To understand the world, we humans constantly need to relate the present to the past, and put events in context. In this paper, we enable existing video models to do the same. We propose a long-term feature bank-supportive information extracted over the entire span of a video-to augment state-of-the-art video models that otherwise would only view short clips of 2-5 seconds. Our experiments demonstrate that augmenting 3D convolutional networks with a long-term feature bank yields state-of-the-art results on three challenging video datasets: AVA, EPIC-Kitchens, and Charades. Code is available online. 1 1 https://github.com/facebookresearch/ video-long-term-feature-banks Input clip (4 seconds) Target frame

While today's video recognition systems parse snapshots or short clips accurately, they cannot connect the dots and reason across a longer range of time yet. Most existing video architectures can only process <5 seconds of a video without hitting the computation or memory bottlenecks. In this paper, we propose a new strategy to overcome this challenge. Instead of trying to process more frames at once like most existing methods, we propose to process videos in an online fashion and cache "memory" at each iteration. Through the memory, the model can reference prior context for long-term modeling, with only a marginal cost. Based on this idea, we build MeMViT, a Memory-augmented Multiscale Vision Transformer, that has a temporal support 30x longer than existing models with only 4.5% more compute; traditional methods need >3,000% more compute to do the same. On a wide range of settings, the increased temporal support enabled by MeMViT brings large gains in recognition accuracy consistently. MeMViT obtains state-of-the-art results on the AVA, EPIC-Kitchens-100 action classification, and action anticipation datasets. Code and models are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/memvit.

We present SlowFast networks for video recognition. Our model involves (i) a Slow pathway, operating at low frame rate, to capture spatial semantics, and (ii) a Fast pathway, operating at high frame rate, to capture motion at fine temporal resolution. The Fast pathway can be made very lightweight by reducing its channel capacity, yet can learn useful temporal information for video recognition. Our models achieve strong performance for both action classification and detection in video, and large improvements are pin-pointed as contributions by our SlowFast concept. We report state-of-the-art accuracy on major video recognition benchmarks, Kinetics, Charades and AVA. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/ facebookresearch/SlowFast.

We introduce the Action Transformer model for recognizing and localizing human actions in video clips. We repurpose a Transformer-style architecture to aggregate features from the spatiotemporal context around the person whose actions we are trying to classify. We show that by using high-resolution, person-specific, class-agnostic queries, the model spontaneously learns to track individual people and to pick up on semantic context from the actions of others. Additionally its attention mechanism learns to emphasize hands and faces, which are often crucial to discriminate an action -all without explicit supervision other than boxes and class labels. We train and test our Action Transformer network on the Atomic Visual Actions (AVA) dataset, outperforming the state-of-the-art by a significant margin using only raw RGB frames as input.

我们提出了块茎：一种简单的时空视频动作检测解决方案。与依赖于离线演员检测器或手工设计的演员位置假设的现有方法不同，我们建议通过同时执行动作定位和识别从单个表示来直接检测视频中的动作微管。块茎学习一组管芯查询，并利用微调模块来模拟视频剪辑的动态时空性质，其有效地加强了与在时空空间中的演员位置假设相比的模型容量。对于包含过渡状态或场景变更的视频，我们提出了一种上下文意识的分类头来利用短期和长期上下文来加强行动分类，以及用于检测精确的时间动作程度的动作开关回归头。块茎直接产生具有可变长度的动作管，甚至对长视频剪辑保持良好的结果。块茎在常用的动作检测数据集AVA，UCF101-24和JHMDB51-21上优于先前的最先进。

最近，视频变压器在视频理解方面取得了巨大成功，超过了CNN性能;然而，现有的视频变换器模型不会明确地模拟对象，尽管对象对于识别操作至关重要。在这项工作中，我们呈现对象区域视频变换器（Orvit），一个\ emph {对象为中心}方法，它与直接包含对象表示的块扩展视频变压器图层。关键的想法是从早期层开始融合以对象形式的表示，并将它们传播到变压器层中，从而影响整个网络的时空表示。我们的orvit块由两个对象级流组成：外观和动态。在外观流中，“对象区域关注”模块在修补程序上应用自我关注和\ emph {对象区域}。以这种方式，Visual对象区域与统一修补程序令牌交互，并通过上下文化对象信息来丰富它们。我们通过单独的“对象 - 动态模块”进一步模型对象动态，捕获轨迹交互，并显示如何集成两个流。我们在四个任务和五个数据集中评估我们的模型：在某事物中的某些问题和几次射击动作识别，以及在AVA上的某些时空动作检测，以及在某种东西上的标准动作识别 - 某种东西 - 东西，潜水48和EPIC-Kitchen100。我们在考虑的所有任务和数据集中展示了强大的性能改进，展示了将对象表示的模型的值集成到变压器体系结构中。对于代码和预用模型，请访问项目页面\ url {https://roeiherz.github.io/orvit/}

