深度神经网络（DNNS）已被证明在各种应用程序中都成功了，例如语音识别和合成，计算机视觉，机器翻译和游戏播放，仅举几例。但是，现有的深度神经网络模型在计算上是昂贵且内存密集型的，阻碍了其在存储器资源低或具有严格延迟要求的应用程序中的部署。因此，一种自然的想法是在深网中执行模型压缩和加速度，而不会显着降低模型性能，这就是我们所谓的降低复杂性。在以下工作中，我们尝试通过将其知识提炼为基于CNN的模型，从而降低自然语言任务的最新模型状态LSTM模型的复杂性，从而减少测试过程中的推理时间（或延迟）。

将最新的变压器模型蒸馏成轻量级的学生模型是降低推理时计算成本的有效方法。学生模型通常是紧凑的变压器，参数较少，而昂贵的操作（例如自我发项）持续存在。因此，对于实时或大量用例，提高的推理速度仍然不令人满意。在本文中，我们旨在通过将教师模型提炼成更大，更稀疏的学生模型来进一步推动推理速度的极限 - 更大的是它们扩展到数十亿个参数；稀疏，大多数模型参数是N-gram嵌入。我们对六个单词文本分类任务的实验表明，这些学生模型平均保留了罗伯塔大师教师表现的97％，同时推理时GPU和CPU的加速速度最高为600倍。进一步的调查表明，我们的管道也有助于句子对分类任务和域泛化设置。

我们从任务特定的BERT基教师模型执行知识蒸馏（KD）基准到各种学生模型：Bilstm，CNN，Bert-Tiny，Bert-Mini和Bert-small。我们的实验涉及在两个任务中分组的12个数据集：印度尼西亚语言中的文本分类和序列标记。我们还比较蒸馏的各个方面，包括使用Word Embeddings和未标记的数据增强的使用。我们的实验表明，尽管基于变压器的模型的普及程度不断上升，但是使用Bilstm和CNN学生模型，与修剪的BERT模型相比，使用Bilstm和CNN学生模型提供了性能和计算资源（CPU，RAM和存储）之间的最佳权衡。我们进一步提出了一些快速胜利，通过涉及涉及丢失功能，Word Embeddings和未标记的数据准备的简单选择的高效KD培训机制来生产小型NLP模型。

机器学习中的知识蒸馏是将知识从名为教师的大型模型转移到一个名为“学生”的较小模型的过程。知识蒸馏是将大型网络（教师）压缩到较小网络（学生）的技术之一，该网络可以部署在手机等小型设备中。当教师和学生之间的网络规模差距增加时，学生网络的表现就会下降。为了解决这个问题，在教师模型和名为助教模型的学生模型之间采用了中间模型，这反过来弥补了教师与学生之间的差距。在这项研究中，我们已经表明，使用多个助教模型，可以进一步改进学生模型（较小的模型）。我们使用加权集合学习将这些多个助教模型组合在一起，我们使用了差异评估优化算法来生成权重值。

The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.

While machine learning is traditionally a resource intensive task, embedded systems, autonomous navigation, and the vision of the Internet of Things fuel the interest in resource-efficient approaches. These approaches aim for a carefully chosen trade-off between performance and resource consumption in terms of computation and energy. The development of such approaches is among the major challenges in current machine learning research and key to ensure a smooth transition of machine learning technology from a scientific environment with virtually unlimited computing resources into everyday's applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of machine learning techniques facilitating these real-world requirements. In particular, we focus on deep neural networks (DNNs), the predominant machine learning models of the past decade. We give a comprehensive overview of the vast literature that can be mainly split into three non-mutually exclusive categories: (i) quantized neural networks, (ii) network pruning, and (iii) structural efficiency. These techniques can be applied during training or as post-processing, and they are widely used to reduce the computational demands in terms of memory footprint, inference speed, and energy efficiency. We also briefly discuss different concepts of embedded hardware for DNNs and their compatibility with machine learning techniques as well as potential for energy and latency reduction. We substantiate our discussion with experiments on well-known benchmark datasets using compression techniques (quantization, pruning) for a set of resource-constrained embedded systems, such as CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. The obtained results highlight the difficulty of finding good trade-offs between resource efficiency and predictive performance.

