We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.
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本文提出了一种用于特技飞行轨迹生成的新型算法,用于垂直起飞和降落(VTOL)TAILSITTER飞行飞机。该算法与固定翼轨迹生成的现有方法不同,因为它考虑了现实的六度自由度(6DOF)飞行动力学模型,包括空气动力学方程。使用全球动力学模型,能够生成特技轨迹,从而利用整个飞行信封,从而使敏捷的操纵通过摊位策略,侧向飞行,倒置飞行等。是在这项工作中得出的。通过在差异平坦的输出空间中执行快速最小化,可以获得适合在线运动计划的计算高效算法。该算法在包括六架特技飞行器的大型飞行实验中证明了这一算法,一个时间优势的无人机赛车轨迹以及三架尾灯飞机的飞机样有机赛序列。
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本文提出了一项新颖的控制法,以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机(UAV)进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹,该轨道在垂直起飞和降落(VTOL)和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作,包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换,提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度,加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考,可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模,而是使用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新,从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估,在该测试中,它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作,例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。
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This paper presents a state-of-the-art optimal controller for quadruped locomotion. The robot dynamics is represented using a single rigid body (SRB) model. A linear time-varying model predictive controller (LTV MPC) is proposed by using linearization schemes. Simulation results show that the LTV MPC can execute various gaits, such as trot and crawl, and is capable of tracking desired reference trajectories even under unknown external disturbances. The LTV MPC is implemented as a quadratic program using qpOASES through the CasADi interface at 50 Hz. The proposed MPC can reach up to 1 m/s top speed with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 executing a trot gait. The implementation is available at https:// github.com/AndrewZheng-1011/Quad_ConvexMPC
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在本文中,提出了一个稳定稳定的轨迹跟踪控制器,用于多uav有效载荷运输。多uav有效负载系统在无人机和有效负载框架的垂直刚性链接之间具有2DOF磁球接头,因此无人机可以自由滚动或自由投球。这些垂直链接紧密地连接到有效载荷上,无法移动。为完整的有效载体 - uav系统得出了输入输出反馈线性化模型以及有效载荷轨迹跟踪的推力矢量控制。关于跟踪控制定律的理论分析表明,控制定律是指数稳定的,从而确保了沿期望轨迹的安全运输。为了验证拟议的控制定律的性能,提供了数值模拟以及高保真凉亭实时仿真的结果。接下来,针对两种实际情况分析了提议的控制器的鲁棒性:有效载荷和有效载荷质量不确定性的外部干扰。结果清楚地表明,所提出的控制器在实现指数稳定的轨迹跟踪的同时具有稳健性和计算效率。
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子格式微型航空车(MAV)中的准确而敏捷的轨迹跟踪是具有挑战性的,因为机器人的小规模会引起大型模型不确定性,要求强大的反馈控制器,而快速的动力学和计算约束则阻止了计算上昂贵的策略的部署。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种在MIT SoftFly(一个子)MAV(0.7克)上进行敏捷和计算有效轨迹跟踪的方法。我们的策略采用了级联的控制方案,在该方案中,自适应态度控制器与受过训练的神经网络政策相结合,以模仿轨迹跟踪可靠的管模型模型预测控制器(RTMPC)。神经网络政策是使用我们最近的工作获得的,这使该政策能够保留RTMPC的稳健性,但以其计算成本的一小部分。我们通过实验评估我们的方法,即使在更具挑战性的操作中,达到均方根误差也低于1.8 cm,与我们先前的工作相比,最大位置误差减少了60%,并证明了对大型外部干扰的稳健性
