聊天旨在跨越不同域的人类对话，例如普通的Chit-Chat，知识交流和角色接地对话。为了衡量此类会话代理人的质量，预计对话评估员也会在域中进行评估。但是，大多数最先进的自动对话评估指标（ADMS）不是用于多域评估的。我们有动力设计一般和强大的框架MDD-eval，解决问题。具体而言，我们首先将教师评估员与人类注释的数据一起培训，获取评级技能，以便在特定领域的坏人中讲述良好的对话响应，然后采取自我培训策略，以培训具有教师注释的新评估员的新评估人员域数据，有助于新评估程序遍历多个域。 MDD-EVAL在六个对话评估基准上进行了广泛评估。经验结果表明，在所有评估基准的平均矛盾的普通相关评分方面，MDD-ex律师框架在最先进的adms方面取得了强大的表现，绝对改善了7％。

Chatbots are expected to be knowledgeable across multiple domains, e.g. for daily chit-chat, exchange of information, and grounding in emotional situations. To effectively measure the quality of such conversational agents, a model-based automatic dialogue evaluation metric (ADEM) is expected to perform well across multiple domains. Despite significant progress, an ADEM that works well in one domain does not necessarily generalize to another. This calls for a dedicated network architecture for domain generalization. To tackle the multi-domain dialogue evaluation task, we propose a Panel of Experts (PoE), a multitask network that consists of a shared transformer encoder and a collection of lightweight adapters. The shared encoder captures the general knowledge of dialogues across domains, while each adapter specializes in one specific domain and serves as a domain expert. To validate the idea, we construct a high-quality multi-domain dialogue dataset leveraging data augmentation and pseudo-labeling. The PoE network is comprehensively assessed on 16 dialogue evaluation datasets spanning a wide range of dialogue domains. It achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of mean Spearman correlation over all the evaluation datasets. It exhibits better zero-shot generalization than existing state-of-the-art ADEMs and the ability to easily adapt to new domains with few-shot transfer learning.

最近，在自动开放域对话框评估中应用预先接受训练的语言模型（PR-LM），有兴趣的兴趣。PR-LMS提供了满足多域评估挑战的有希望的方向。然而，不同PR-LMS对自动度量的性能的影响是不太理解的。本文审查了8种不同的PRM，并研究了三种不同对话评估基准的三种典型自动对话对话指标的影响。具体而言，我们分析PR-LMS的选择如何影响自动度量的性能。执行对每个度量的广泛相关分析以评估不同PR-LMS沿各种轴的影响，包括预训练目标，对话对话标准，模型规模和跨数据集鲁棒性。本研究有助于第一次全面评估不同PR-LMS对自动对话评估的影响。

近年来，对话系统引起了学术界和工业的重要兴趣。特别是开放式对话系统的纪律，又名聊天，已经获得了很大的势头。然而，困扰研究人员的长期挑战是缺乏有效的自动评估指标，这导致目前研究中的障碍。评估开放式对话模型表现的常见做法涉及对最终部署模型的广泛人类评估，这是时间和成本密集的。此外，最近建立开放式聊天聊天的趋势涉及具有大量社交媒体对话数据的预训练对话模型。但是，社交媒体对话中包含的信息可能是令人反感的和不合适的。不分青红皂白种的使用可能导致不敏感和有毒的生成模型。本文介绍了对话系统技术挑战10（DSTC10）的轨道5获得的数据，基线和结果。

本文介绍了一个新颖的自我监督的细粒度对话评估框架（自我评估）。核心思想是建模转弯质量与整个对话质量之间的相关性。我们首先提出了一种新型的自动数据构建方法，该方法可以自动为任意对话数据分配细粒度的分数。然后，我们使用多层对比度学习模式训练\ textbf {self eval}，有助于区分不同的分数水平。多个基准测试的实验结果表明，自我与人类评估高度一致，并且比最先进的模型更好。我们对本文的实验进行了详细的分析。我们的代码和数据将在GitHub上发布。

Data Augmentation (DA) is frequently used to automatically provide additional training data without extra human annotation. However, data augmentation may introduce noisy data that impairs training. To guarantee the quality of augmented data, existing methods either assume no noise exists in the augmented data and adopt consistency training or use simple heuristics such as training loss and diversity constraints to filter out ``noisy'' data. However, those filtered examples may still contain useful information, and dropping them completely causes loss of supervision signals. In this paper, based on the assumption that the original dataset is cleaner than the augmented data, we propose an on-the-fly denoising technique for data augmentation that learns from soft augmented labels provided by an organic teacher model trained on the cleaner original data. A simple self-regularization module is applied to force the model prediction to be consistent across two distinct dropouts to further prevent overfitting on noisy labels. Our method can be applied to augmentation techniques in general and can consistently improve the performance on both text classification and question-answering tasks.

The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.

Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

Is it possible to leverage large scale raw and raw parallel corpora to build a general learned metric? Existing learned metrics have gaps to human judgements, are model-dependent or are limited to the domains or tasks where human ratings are available. In this paper, we propose SEScore2, a model-based metric pretrained over million-scale synthetic dataset constructed by our novel retrieval augmented data synthesis pipeline. SEScore2 achieves high correlation to human judgements without any human rating supervisions. Importantly, our unsupervised SEScore2 can outperform supervised metrics, which are trained on the News human ratings, at the TED domain. We evaluate SEScore2 over four text generation tasks across three languages. SEScore2 outperforms all prior unsupervised evaluation metrics in machine translation, speech translation, data-to-text and dialogue generation, with average Kendall improvements 0.158. SEScore2 even outperforms SOTA supervised BLEURT at data-to-text, dialogue generation and overall correlation.

半监督学习（SSL）在许多应用领域中已经取得了成功，但这种成功经常涉及任务特定的未标记数据的可用性。知识蒸馏（KD）能够有效地优化紧凑的神经网络，当通过新鲜任务特定的未标记数据蒸馏昂贵的网络时，实现了最佳结果。但是，任务特定的未标记数据可能具有挑战性，特别是对于NLP。我们调查使用生成模型在合成未标记数据中的使用，并呈现一个名为“生成，注释和学习（GAL）”的简单和一般框架。语言模型（LM）用于扫描域中的未标记数据。然后，分类器用于注释这样的数据。最后，综合生成和注释的数据用于推进SSL，KD和NLP和表格任务的几次拍摄学习。为了获得强大的任务特定的LM，我们要么微调来自特定任务的输入的大LM，或者提示具有少数输入示例的大型LM，并且有条件地生成更明显的示例。它还为胶水排行榜上的6层变压器产生了一种新的最先进的。最后，使用GAL的自我训练从UCI存储库的四个表格任务上提供大的收益。

Natural Language Inference (NLI) or Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) aims at predicting the relation between a pair of sentences (premise and hypothesis) as entailment, contradiction or semantic independence. Although deep learning models have shown promising performance for NLI in recent years, they rely on large scale expensive human-annotated datasets. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a popular technique for reducing the reliance on human annotation by leveraging unlabeled data for training. However, despite its substantial success on single sentence classification tasks where the challenge in making use of unlabeled data is to assign "good enough" pseudo-labels, for NLI tasks, the nature of unlabeled data is more complex: one of the sentences in the pair (usually the hypothesis) along with the class label are missing from the data and require human annotations, which makes SSL for NLI more challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel way to incorporate unlabeled data in SSL for NLI where we use a conditional language model, BART to generate the hypotheses for the unlabeled sentences (used as premises). Our experiments show that our SSL framework successfully exploits unlabeled data and substantially improves the performance of four NLI datasets in low-resource settings. We release our code at: https://github.com/msadat3/SSL_for_NLI.

We present SODA: the first publicly available, million-scale high-quality social dialogue dataset. Using SODA, we train COSMO: a generalizable conversation agent outperforming previous best-performing agents on both in- and out-of-domain datasets. In contrast to most existing crowdsourced, small-scale dialogue corpora, we distill 1.5M socially-grounded dialogues from a pre-trained language model (InstructGPT; Ouyang et al., 2022). Dialogues are distilled by contextualizing social commonsense knowledge from a knowledge graph (Atomic10x; West et al., 2022). Human evaluation shows that dialogues in SODA are more consistent, specific, and (surprisingly) natural than prior human-authored datasets - e.g., DailyDialog (Li et al., 2017), BlendedSkillTalk (Smith et al., 2020). In addition, extensive evaluations show that COSMO is significantly more natural and consistent on unseen datasets than best-performing dialogue models - e.g., GODEL (Peng et al., 2022), BlenderBot (Roller et al., 2021), DialoGPT (Zhang et al., 2020). Furthermore, it is sometimes even preferred to the original human-written gold responses. We make our data, models, and code public.

Knowledge-grounded dialogue systems powered by large language models often generate responses that, while fluent, are not attributable to a relevant source of information. Progress towards models that do not exhibit this issue requires evaluation metrics that can quantify its prevalence. To this end, we introduce the Benchmark for Evaluation of Grounded INteraction (BEGIN), comprised of 12k dialogue turns generated by neural dialogue systems trained on three knowledgegrounded dialogue corpora. We collect human annotations assessing the extent to which the models' responses can be attributed to the given background information. We then use BEGIN to analyze eight evaluation metrics. We find that these metrics rely on spurious correlations, do not reliably distinguish attributable abstractive responses from unattributable ones, and perform substantially worse when the knowledge source is longer. Our findings underscore the need for more sophisticated and robust evaluation metrics for knowledge-grounded dialogue. We make BEGIN publicly available at https://github.com/ google/BEGIN-dataset.