大型的语言模型（PRELMS）正在彻底改变所有基准的自然语言处理。但是，它们的巨大尺寸对于小型实验室或移动设备上的部署而言是过分的。修剪和蒸馏等方法可减少模型尺寸，但通常保留相同的模型体系结构。相反，我们探索了蒸馏预告片中的更有效的架构，单词的持续乘法（CMOW），该构造将每个单词嵌入为矩阵，并使用矩阵乘法来编码序列。我们扩展了CMOW体系结构及其CMOW/CBOW-HYBRID变体，具有双向组件，以提供更具表现力的功能，在预绘制期间进行一般（任务无义的）蒸馏的单次表示，并提供了两种序列编码方案，可促进下游任务。句子对，例如句子相似性和自然语言推断。我们的基于矩阵的双向CMOW/CBOW-HYBRID模型在问题相似性和识别文本范围内的Distilbert具有竞争力，但仅使用参数数量的一半，并且在推理速度方面快三倍。除了情感分析任务SST-2和语言可接受性任务COLA外，我们匹配或超过ELMO的ELMO分数。但是，与以前的跨架结构蒸馏方法相比，我们证明了检测语言可接受性的分数增加了一倍。这表明基于基质的嵌入可用于将大型预赛提炼成竞争模型，并激励朝这个方向进行进一步的研究。

Models based on deep convolutional networks have dominated recent image interpretation tasks; we investigate whether models which are also recurrent, or "temporally deep", are effective for tasks involving sequences, visual and otherwise. We develop a novel recurrent convolutional architecture suitable for large-scale visual learning which is end-to-end trainable, and demonstrate the value of these models on benchmark video recognition tasks, image description and retrieval problems, and video narration challenges. In contrast to current models which assume a fixed spatio-temporal receptive field or simple temporal averaging for sequential processing, recurrent convolutional models are "doubly deep" in that they can be compositional in spatial and temporal "layers". Such models may have advantages when target concepts are complex and/or training data are limited. Learning long-term dependencies is possible when nonlinearities are incorporated into the network state updates. Long-term RNN models are appealing in that they directly can map variable-length inputs (e.g., video frames) to variable length outputs (e.g., natural language text) and can model complex temporal dynamics; yet they can be optimized with backpropagation. Our recurrent long-term models are directly connected to modern visual convnet models and can be jointly trained to simultaneously learn temporal dynamics and convolutional perceptual representations. Our results show such models have distinct advantages over state-of-the-art models for recognition or generation which are separately defined and/or optimized.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.

TRUECASING是通过用于语音识别或机器翻译或人类的自动系统而恢复噪声文本的正确案例（大写或小写）的任务。它可以提高下游NLP任务的性能，例如命名实体识别和语言建模。我们提出了一种快速，准确，紧凑的双层分层词和性格的经常性神经网络模型，首先是这个问题的第一个。使用序列蒸馏，我们还解决了Truecasing的问题，同时忽略了句子中的令牌位置，即以位不变的方式。

诸如智能手机和自治车辆的移动设备越来越依赖深神经网络（DNN）来执行复杂的推理任务，例如图像分类和语音识别等。但是，在移动设备上连续执行整个DNN可以快速消耗其电池。虽然任务卸载到云/边缘服务器可能会降低移动设备的计算负担，但信道质量，网络和边缘服务器负载中的不稳定模式可能导致任务执行的显着延迟。最近，已经提出了基于分割计算（SC）的方法，其中DNN被分成在移动设备上和边缘服务器上执行的头部和尾模型。最终，这可能会降低带宽使用以及能量消耗。另一种叫做早期退出（EE）的方法，列车模型在架构中呈现多个“退出”，每个都提供越来越高的目标准确性。因此，可以根据当前条件或应用需求进行准确性和延迟之间的权衡。在本文中，我们通过呈现最相关方法的比较，对SC和EE策略进行全面的综合调查。我们通过提供一系列引人注目的研究挑战来结束论文。

