端对话系统体系结构设计了用于多语言任务的对话系统的高效且有效的培训解决方案，该系统为Bitod [5]采用了一些关键设计选择，以实现简约的自然语言使用正式对话状态的设计代替自然语言输入。这减少了较弱的自然语言模型所带来的错误的空间，并确保模型可以正确提取执行对话状态跟踪所需的基本槽值（DST）。我们的目标是减少每次转弯编码的自然语言量，以及我们调查的关键参数是将作为模型历史源的转弯（h）的数量。我们首先探索转折点，其中越来越多的H开始产生限制返回整体性能。然后，我们检查一个小型H错误是否错误的示例可以在模式下对模型进行分类，以便执行几次射门。最后，将探讨这种方法的局限性，以及是否存在这种方法无法解决的某种类型的例子。