Modeling the visual changes that an action brings to a scene is critical for video understanding. Currently, CNNs process one local neighbourhood at a time, thus contextual relationships over longer ranges, while still learnable, are indirect. We present TROI, a plug-and-play module for CNNs to reason between mid-level feature representations that are otherwise separated in space and time. The module relates localized visual entities such as hands and interacting objects and transforms their corresponding regions of interest directly in the feature maps of convolutional layers. With TROI, we achieve state-of-the-art action recognition results on the large-scale datasets Something-Something-V2 and EPIC-Kitchens-100.

当前的时空动作管检测方法通常将一个给定键框的边界框提案扩展到附近帧的3D颞轴和池特征。但是，如果演员的位置或形状通过大型的2D运动和可变性，由于大型摄像机运动，大型演员形状变形，快速演员的动作等，这种合并就无法积累有意义的时空特征。在这项工作中，我们旨在研究在大动作下的动作检测中观察到Cuboid感知特征聚集的性能。此外，我们建议通过跟踪参与者并沿各个轨道进行时间特征聚集来增强演员特征表示。我们在各种固定时间尺度的动作管/轨道框之间使用相交的行动者（IOU）定义了演员运动。随着时间的推移，具有较大运动的动作将导致较低的IOU，并且较慢的动作将保持更高的IOU。我们发现，轨道感知功能聚集始终取得了巨大的改善，尤其是对于与Cuboid感知的基线相比，在大型运动下进行的动作。结果，我们还报告了大规模多运动数据集的最先进。

Both convolutional and recurrent operations are building blocks that process one local neighborhood at a time. In this paper, we present non-local operations as a generic family of building blocks for capturing long-range dependencies. Inspired by the classical non-local means method [4] in computer vision, our non-local operation computes the response at a position as a weighted sum of the features at all positions. This building block can be plugged into many computer vision architectures. On the task of video classification, even without any bells and whistles, our nonlocal models can compete or outperform current competition winners on both Kinetics and Charades datasets.In static image recognition, our non-local models improve object detection/segmentation and pose estimation on the COCO suite of tasks. Code will be made available.

时间动作定位中的大多数现代方法将此问题分为两个部分：（i）短期特征提取和（ii）远程时间边界定位。由于处理长期未修剪的视频引起的GPU内存成本很高，因此许多方法通过冷冻骨干或使用小型空间视频分辨率来牺牲短期功能提取器的代表力。由于最近的视频变压器模型，其中许多具有二次记忆复杂性，这个问题变得更糟。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了TallFormer，这是一种具有长期内存的记忆效率和端到端的可训练时间动作定位变压器。我们的长期记忆机制消除了在每个训练迭代期间处理数百个冗余视频帧的需求，从而大大减少了GPU的记忆消耗和训练时间。这些效率节省使我们（i）可以使用功能强大的视频变压器提取器，而无需冷冻主链或减少空间视频分辨率，而（ii）也保持了远距离的时间边界定位能力。只有RGB框架作为输入，没有外部动作识别分类器，TallFormer的表现优于先前的最先前的边距，在Thumos14上获得了59.1％的平均地图，而ActivityNet-1.3的平均地图为35.6％。该代码可公开：https：//github.com/klauscc/tallformer。

