街道级别图像对原位数据收集进行扩大占据了重要潜力。通过组合使用便宜的高质量相机与最近的深度学习计算解决方案的进步来实现这一点,以推导出相关专题信息。我们介绍了一个框架,用于使用计算机视觉从街道层图像中收集和提取作物类型和候选信息。在2018年生长季节期间,高清图片被捕获在荷兰弗莱洛兰省的侧视动作相机。每个月从3月到10月,调查了一个固定的200公里路线,每秒收集一张照片,结果总计40万个地理标记的图片。在220个特定的包裹物位置,记录了现场作物的观察结果,以获得17种作物。此外,时间跨度包括特定的出苗前包裹阶段,例如用于春季和夏季作物的不同栽培的裸土,以及收获后栽培实践,例如,绿色皱眉和捕捉庄稼。基于与卷积神经网络(MobileNet)的转移学习,使用具有众所周知的图像识别模型的Tensorflow进行分类。开发了一种超核解方法,以获得160型号的表现最佳模型。这种最佳模型应用于独立推理的鉴别作物类型,宏观F1分数为88.1%的宏观效果,在包裹水平的86.9%。讨论了这种方法的潜力和警告以及实施和改进的实际考虑因素。所提出的框架速度升高了高质量的原位数据收集,并通过使用计算机视觉自动分类建议大规模数据收集的途径。
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开放的太空草地越来越耕种或建造,导致针对路边边缘的保护工作逐渐增加。在该国500,000公里的道路上,大约有一半的英国草原物种可以找到,约有91种威胁要么受到威胁。因此,仔细管理这些“野生动植物走廊”对于防止物种灭绝和维持草地栖息地的生物多样性至关重要。野生动植物信托基金经常获得志愿者的支持,以调查路边的边缘,并确定新的“当地野生动植物场所”是具有高保护潜力的地区。使用来自3,900公里的路边潮流的志愿者调查数据以及公开可用的街景图像,我们介绍Deepverge;一种基于深度学习的方法,可以通过检测阳性指标物种的存在来自动调查路边的段。 Deepverge使用来自林肯郡农村县的图像和地面真相调查数据的平均准确性为88%。地方当局可以使用这种方法来确定新的当地野生动植物站点,并根据法律和政府的政策义务一致,援助管理和环境计划,从而节省了数千小时的体力劳动。
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海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要,因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然,因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据,这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析,这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术,在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域,但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中,我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程,该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序,讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外,我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查,包括分类,计数,定位和细分。此外,我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查,并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解,通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程,并了解如何发展其研究,以促进他们的研究。努力。同时,它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家,以进行鱼类栖息地监测。
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这项研究介绍了\ textit {landslide4sense},这是一种从遥感中检测到滑坡检测的参考基准。该存储库具有3,799个图像贴片,可从Sentinel-2传感器中融合光学层,并带有数字高程模型和来自ALOS Palsar的斜率层。附加的地形信息促进了对滑坡边界的准确检测,而最近的研究表明,仅使用光学数据,这是具有挑战性的。广泛的数据集支持在滑坡检测中进行深度学习(DL)研究,以及用于系统更新滑坡库存的方法的开发和验证。基准数据集已在四个不同的时间和地理位置收集:伊伯里(2018年9月),科达古(2018年8月),戈尔卡(2015年4月)和台湾(2009年8月)。每个图像像素均标记为属于滑坡,包括各种来源和彻底的手动注释。然后,我们评估11个最先进的DL分割模型的滑坡检测性能:U-NET,RESU-NET,PSPNET,CONTECTNET,DEEPLAB-V2,DEEPLAB-V3+,FCN-8,LINKNET,FRRRN-A,FRRN-A,, FRRN-B和SQNET。所有型号均已从划痕上对每个研究区域的四分之一的补丁进行培训,并在其他三个季度的独立贴片上进行了测试。我们的实验表明,Resu-NET的表现优于其他模型,用于滑坡检测任务。我们在\ url {www.landslide4sense.org}公开获得多种源滑坡基准数据(Landslide4sense)和经过测试的DL模型,为遥感,计算机视觉和机器学习社区建立了重要的资源通常,尤其是对滑坡检测的应用。
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Fruit is a key crop in worldwide agriculture feeding millions of people. The standard supply chain of fruit products involves quality checks to guarantee freshness, taste, and, most of all, safety. An important factor that determines fruit quality is its stage of ripening. This is usually manually classified by experts in the field, which makes it a labor-intensive and error-prone process. Thus, there is an arising need for automation in the process of fruit ripeness classification. Many automatic methods have been proposed that employ a variety of feature descriptors for the food item to be graded. Machine learning and deep learning techniques dominate the top-performing methods. Furthermore, deep learning can operate on raw data and thus relieve the users from having to compute complex engineered features, which are often crop-specific. In this survey, we review the latest methods proposed in the literature to automatize fruit ripeness classification, highlighting the most common feature descriptors they operate on.