End-to-end (E2E) task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems are prone to fall into the so-called 'likelihood trap', resulting in generated responses which are dull, repetitive, and often inconsistent with dialogue history. Comparing ranked lists of multiple generated responses against the 'gold response' (from training data) reveals a wide diversity in response quality, with many good responses placed lower in the ranked list. The main challenge, addressed in this work, is then how to reach beyond greedily generated system responses, that is, how to obtain and select such high-quality responses from the list of overgenerated responses at inference without availability of the gold response. To this end, we propose a simple yet effective reranking method which aims to select high-quality items from the lists of responses initially overgenerated by the system. The idea is to use any sequence-level (similarity) scoring function to divide the semantic space of responses into high-scoring versus low-scoring partitions. At training, the high-scoring partition comprises all generated responses whose similarity to the gold response is higher than the similarity of the greedy response to the gold response. At inference, the aim is to estimate the probability that each overgenerated response belongs to the high-scoring partition, given only previous dialogue history. We validate the robustness and versatility of our proposed method on the standard MultiWOZ dataset: our methods improve a state-of-the-art E2E ToD system by 2.4 BLEU, 3.2 ROUGE, and 2.8 METEOR scores, achieving new peak results. Additional experiments on the BiTOD dataset and human evaluation further ascertain the generalisability and effectiveness of the proposed framework.

在语言处理的神经方法上的最新进展引发了人们对建立智能开放域聊天机器人的兴趣的复兴。但是，即使是最先进的神经聊天机器人也无法在对话框中每个回合产生令人满意的响应。一个实用的解决方案是为相同上下文生成多个响应候选者，然后执行响应排名/选择以确定哪个候选者是最好的。先前的响应选择中的工作通常使用从现有对话框形成的合成数据来训练响应排名者，通过使用地面真理响应作为单个适当的响应并通过随机选择或使用对抗方法来构建不适当的响应。在这项工作中，我们策划了一个数据集，其中为适当的（正）和不适当（负）手动注释了为相同对话框上下文产生的多个响应发生器的响应。我们认为，这样的培训数据可以更好地匹配实际的用例示例，从而使模型能够有效地对响应进行排名。有了这个新数据集，我们对最先进的响应选择方法进行了系统的评估，并证明，使用多个积极候选者和使用手动验证的硬性负面候选者的两种策略都可以与使用相比，可以带来重大的绩效提高对抗性训练数据，例如，召回@1分别增加了3％和13％。

Crosstalk是一种传统的中国戏剧表演艺术。它通常由两个表演者以对话的形式执行。凭借对话的典型特征，串扰也被设计为有趣的观众。在这项研究中，我们介绍了Crossdial，这是第一个开源数据集，其中包含来自网络上最经典的中国串扰。此外，我们定义了两个新任务，提供了两个基准，并研究了当前的对话生成模型在串扰生成领域的能力。实验结果和案例研究表明，串扰的生成对于直接方法来说是具有挑战性的，并且仍然是未来工作的有趣主题。

预先训练的模型已经证明是强大的增强面向任务的对话系统。但是，目前的预训练方法主要关注增强对话的理解和生成任务，同时忽略对话策略的开发。在本文中，我们提出了一个小说预先训练的对话模型，明确地通过半监督学习明确地从有限标记的对话框和大规模未标记的对话框中学习对话策略。具体而言，我们在预训练期间介绍一个对话框预测任务，以便在预训练中进行策略优化，并使用一致性正则化术语在未标记的对话的帮助下优化学习的表示。我们还实施了一个浇注机制来称量合适的未标记对话框样本。经验结果表明，星系大大提高了面向任务为导向的对话系统的性能，并在基准数据集中实现了新的最先进结果：车载，多种多纤2.0和多纺，改善其端到端合并分数2.5,5.3和5.5分。我们还显示Galaxy比各种低资源设置下的现有模型更强大的少量射击能力。

用于预培训语言模型的自我监督学习的核心包括预训练任务设计以及适当的数据增强。语言模型中的大多数数据增强都是独立于上下文的。最近在电子中提出了一个开创性的增强，并通过引入辅助生成网络（发电机）来实现最先进的性能，以产生用于培训主要辨别网络（鉴别者）的上下文化数据增强。然而，这种设计引入了发电机的额外计算成本，并且需要调整发电机和鉴别器之间的相对能力。在本文中，我们提出了一种自增强策略（SAS），其中单个网络用于审视以后的时期的培训常规预训练和上下文化数据增强。基本上，该策略消除了单独的发电机，并使用单个网络共同执行具有MLM（屏蔽语言建模）和RTD（替换令牌检测）头的两个预训练任务。它避免了寻找适当大小的发电机的挑战，这对于在电子中证明的性能至关重要，以及其随后的变体模型至关重要。此外，SAS是一项常规策略，可以与最近或将来的许多新技术无缝地结合，例如杜伯塔省的解除关注机制。我们的实验表明，SAS能够在具有相似或更少的计算成本中优于胶水任务中的电磁和其他最先进的模型。

GPT-3等大型语言模型是优秀的几次学习者，允许他们通过自然文本提示来控制。最近的研究报告称，基于及时的直接分类消除了对微调的需求，但缺乏数据和推理可扩展性。本文提出了一种新的数据增强技术，利用大规模语言模型来生成来自真实样本的混合的现实文本样本。我们还建议利用语言模型预测的软标签，从大规模语言模型中有效地蒸馏知识并同时创建文本扰动。我们对各种分类任务进行数据增强实验，并显示我们的方法非常优于现有的文本增强方法。消融研究和定性分析为我们的方法提供了更多的见解。