This paper introduces a video dataset of spatiotemporally localized Atomic Visual Actions (AVA). The AVA dataset densely annotates 80 atomic visual actions in 430 15-minute video clips, where actions are localized in space and time, resulting in 1.58M action labels with multiple labels per person occurring frequently. The key characteristics of our dataset are: (1) the definition of atomic visual actions, rather than composite actions; (2) precise spatio-temporal annotations with possibly multiple annotations for each person; (3) exhaustive annotation of these atomic actions over 15-minute video clips; (4) people temporally linked across consecutive segments; and (5) using movies to gather a varied set of action representations. This departs from existing datasets for spatio-temporal action recognition, which typically provide sparse annotations for composite actions in short video clips.AVA, with its realistic scene and action complexity, exposes the intrinsic difficulty of action recognition. To benchmark this, we present a novel approach for action localization that builds upon the current state-of-the-art methods, and demonstrates better performance on JHMDB and UCF101-24 categories. While setting a new state of the art on existing datasets, the overall results on AVA are low at 15.6% mAP, underscoring the need for developing new approaches for video understanding.

转移学习是用于训练小型目标数据集深层网络的主要范式。通常在大型``上游''数据集上预估计用于分类的模型，因为此类标签易于收集，然后在``下游''任务（例如动作本地化）上进行了填充，这些任务由于其较细粒度的注释而较小。在本文中，我们质疑这种方法，并提出共同访问 - 同时在多个``上游''和``下游''任务上训练单个模型。我们证明，在使用相同的数据总量时，共同传统的表现优于传统的转移学习，并且还展示了我们如何轻松地将方法扩展到多个``上游''数据集以进一步提高性能。尤其是，共同访问可以显着提高我们下游任务中稀有类别的性能，因为它具有正规化的效果，并使网络能够学习在不同数据集之间传输的功能表示。最后，我们观察到如何与公共，视频分类数据集共同进行，我们能够在挑战性的AVA和AVA-Kinetics数据集上实现最新的时空动作的结果，超过了最新的作品，这些作品的最新作品会发展出复杂的作品楷模。

有效地对视频中的空间信息进行建模对于动作识别至关重要。为了实现这一目标，最先进的方法通常采用卷积操作员和密集的相互作用模块，例如非本地块。但是，这些方法无法准确地符合视频中的各种事件。一方面，采用的卷积是有固定尺度的，因此在各种尺度的事件中挣扎。另一方面，密集的相互作用建模范式仅在动作 - 欧元零件时实现次优性能，给最终预测带来了其他噪音。在本文中，我们提出了一个统一的动作识别框架，以通过引入以下设计来研究视频内容的动态性质。首先，在提取本地提示时，我们会生成动态尺度的时空内核，以适应各种事件。其次，为了将这些线索准确地汇总为全局视频表示形式，我们建议仅通过变压器在一些选定的前景对象之间进行交互，从而产生稀疏的范式。我们将提出的框架称为事件自适应网络（EAN），因为这两个关键设计都适应输入视频内容。为了利用本地细分市场内的短期运动，我们提出了一种新颖有效的潜在运动代码（LMC）模块，进一步改善了框架的性能。在几个大规模视频数据集上进行了广泛的实验，例如，某种东西，动力学和潜水48，验证了我们的模型是否在低拖鞋上实现了最先进或竞争性的表演。代码可在：https：//github.com/tianyuan168326/ean-pytorch中找到。

我们介绍了在视频中发现时间精确，细粒度事件的任务（检测到时间事件的精确时刻）。精确的斑点需要模型在全球范围内对全日制动作规模进行推理，并在本地识别微妙的框架外观和运动差异，以识别这些动作过程中事件的识别。令人惊讶的是，我们发现，最高的绩效解决方案可用于先前的视频理解任务，例如操作检测和细分，不能同时满足这两个要求。作为响应，我们提出了E2E点，这是一种紧凑的端到端模型，在精确的发现任务上表现良好，可以在单个GPU上快速培训。我们证明，E2E点的表现明显优于最近根据视频动作检测，细分和将文献发现到精确的发现任务的基线。最后，我们为几个细粒度的运动动作数据集贡献了新的注释和分裂，以使这些数据集适用于未来的精确发现工作。