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使用计算机视觉对间接费用的分析是一个问题,在学术文献中受到了很大的关注。在这个领域运行的大多数技术都非常专业,需要大型数据集的昂贵手动注释。这些问题通过开发更通用的框架来解决这些问题,并结合了表示学习的进步,该框架可以更灵活地分析具有有限标记数据的新图像类别。首先,根据动量对比机制创建了未标记的空中图像数据集的强大表示。随后,通过构建5个标记图像的准确分类器来专门用于不同的任务。从6000万个未标记的图像中,成功的低水平检测城市基础设施进化,体现了我们推进定量城市研究的巨大潜力。
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截至2017年,鱼类产品约占全球人类饮食的16%。计数作用是生产和生产这些产品的重要组成部分。种植者必须准确计算鱼类,以便这样做技术解决方案。开发了两个计算机视觉系统,以自动计算在工业池塘中生长的甲壳类幼虫。第一个系统包括带有3024x4032分辨率的iPhone 11摄像头,该摄像头在室内条件下从工业池塘中获取图像。使用该系统进行了两次实验,第一部实验包括在一天的增长阶段,在9,10的一天中使用iPhone 11相机在特定照明条件下获得的200张图像。在第二个实验中,用两个设备iPhone 11和索尼DSCHX90V摄像机拍摄了一个幼虫工业池。使用第一个设备(iPhone 11)测试了两个照明条件。在每种情况下,都获得了110张图像。该系统的准确性为88.4%的图像检测。第二个系统包括DSLR Nikon D510相机,具有2000x2000分辨率,在工业池塘外进行了七次实验。在幼虫生长阶段的第1天获取图像,从而获得了总共700张图像。该系统的密度为50的精度为86%。一种基于Yolov5 CNN模型开发的算法,该算法自动计算两种情况的幼虫数量。此外,在这项研究中,开发了幼虫生长函数。每天,从工业池塘手动取几个幼虫,并在显微镜下进行分析。确定生长阶段后,就获得了幼虫的图像。每个幼虫的长度都是通过图像手动测量的。最合适的模型是Gompertz模型,其拟合指数的良好性r平方为0.983。
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Crop type maps are critical for tracking agricultural land use and estimating crop production. Remote sensing has proven an efficient and reliable tool for creating these maps in regions with abundant ground labels for model training, yet these labels remain difficult to obtain in many regions and years. NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) spaceborne lidar instrument, originally designed for forest monitoring, has shown promise for distinguishing tall and short crops. In the current study, we leverage GEDI to develop wall-to-wall maps of short vs tall crops on a global scale at 10 m resolution for 2019-2021. Specifically, we show that (1) GEDI returns can reliably be classified into tall and short crops after removing shots with extreme view angles or topographic slope, (2) the frequency of tall crops over time can be used to identify months when tall crops are at their peak height, and (3) GEDI shots in these months can then be used to train random forest models that use Sentinel-2 time series to accurately predict short vs. tall crops. Independent reference data from around the world are then used to evaluate these GEDI-S2 maps. We find that GEDI-S2 performed nearly as well as models trained on thousands of local reference training points, with accuracies of at least 87% and often above 90% throughout the Americas, Europe, and East Asia. Systematic underestimation of tall crop area was observed in regions where crops frequently exhibit low biomass, namely Africa and South Asia, and further work is needed in these systems. Although the GEDI-S2 approach only differentiates tall from short crops, in many landscapes this distinction goes a long way toward mapping the main individual crop types. The combination of GEDI and Sentinel-2 thus presents a very promising path towards global crop mapping with minimal reliance on ground data.