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该论文提出了两种控制方法,用于用微型四轮驱动器进行反弹式操纵。首先,对专门为反转设计设计的现有前馈控制策略进行了修订和改进。使用替代高斯工艺模型的贝叶斯优化通过在模拟环境中反复执行翻转操作来找到最佳运动原语序列。第二种方法基于闭环控制,它由两个主要步骤组成:首先,即使在模型不确定性的情况下,自适应控制器也旨在提供可靠的参考跟踪。控制器是通过通过测量数据调整的高斯过程来增强无人机的标称模型来构建的。其次,提出了一种有效的轨迹计划算法,该算法仅使用二次编程来设计可行的轨迹为反弹操作设计。在模拟和使用BitCraze Crazyflie 2.1四肢旋转器中对两种方法进行了分析。
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随着垂直起飞和着陆和长航时的特点,倾转旋翼吸引了相当多的关注近几十年来其在民用和科研应用潜力。然而,强耦合,非线性特性和不匹配的干扰的问题,不可避免地存在于倾转旋翼机,它带来的过渡模式控制器的设计极大的挑战。在本文中,我们结合一个超扭曲扩张状态观测器(STESO)具有自适应递归滑模控制(ARSMC)一起使用STESO-ARSMC(SAC)来设计以过渡模式倾转旋翼飞行器姿态系统控制器。首先,六个自由度的倾转旋翼的(DOF)的非线性数学模型被建立。其次,美国和干扰是由STES观察者估计。第三,ARSM控制器旨在实现有限时间内收敛。 Lyapunov函数用来作证的倾转旋翼无人机系统的融合。新的方面是,状态的评估被并入控制规则来调整中断。相较于先前技术,控制系统,这项工作可以大大提高抗干扰性能提出。最后,模拟试验,是要证明建议的技术的有效性。
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为了追踪和运动捕获(MOCAP)在其自然栖息地中的动物,非常适合安全和无声的空中平台,例如带有车载摄像机的飞艇。但是,与多旋转器不同,飞艇受到严格的运动限制和受环境风的影响。它们的方向和飞行方向也紧密耦合。因此,用于感知任务的基于最新的MPC的形成控制方法不适用于飞艇团队。在本文中,我们首先利用飞艇的空速与其与主题的距离之间的定期关系来解决这个问题。我们使用它来得出满足MOCAP感知约束的分析和数字解决方案。基于此,我们开发了一个基于MPC的编队控制器。我们对解决方案进行了详细的分析,包括改变物理参数(例如攻击角度和俯仰角)的影响。提出了广泛的仿真实验,比较了不同的形成大小,不同的风条件和各种受试者速度的结果。还包括我们关于真实飞艇的方法的演示。我们已经在https://github.com/robot-pocepepon-group/airship-mpc上发布了所有源代码。可以在https://youtu.be/ihs0_vrd_kk上观看描述我们方法和结果的视频。
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二次运动的准确轨迹跟踪控制对于在混乱环境中的安全导航至关重要。但是,由于非线性动态,复杂的空气动力学效应和驱动约束,这在敏捷飞行中具有挑战性。在本文中,我们通过经验比较两个最先进的控制框架:非线性模型预测控制器(NMPC)和基于差异的控制器(DFBC),通过以速度跟踪各种敏捷轨迹,最多20 m/s(即72 km/h)。比较在模拟和现实世界环境中进行,以系统地评估这两种方法从跟踪准确性,鲁棒性和计算效率的方面。我们以更高的计算时间和数值收敛问题的风险来表明NMPC在跟踪动态不可行的轨迹方面的优势。对于这两种方法,我们还定量研究了使用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)方法添加内环控制器的效果,以及添加空气动力学阻力模型的效果。我们在世界上最大的运动捕获系统之一中进行的真实实验表明,NMPC和DFBC的跟踪误差降低了78%以上,这表明有必要使用内环控制器和用于敏捷轨迹轨迹跟踪的空气动力学阻力模型。
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我们提出了通过现实的模拟和现实世界实验来支持可复制研究的多运动无人机控制(UAV)和估计系统。我们提出了一个独特的多帧本地化范式,用于同时使用多个传感器同时估算各种参考框架中的无人机状态。该系统可以在GNSS和GNSS贬低的环境中进行复杂的任务,包括室外室内过渡和执行冗余估计器,以备份不可靠的本地化源。提出了两种反馈控制设计:一个用于精确和激进的操作,另一个用于稳定和平稳的飞行,并进行嘈杂的状态估计。拟议的控制和估计管道是在3D中使用Euler/Tait-Bryan角度表示的,而无需使用Euler/Tait-Bryan角度表示。取而代之的是,我们依靠旋转矩阵和一个新颖的基于标题的惯例来代表标准多电流直升机3D中的一个自由旋转自由度。我们提供了积极维护且有据可查的开源实现,包括对无人机,传感器和本地化系统的现实模拟。拟议的系统是多年应用系统,空中群,空中操纵,运动计划和遥感的多年研究产物。我们所有的结果都得到了现实世界中的部署的支持,该系统部署将系统塑造成此处介绍的表单。此外,该系统是在我们团队从布拉格的CTU参与期间使用的,该系统在享有声望的MBZIRC 2017和2020 Robotics竞赛中,还参加了DARPA SubT挑战赛。每次,我们的团队都能在世界各地最好的竞争对手中获得最高位置。在每种情况下,挑战都促使团队改善系统,并在紧迫的期限内获得大量高质量的体验。