Despite the steady progress in video analysis led by the adoption of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the relative improvement has been less drastic as that in 2D static image classification. Three main challenges exist including spatial (image) feature representation, temporal information representation, and model/computation complexity. It was recently shown by Carreira and Zisserman that 3D CNNs, inflated from 2D networks and pretrained on Ima-geNet, could be a promising way for spatial and temporal representation learning. However, as for model/computation complexity, 3D CNNs are much more expensive than 2D CNNs and prone to overfit. We seek a balance between speed and accuracy by building an effective and efficient video classification system through systematic exploration of critical network design choices. In particular, we show that it is possible to replace many of the 3D convolutions by low-cost 2D convolutions. Rather surprisingly, best result (in both speed and accuracy) is achieved when replacing the 3D convolutions at the bottom of the network, suggesting that temporal representation learning on high-level "semantic" features is more useful. Our conclusion generalizes to datasets with very different properties. When combined with several other cost-effective designs including separable spatial/temporal convolution and feature gating, our system results in an effective video classification system that that produces very competitive results on several action classification benchmarks (Kinetics, Something-something, UCF101 and HMDB), as well as two action detection (localization) benchmarks (JHMDB and UCF101-24).

We present Multiscale Vision Transformers (MViT) for video and image recognition, by connecting the seminal idea of multiscale feature hierarchies with transformer models. Multiscale Transformers have several channel-resolution scale stages. Starting from the input resolution and a small channel dimension, the stages hierarchically expand the channel capacity while reducing the spatial resolution. This creates a multiscale pyramid of features with early layers operating at high spatial resolution to model simple low-level visual information, and deeper layers at spatially coarse, but complex, high-dimensional features. We evaluate this fundamental architectural prior for modeling the dense nature of visual signals for a variety of video recognition tasks where it outperforms concurrent vision transformers that rely on large scale external pre-training and are 5-10× more costly in computation and parameters. We further remove the temporal dimension and apply our model for image classification where it outperforms prior work on vision transformers. Code is available at: https: //github.com/facebookresearch/SlowFast.

This paper presents X3D, a family of efficient video networks that progressively expand a tiny 2D image classification architecture along multiple network axes, in space, time, width and depth. Inspired by feature selection methods in machine learning, a simple stepwise network expansion approach is employed that expands a single axis in each step, such that good accuracy to complexity trade-off is achieved. To expand X3D to a specific target complexity, we perform progressive forward expansion followed by backward contraction. X3D achieves state-of-the-art performance while requiring 4.8× and 5.5× fewer multiply-adds and parameters for similar accuracy as previous work. Our most surprising finding is that networks with high spatiotemporal resolution can perform well, while being extremely light in terms of network width and parameters. We report competitive accuracy at unprecedented efficiency on video classification and detection benchmarks. Code will be available at: https: //github.com/facebookresearch/SlowFast.

Human activity recognition (HAR) using drone-mounted cameras has attracted considerable interest from the computer vision research community in recent years. A robust and efficient HAR system has a pivotal role in fields like video surveillance, crowd behavior analysis, sports analysis, and human-computer interaction. What makes it challenging are the complex poses, understanding different viewpoints, and the environmental scenarios where the action is taking place. To address such complexities, in this paper, we propose a novel Sparse Weighted Temporal Attention (SWTA) module to utilize sparsely sampled video frames for obtaining global weighted temporal attention. The proposed SWTA is comprised of two parts. First, temporal segment network that sparsely samples a given set of frames. Second, weighted temporal attention, which incorporates a fusion of attention maps derived from optical flow, with raw RGB images. This is followed by a basenet network, which comprises a convolutional neural network (CNN) module along with fully connected layers that provide us with activity recognition. The SWTA network can be used as a plug-in module to the existing deep CNN architectures, for optimizing them to learn temporal information by eliminating the need for a separate temporal stream. It has been evaluated on three publicly available benchmark datasets, namely Okutama, MOD20, and Drone-Action. The proposed model has received an accuracy of 72.76%, 92.56%, and 78.86% on the respective datasets thereby surpassing the previous state-of-the-art performances by a margin of 25.26%, 18.56%, and 2.94%, respectively.

本文提出了一种用于在视频中的手和对象之间建模时空关系的交互推理网络。所提出的相互作用单元利用变压器模块来推理每个作用手，以及与另一方面的时空关系以及与之相互作用的物体。我们表明，建模双手交互对于在EGENTRIC视频中的动作识别至关重要，并证明通过使用定位编码的轨迹，网络可以更好地识别观察到的相互作用。我们在史诗厨房和别的东西上评估我们的建议，并进行消融研究。