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小型太阳能光伏(PV)阵列中电网的有效集成计划需要访问高质量的数据:单个太阳能PV阵列的位置和功率容量。不幸的是,不存在小型太阳能光伏的国家数据库。那些确实有限的空间分辨率,通常汇总到州或国家一级。尽管已经发布了几种有希望的太阳能光伏检测方法,但根据研究,研究这些模型的性能通常是高度异质的。这些方法对能源评估的实际应用的比较变得具有挑战性,可能意味着报告的绩效评估过于乐观。异质性有多种形式,我们在这项工作中探讨了每种形式:空间聚集的水平,地面真理的验证,培训和验证数据集的不一致以及培训的位置和传感器的多样性程度和验证数据始发。对于每个人,我们都会讨论文献中的新兴实践,以解决它们或暗示未来研究的方向。作为调查的一部分,我们评估了两个大区域的太阳PV识别性能。我们的发现表明,由于验证过程中的共同局限性,从卫星图像对太阳PV自动识别的传统绩效评估可能是乐观的。这项工作的收获旨在为能源研究人员和专业人员提供自动太阳能光伏评估技术的大规模实用应用。
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在设计可持续和弹性的城市建造环境的同时,越来越多地促进了世界各地的,重大的数据差距对压迫可持续性问题挑战开展的研究。已知人行道具有强大的经济和环境影响;然而,由于数据收集的成本持久和耗时的性质,大多数城市缺乏它们的表面的空间目录。计算机愿景的最新进展与街道级别图像的可用性一起为城市提供了新的机会,以利用较低的实施成本和更高的准确性提取大规模建筑环境数据。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于主动学习的框架,利用计算机视觉技术来使用广泛可用的街道图像进行分类的计算机视觉技术。我们培训了来自纽约市和波士顿的图像的框架,评价结果显示了90.5%的Miou评分。此外,我们使用六个不同城市的图像评估框架,表明它可以应用于具有不同城市面料的区域,即使在培训数据的领域之外。 Citysurfaces可以为研究人员和城市代理商提供低成本,准确,可扩展的方法来收集人行道材料数据,在寻求主要可持续性问题方面发挥着关键作用,包括气候变化和地表水管理。
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深度学习模式和地球观察的协同组合承诺支持可持续发展目标(SDGS)。新的发展和夸张的申请已经在改变人类将面临生活星球挑战的方式。本文审查了当前对地球观测数据的最深入学习方法,以及其在地球观测中深度学习的快速发展受到影响和实现最严重的SDG的应用。我们系统地审查案例研究至1)实现零饥饿,2)可持续城市,3)提供保管安全,4)减轻和适应气候变化,5)保留生物多样性。关注重要的社会,经济和环境影响。提前令人兴奋的时期即将到来,算法和地球数据可以帮助我们努力解决气候危机并支持更可持续发展的地方。
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大多数杂草物种都会通过竞争高价值作物所需的营养而产生对农业生产力的不利影响。手动除草对于大型种植区不实用。已经开展了许多研究,为农业作物制定了自动杂草管理系统。在这个过程中,其中一个主要任务是识别图像中的杂草。但是,杂草的认可是一个具有挑战性的任务。它是因为杂草和作物植物的颜色,纹理和形状类似,可以通过成像条件,当记录图像时的成像条件,地理或天气条件进一步加剧。先进的机器学习技术可用于从图像中识别杂草。在本文中,我们调查了五个最先进的深神经网络,即VGG16,Reset-50,Inception-V3,Inception-Resnet-V2和MobileNetv2,并评估其杂草识别的性能。我们使用了多种实验设置和多个数据集合组合。特别是,我们通过组合几个较小的数据集,通过数据增强构成了一个大型DataSet,缓解了类别不平衡,并在基于深度神经网络的基准测试中使用此数据集。我们通过保留预先训练的权重来调查使用转移学习技术来利用作物和杂草数据集的图像提取特征和微调它们。我们发现VGG16比小规模数据集更好地执行,而ResET-50比其他大型数据集上的其他深网络更好地执行。
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The visual dimension of cities has been a fundamental subject in urban studies, since the pioneering work of scholars such as Sitte, Lynch, Arnheim, and Jacobs. Several decades later, big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing how people move, sense, and interact with cities. This paper reviews the literature on the appearance and function of cities to illustrate how visual information has been used to understand them. A conceptual framework, Urban Visual Intelligence, is introduced to systematically elaborate on how new image data sources and AI techniques are reshaping the way researchers perceive and measure cities, enabling the study of the physical environment and its interactions with socioeconomic environments at various scales. The paper argues that these new approaches enable researchers to revisit the classic urban theories and themes, and potentially help cities create environments that are more in line with human behaviors and aspirations in the digital age.