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In this paper, we propose an effective unified control law for accurately tracking agile trajectories for lifting-wing quadcopters with different installation angles, which have the capability of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) as well as high-speed cruise flight. First, we derive a differential flatness transform for the lifting-wing dynamics with a nonlinear model under coordinated turn condition. To increase the tracking performance on agile trajectories, the proposed controller incorporates the state and input variables calculated from differential flatness as feedforward. In particular, the jerk, the 3-order derivative of the trajectory, is converted into angular velocity as a feedforward item, which significantly improves the system bandwidth. At the same time, feedback and feedforward outputs are combined to deal with external disturbances and model mismatch. The control algorithm has been thoroughly evaluated in the outdoor flight tests, which show that it can achieve accurate trajectory tracking.
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Hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) integrate the efficient forward flight of fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multicopter UAVs. This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of a new type of hybrid micro-small UAVs, coined as lifting-wing quadcopters. The airframe orientation of the lifting wing needs to tilt a specific angle often within $ 45$ degrees, neither nearly $ 90$ nor approximately $ 0$ degrees. Compared with some convertiplane and tail-sitter UAVs, the lifting-wing quadcopter has a highly reliable structure, robust wind resistance, low cruise speed and reliable transition flight, making it potential to work fully-autonomous outdoor or some confined airspace indoor. In the modeling part, forces and moments generated by both lifting wing and rotors are considered. Based on the established model, a unified controller for the full flight phase is designed. The controller has the capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enables a continuous transition between two modes, depending on the velocity command. What is more, by taking rotor thrust and aerodynamic force under consideration simultaneously, a control allocation based on optimization is utilized to realize cooperative control for energy saving. Finally, comprehensive Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are performed to verify the advantages of the designed aircraft and the proposed controller.