The pre-dominant approach to language modeling to date is based on recurrent neural networks. Their success on this task is often linked to their ability to capture unbounded context. In this paper we develop a finite context approach through stacked convolutions, which can be more efficient since they allow parallelization over sequential tokens. We propose a novel simplified gating mechanism that outperforms Oord et al. (2016b) and investigate the impact of key architectural decisions. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art on the WikiText-103 benchmark, even though it features longterm dependencies, as well as competitive results on the Google Billion Words benchmark. Our model reduces the latency to score a sentence by an order of magnitude compared to a recurrent baseline. To our knowledge, this is the first time a non-recurrent approach is competitive with strong recurrent models on these large scale language tasks.

在多种方式知识蒸馏研究的背景下，现有方法主要集中在唯一的学习教师最终产出问题。因此，教师网络与学生网络之间存在深处。有必要强制学生网络来学习教师网络的模态关系信息。为了有效利用从教师转移到学生的知识，采用了一种新的模型关系蒸馏范式，通过建模不同的模态之间的关系信息，即学习教师模级克矩阵。

One of the most efficient methods for model compression is hint distillation, where the student model is injected with information (hints) from several different layers of the teacher model. Although the selection of hint points can drastically alter the compression performance, conventional distillation approaches overlook this fact and use the same hint points as in the early studies. Therefore, we propose a clustering based hint selection methodology, where the layers of teacher model are clustered with respect to several metrics and the cluster centers are used as the hint points. Our method is applicable for any student network, once it is applied on a chosen teacher network. The proposed approach is validated in CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, using various teacher-student pairs and numerous hint distillation methods. Our results show that hint points selected by our algorithm results in superior compression performance compared to state-of-the-art knowledge distillation algorithms on the same student models and datasets.

长期数据的分类是一个重要的机器学习任务，并出现在许多应用程序中。经常性的神经网络，变压器和卷积神经网络是从顺序数据学习的三种主要技术。在这些方法中，在时间序列回归中缩放到非常长序列的时间卷积网络（TCN）已经取得了显着的进展。但是，对于序列分类的TCNS的性能并不令人满意，因为它们在最后位置使用偏斜连接协议和输出类。这种不对称限制了它们对分类的性能，这取决于整个序列。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种称为循环扩张卷积神经网络（CDIL-CNN）的对称的多尺度架构，其中每个位置具有相同的机会从前一层处接收来自其他位置的信息。我们的模型在所有位置提供分类登录，我们可以应用一个简单的集合学习来实现更好的决定。我们在各种长期数据集上测试了CDIL-CNN。实验结果表明，我们的方法在许多最先进的方法上具有卓越的性能。

Real-world tasks are largely composed of multiple models, each performing a sub-task in a larger chain of tasks, i.e., using the output from a model as input for another model in a multi-model pipeline. A model like MATRa performs the task of Crosslingual Transliteration in two stages, using English as an intermediate transliteration target when transliterating between two indic languages. We propose a novel distillation technique, EPIK, that condenses two-stage pipelines for hierarchical tasks into a single end-to-end model without compromising performance. This method can create end-to-end models for tasks without needing a dedicated end-to-end dataset, solving the data scarcity problem. The EPIK model has been distilled from the MATra model using this technique of knowledge distillation. The MATra model can perform crosslingual transliteration between 5 languages - English, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Bengali. The EPIK model executes the task of transliteration without any intermediate English output while retaining the performance and accuracy of the MATra model. The EPIK model can perform transliteration with an average CER score of 0.015 and average phonetic accuracy of 92.1%. In addition, the average time for execution has reduced by 54.3% as compared to the teacher model and has a similarity score of 97.5% with the teacher encoder. In a few cases, the EPIK model (student model) can outperform the MATra model (teacher model) even though it has been distilled from the MATra model.

Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are the backbone of many text and speech applications. These architectures are typically made up of several computationally complex components such as; non-linear activation functions, normalization, bi-directional dependence and attention. In order to maintain good accuracy, these components are frequently run using full-precision floating-point computation, making them slow, inefficient and difficult to deploy on edge devices. In addition, the complex nature of these operations makes them challenging to quantize using standard quantization methods without a significant performance drop. We present a quantization-aware training method for obtaining a highly accurate integer-only recurrent neural network (iRNN). Our approach supports layer normalization, attention, and an adaptive piecewise linear (PWL) approximation of activation functions, to serve a wide range of state-of-the-art RNNs. The proposed method enables RNN-based language models to run on edge devices with $2\times$ improvement in runtime, and $4\times$ reduction in model size while maintaining similar accuracy as its full-precision counterpart.

由于在线学习和评估平台（例如Coursera，Udemy，Khan Academy等）的兴起，对论文（AES）和自动论文评分的自动评估（AES）已成为一个严重的问题。研究人员最近提出了许多用于自动评估的技术。但是，其中许多技术都使用手工制作的功能，因此从特征表示的角度受到限制。深度学习已成为机器学习中的新范式，可以利用大量数据并确定对论文评估有用的功能。为此，我们提出了一种基于复发网络（RNN）和卷积神经网络（CNN）的新型体系结构。在拟议的体系结构中，多通道卷积层从嵌入矢量和基本语义概念中学习并捕获单词n-gram的上下文特征，并使用max-pooling操作在论文级别形成特征向量。 RNN的变体称为双门复发单元（BGRU），用于访问以前和后续的上下文表示。该实验是对Kaggle上的八个数据集进行的，以实现AES的任务。实验结果表明，我们提出的系统比其他基于深度学习的AES系统以及其他最新AES系统的评分精度明显更高。

动态神经网络是深度学习中的新兴的研究课题。与具有推断阶段的固定计算图和参数的静态模型相比，动态网络可以使其结构或参数适应不同的输入，从而在本调查中的准确性，计算效率，适应性等方面的显着优势。我们全面地通过将动态网络分为三个主要类别：1）使用数据相关的架构或参数进行处理的实例 - Wise-Wise DiveS动态模型的速度开发区域2）关于图像数据的不同空间位置和3）沿着诸如视频和文本的顺序数据的时间维度执行自适应推断的时间明智的动态模型进行自适应计算的空间 - 方向动态网络。系统地审查了动态网络的重要研究问题，例如架构设计，决策方案，优化技术和应用。最后，我们与有趣的未来研究方向讨论了该领域的开放问题。

通过摩尔维亚岛与罗马尼亚语方言识别的机器学习模型的看似高精度水平和对这一主题的越来越多的研究兴趣，我们提供了摩尔维亚的跟进与罗马尼亚语交叉方言主题识别（MRC）的Vartial共享任务2019年评估运动。共享任务包括两个子任务类型：一个组成，其中包括摩尔维亚和罗马尼亚语方言的区分，其中一个由罗马尼亚语两条方言进行主题分类文件。参与者实现了令人印象深刻的分数，例如，摩尔维亚州的顶级型号与罗马尼亚语方言识别获得了0.895的宏F1得分。我们对人类注释者进行了主观评估，显示人类与机器学习（ML）模型相比，人类可以获得更低的精度率。因此，还不清楚为什么参与者提出的方法达到这种高精度率的方法。我们的目标是理解（i）为什么所提出的方法如此良好地工作（通过可视化鉴别特征）和（ii）这些方法可以在多大程度上保持其高精度水平，例如，这些方法可以保持高精度水平。当我们将文本样本缩短到单个句子时或我们在推理时间使用推文时。我们工作的二级目标是使用集合学习提出改进的ML模型。我们的实验表明，ML模型可以准确地识别方言，即使在句子水平和不同的域中（新闻文章与推文）。我们还分析了最佳性能模型的最辨别特征，在这些模型所采取的决策背后提供了一些解释。有趣的是，我们学习我们以前未知的新的辩证模式或我们的人为注册者。此外，我们进行实验，表明可以通过基于堆叠的集合来改善MRC共享任务的机器学习性能。