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近年来,地理空间行业一直在稳定发展。这种增长意味着增加卫星星座,每天都会产生大量的卫星图像和其他遥感数据。有时,这些信息,即使在某些情况下我们指的是公开可用的数据,由于它的大小,它也无法占据。从时间和其他资源的角度来看,借助人工或使用传统的自动化方法来处理如此大量的数据并不总是可行的解决方案。在目前的工作中,我们提出了一种方法,用于创建一个由公开可用的遥感数据组成的多模式和时空数据集,并使用ART机器学习(ML)技术进行可行性进行测试。确切地说,卷积神经网络(CNN)模型的用法能够分离拟议数据集中存在的不同类别的植被。在地理信息系统(GIS)和计算机视觉(CV)的背景下,类似方法的受欢迎程度和成功更普遍地表明,应考虑并进一步分析和开发方法。
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The 1$^{\text{st}}$ Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023 focused on maritime computer vision for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), and organized several subchallenges in this domain: (i) UAV-based Maritime Object Detection, (ii) UAV-based Maritime Object Tracking, (iii) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Segmentation and (iv) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Detection. The subchallenges were based on the SeaDronesSee and MODS benchmarks. This report summarizes the main findings of the individual subchallenges and introduces a new benchmark, called SeaDronesSee Object Detection v2, which extends the previous benchmark by including more classes and footage. We provide statistical and qualitative analyses, and assess trends in the best-performing methodologies of over 130 submissions. The methods are summarized in the appendix. The datasets, evaluation code and the leaderboard are publicly available at https://seadronessee.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/macvi.
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Cashews are grown by over 3 million smallholders in more than 40 countries worldwide as a principal source of income. As the third largest cashew producer in Africa, Benin has nearly 200,000 smallholder cashew growers contributing 15% of the country's national export earnings. However, a lack of information on where and how cashew trees grow across the country hinders decision-making that could support increased cashew production and poverty alleviation. By leveraging 2.4-m Planet Basemaps and 0.5-m aerial imagery, newly developed deep learning algorithms, and large-scale ground truth datasets, we successfully produced the first national map of cashew in Benin and characterized the expansion of cashew plantations between 2015 and 2021. In particular, we developed a SpatioTemporal Classification with Attention (STCA) model to map the distribution of cashew plantations, which can fully capture texture information from discriminative time steps during a growing season. We further developed a Clustering Augmented Self-supervised Temporal Classification (CASTC) model to distinguish high-density versus low-density cashew plantations by automatic feature extraction and optimized clustering. Results show that the STCA model has an overall accuracy of 80% and the CASTC model achieved an overall accuracy of 77.9%. We found that the cashew area in Benin has doubled from 2015 to 2021 with 60% of new plantation development coming from cropland or fallow land, while encroachment of cashew plantations into protected areas has increased by 70%. Only half of cashew plantations were high-density in 2021, suggesting high potential for intensification. Our study illustrates the power of combining high-resolution remote sensing imagery and state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to better understand tree crops in the heterogeneous smallholder landscape.
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由生物声监测设备组成的无线声传感器网络运行的专家系统的部署,从声音中识别鸟类物种将使许多生态价值任务自动化,包括对鸟类种群组成的分析或濒危物种的检测在环境感兴趣的地区。由于人工智能的最新进展,可以将这些设备具有准确的音频分类功能,其中深度学习技术出色。但是,使生物声音设备负担得起的一个关键问题是使用小脚印深神经网络,这些神经网络可以嵌入资源和电池约束硬件平台中。因此,这项工作提供了两个重型和大脚印深神经网络(VGG16和RESNET50)和轻量级替代方案MobilenetV2之间的批判性比较分析。我们的实验结果表明,MobileNetV2的平均F1得分低于RESNET50(0.789 vs. 0.834)的5 \%,其性能优于VGG16,其足迹大小近40倍。此外,为了比较模型,我们创建并公开了西部地中海湿地鸟类数据集,其中包括201.6分钟和5,795个音频摘录,摘录了20种特有鸟类的aiguamolls de l'empord \ e empord \`一个自然公园。
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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该卷包含来自机器学习挑战的选定贡献“发现玛雅人的奥秘”,该挑战在欧洲机器学习和数据库中知识发现的欧洲挑战赛曲目(ECML PKDD 2021)中提出。遥感大大加速了古代玛雅人森林地区的传统考古景观调查。典型的探索和发现尝试,除了关注整个古老的城市外,还集中在单个建筑物和结构上。最近,已经成功地尝试了使用机器学习来识别古代玛雅人定居点。这些尝试虽然相关,但却集中在狭窄的区域上,并依靠高质量的空中激光扫描(ALS)数据,该数据仅涵盖古代玛雅人曾经定居的地区的一小部分。另一方面,由欧洲航天局(ESA)哨兵任务制作的卫星图像数据很丰富,更重要的是公开。旨在通过执行不同类型的卫星图像(Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2和ALS)的集成图像细分来定位和识别古老的Maya架构(建筑物,Aguadas和平台)的“发现和识别古代玛雅体系结构(建筑物,Aguadas和平台)的挑战的“发现和识别古老的玛雅体系结构(建筑物,阿吉达斯和平台)的“发现玛雅的奥秘”的挑战, (LIDAR)数据。
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X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.
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