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由于机器人的脚下缺乏致动,全球地位控制是一个挑战性问题。在本文中,我们应用基于混合的倒立摆(H唇)踩踏3D废除后的双模型机器人进行全球位置控制。H-Lip行走的步骤步骤(S2S)动态近似于机器人行走的实际S2S动态,其中步长被认为是输入。因此,基于H唇的反馈控制器大致控制机器人表现得像H唇,它在误差不变集中保持的差异。模型预测控制(MPC)应用于3D中的全球位置控制的H唇。然后,H唇踩踏然后产生用于跟踪机器人的所需步进尺寸。此外,转向行为与步骤规划集成。拟议的框架在与概念验证实验中的模拟中验证了在模拟中的3D欠扰动的双模型机器人Cassie。
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稳定性和安全性是成功部署自动控制系统的关键特性。作为一个激励示例,请考虑在复杂的环境中自动移动机器人导航。概括到不同操作条件的控制设计需要系统动力学模型,鲁棒性建模错误以及对安全\ newzl {约束}的满意度,例如避免碰撞。本文开发了一个神经普通微分方程网络,以从轨迹数据中学习哈密顿系统的动态。学识渊博的哈密顿模型用于合成基于能量的被动性控制器,并分析其\ emph {鲁棒性},以在学习模型及其\ emph {Safety}中对环境施加的约束。考虑到系统的所需参考路径,我们使用虚拟参考调查员扩展了设计,以实现跟踪控制。州长国家是一个调节点,沿参考路径移动,平衡系统能级,模型不确定性界限以及违反安全性的距离,以确保稳健性和安全性。我们的哈密顿动力学学习和跟踪控制技术在\修订后的{模拟的己谐和四型机器人}在混乱的3D环境中导航。
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Quadcopter trajectory tracking control has been extensively investigated and implemented in the past. Available controls mostly use the Euler angle standards to describe the quadcopters rotational kinematics and dynamics. As a result, the same rotation can be translated into different roll, pitch, and yaw angles because there are multiple Euler angle standards for characterization of rotation in a 3-dimensional motion space. Additionally, it is computationally expensive to convert a quadcopters orientation to the associated roll, pitch, and yaw angles, which may make it difficult to track quick and aggressive trajectories. To address these issues, this paper will develop a flatness-based trajectory tracking control without using Euler angles. We assess and test the proposed controls performance in the Gazebo simulation environment and contrast its functionality with the existing Mellinger controller, which has been widely adopted by the robotics and unmanned aerial system (UAS) communities.
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This paper introduces a structure-deformable land-air robot which possesses both excellent ground driving and flying ability, with smooth switching mechanism between two modes. The elaborate coupled dynamics model of the proposed robot is established, including rotors, chassis, especially the deformable structures. Furthermore, taking fusion locomotion and complex near-ground situations into consideration, a model based controller is designed for landing and mode switching under various harsh conditions, in which we realise the cooperation between fused two motion modes. The entire system is implemented in ADAMS/Simulink simulation and in practical. We conduct experiments under various complex scenarios. The results show our robot can accomplish land-air switching swiftly and smoothly, and the designed controller can effectively improve the landing flexibility and reliability.
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对于腿部机器人,航空动作是唯一可以通过标准运动步态绕过的障碍物的唯一选择。在这些情况下,机器人必须进行飞跃,以跳到障碍物或飞越障碍物上。但是,这些运动代表了一个挑战,因为在飞行阶段\ gls {com}无法控制,并且机器人方向的可控性有限。本文重点介绍了后一个问题,并提出了一个由两个旋转和驱动的质量(飞轮或反应轮)组成的\ gls {ocs},以获得机器人方向的控制权。由于角动量的保护,即使与地面没有接触,它们的旋转速度也可以调节以引导机器人方向。飞轮的旋转轴设计为入射,导致一个紧凑的方向控制系统,该系统能够控制滚动和俯仰角,考虑到这两个方向的不同惯性矩。我们通过机器人Solo12上的模拟测试了该概念。
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反馈线性化是一种用于控制倾斜转子的流行控制方法。尽管该方法带来了利用系统过度致动的性能的机会,但典型的结果表明倾斜角度的大变化,这在实际情况下不期望。为了解决这个问题,我们介绍了新颖的概念UAV步态来限制倾斜角度。步态计划问题最初是为了解决四肢(四足腿)机器人的控制问题。在移植这种方法的同时,伴随着反馈线性化方法,在倾斜转子可能导致解耦矩阵中的众所周知的非可逆问题。在这项研究中,我们探讨了倾斜转子的可逆步态,并应用反馈线性化以稳定姿态和高度。结果在Simulink,Matlab中验证。
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